Chapter VIII

(followed by “to”) in agreement with or accordant with

From this reading These undertakings were continued for two or three centuries, without method or direction, unrestrained by any authority, and entirely according to the will of the excavators, until they had not only hollowed out the ground for an incredible distance under the faubourgs, but had even undermined the southern parts of the city, placing in great jeopardy the streets and buildings over them, as indeed they are said to be at present.

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading These undertakings were continued for two or three centuries, without method or direction, unrestrained by any authority, and entirely according to the will of the excavators, until they had not only hollowed out the ground for an incredible distance under the faubourgs, but had even undermined the southern parts of the city, placing in great jeopardy the streets and buildings over them, as indeed they are said to be at present.

Belonging to the very distant past and no longer in existence or deeply revered.

From this reading As early as the commencement of the fourteenth century it was the custom to dig the white freestone, of which the greater part of the edifices of ancient Paris were built, from _carrières_ on either side of the Bièvre, and beneath the Faubourg St. Marcel, in which neighbourhood much of our scene has passed.

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading THE CATACOMBS OF THE BIÈVRE AND THEIR OCCUPANTS There was much depravity and reckless disregard of every moral and social ordinance to be found moving upon the surface of the city of Paris at this epoch; but there was still more beneath it.

one or some or every or all without specification

From this reading These undertakings were continued for two or three centuries, without method or direction, unrestrained by any authority, and entirely according to the will of the excavators, until they had not only hollowed out the ground for an incredible distance under the faubourgs, but had even undermined the southern parts of the city, placing in great jeopardy the streets and buildings over them, as indeed they are said to be at present.

past form of “appropriate” — give or assign a resource to a particular person or cause

From this reading The vast _carrières_ that have undermined the city in so many directions, the chief of which are now known by the general name of ‘the catacombs,’ still existed; but they were not then, as now, appropriated to the storing of remnants of mortality collected from the over-charged cemetery of the Innocents and other places of interment.

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading The vast _carrières_ that have undermined the city in so many directions, the chief of which are now known by the general name of ‘the catacombs,’ still existed; but they were not then, as now, appropriated to the storing of remnants of mortality collected from the over-charged cemetery of the Innocents and other places of interment.

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading The vast _carrières_ that have undermined the city in so many directions, the chief of which are now known by the general name of ‘the catacombs,’ still existed; but they were not then, as now, appropriated to the storing of remnants of mortality collected from the over-charged cemetery of the Innocents and other places of interment.

give help or assistance; be of service

From this reading They had, however, living occupants--many, perchance, whose bones exhumed and transported in future times from these burial-grounds now assist in forming the ghastly decorations of these subterranean charnel-houses.

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading THE CATACOMBS OF THE BIÈVRE AND THEIR OCCUPANTS There was much depravity and reckless disregard of every moral and social ordinance to be found moving upon the surface of the city of Paris at this epoch; but there was still more beneath it.

the power or right to give orders or make decisions

From this reading These undertakings were continued for two or three centuries, without method or direction, unrestrained by any authority, and entirely according to the will of the excavators, until they had not only hollowed out the ground for an incredible distance under the faubourgs, but had even undermined the southern parts of the city, placing in great jeopardy the streets and buildings over them, as indeed they are said to be at present.

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading THE CATACOMBS OF THE BIÈVRE AND THEIR OCCUPANTS There was much depravity and reckless disregard of every moral and social ordinance to be found moving upon the surface of the city of Paris at this epoch; but there was still more beneath it.

Directly under; in or to a lower position than.

From this reading THE CATACOMBS OF THE BIÈVRE AND THEIR OCCUPANTS There was much depravity and reckless disregard of every moral and social ordinance to be found moving upon the surface of the city of Paris at this epoch; but there was still more beneath it.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading THE CATACOMBS OF THE BIÈVRE AND THEIR OCCUPANTS There was much depravity and reckless disregard of every moral and social ordinance to be found moving upon the surface of the city of Paris at this epoch; but there was still more beneath it.

(used in the plural) a percussion instrument consisting of a pair of hollow pieces of wood or bone (usually held between the thumb and fingers) that are made to click together (as by Spanish dancers) in rhythm with the dance

From this reading They had, however, living occupants--many, perchance, whose bones exhumed and transported in future times from these burial-grounds now assist in forming the ghastly decorations of these subterranean charnel-houses.

plural of “building” — a structure that has a roof and walls and stands more or less permanently in one place

From this reading These undertakings were continued for two or three centuries, without method or direction, unrestrained by any authority, and entirely according to the will of the excavators, until they had not only hollowed out the ground for an incredible distance under the faubourgs, but had even undermined the southern parts of the city, placing in great jeopardy the streets and buildings over them, as indeed they are said to be at present.

(used of soaps or cleaning agents) having a substance (an abrasive or filler) added to increase effectiveness

From this reading As early as the commencement of the fourteenth century it was the custom to dig the white freestone, of which the greater part of the edifices of ancient Paris were built, from _carrières_ on either side of the Bièvre, and beneath the Faubourg St. Marcel, in which neighbourhood much of our scene has passed.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading They had, however, living occupants--many, perchance, whose bones exhumed and transported in future times from these burial-grounds now assist in forming the ghastly decorations of these subterranean charnel-houses.

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading THE CATACOMBS OF THE BIÈVRE AND THEIR OCCUPANTS There was much depravity and reckless disregard of every moral and social ordinance to be found moving upon the surface of the city of Paris at this epoch; but there was still more beneath it.

showing who or what does the action

From this reading The vast _carrières_ that have undermined the city in so many directions, the chief of which are now known by the general name of ‘the catacombs,’ still existed; but they were not then, as now, appropriated to the storing of remnants of mortality collected from the over-charged cemetery of the Innocents and other places of interment.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The vast _carrières_ that have undermined the city in so many directions, the chief of which are now known by the general name of ‘the catacombs,’ still existed; but they were not then, as now, appropriated to the storing of remnants of mortality collected from the over-charged cemetery of the Innocents and other places of interment.

plural of “catacomb” — an underground tunnel with recesses where bodies were buried (as in ancient Rome)

From this reading THE CATACOMBS OF THE BIÈVRE AND THEIR OCCUPANTS There was much depravity and reckless disregard of every moral and social ordinance to be found moving upon the surface of the city of Paris at this epoch; but there was still more beneath it.

a tract of land used for burials

From this reading The vast _carrières_ that have undermined the city in so many directions, the chief of which are now known by the general name of ‘the catacombs,’ still existed; but they were not then, as now, appropriated to the storing of remnants of mortality collected from the over-charged cemetery of the Innocents and other places of interment.

plural of “century” — a period of 100 years

From this reading These undertakings were continued for two or three centuries, without method or direction, unrestrained by any authority, and entirely according to the will of the excavators, until they had not only hollowed out the ground for an incredible distance under the faubourgs, but had even undermined the southern parts of the city, placing in great jeopardy the streets and buildings over them, as indeed they are said to be at present.

a period of 100 years

From this reading As early as the commencement of the fourteenth century it was the custom to dig the white freestone, of which the greater part of the edifices of ancient Paris were built, from _carrières_ on either side of the Bièvre, and beneath the Faubourg St. Marcel, in which neighbourhood much of our scene has passed.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading They had, however, living occupants--many, perchance, whose bones exhumed and transported in future times from these burial-grounds now assist in forming the ghastly decorations of these subterranean charnel-houses.

a person who is in charge

From this reading The vast _carrières_ that have undermined the city in so many directions, the chief of which are now known by the general name of ‘the catacombs,’ still existed; but they were not then, as now, appropriated to the storing of remnants of mortality collected from the over-charged cemetery of the Innocents and other places of interment.

a large and densely populated urban area; may include several independent administrative districts

From this reading THE CATACOMBS OF THE BIÈVRE AND THEIR OCCUPANTS There was much depravity and reckless disregard of every moral and social ordinance to be found moving upon the surface of the city of Paris at this epoch; but there was still more beneath it.

brought together in one place

From this reading The vast _carrières_ that have undermined the city in so many directions, the chief of which are now known by the general name of ‘the catacombs,’ still existed; but they were not then, as now, appropriated to the storing of remnants of mortality collected from the over-charged cemetery of the Innocents and other places of interment.

the time at which something is supposed to begin

From this reading As early as the commencement of the fourteenth century it was the custom to dig the white freestone, of which the greater part of the edifices of ancient Paris were built, from _carrières_ on either side of the Bièvre, and beneath the Faubourg St. Marcel, in which neighbourhood much of our scene has passed.

without stop or interruption

From this reading These undertakings were continued for two or three centuries, without method or direction, unrestrained by any authority, and entirely according to the will of the excavators, until they had not only hollowed out the ground for an incredible distance under the faubourgs, but had even undermined the southern parts of the city, placing in great jeopardy the streets and buildings over them, as indeed they are said to be at present.

accepted or habitual practice

From this reading As early as the commencement of the fourteenth century it was the custom to dig the white freestone, of which the greater part of the edifices of ancient Paris were built, from _carrières_ on either side of the Bièvre, and beneath the Faubourg St. Marcel, in which neighbourhood much of our scene has passed.

plural of “decoration” — something used to beautify

From this reading They had, however, living occupants--many, perchance, whose bones exhumed and transported in future times from these burial-grounds now assist in forming the ghastly decorations of these subterranean charnel-houses.

moral perversion; impairment of virtue and moral principles

From this reading THE CATACOMBS OF THE BIÈVRE AND THEIR OCCUPANTS There was much depravity and reckless disregard of every moral and social ordinance to be found moving upon the surface of the city of Paris at this epoch; but there was still more beneath it.

turn up, loosen, or remove earth

From this reading As early as the commencement of the fourteenth century it was the custom to dig the white freestone, of which the greater part of the edifices of ancient Paris were built, from _carrières_ on either side of the Bièvre, and beneath the Faubourg St. Marcel, in which neighbourhood much of our scene has passed.

a line leading to a place or point

From this reading These undertakings were continued for two or three centuries, without method or direction, unrestrained by any authority, and entirely according to the will of the excavators, until they had not only hollowed out the ground for an incredible distance under the faubourgs, but had even undermined the southern parts of the city, placing in great jeopardy the streets and buildings over them, as indeed they are said to be at present.

plural of “direction” — a line leading to a place or point

From this reading The vast _carrières_ that have undermined the city in so many directions, the chief of which are now known by the general name of ‘the catacombs,’ still existed; but they were not then, as now, appropriated to the storing of remnants of mortality collected from the over-charged cemetery of the Innocents and other places of interment.

refuse to acknowledge

From this reading THE CATACOMBS OF THE BIÈVRE AND THEIR OCCUPANTS There was much depravity and reckless disregard of every moral and social ordinance to be found moving upon the surface of the city of Paris at this epoch; but there was still more beneath it.

the property created by the space between two objects or points

From this reading These undertakings were continued for two or three centuries, without method or direction, unrestrained by any authority, and entirely according to the will of the excavators, until they had not only hollowed out the ground for an incredible distance under the faubourgs, but had even undermined the southern parts of the city, placing in great jeopardy the streets and buildings over them, as indeed they are said to be at present.

at or near the beginning of a period of time or course of events or before the usual or expected time

From this reading As early as the commencement of the fourteenth century it was the custom to dig the white freestone, of which the greater part of the edifices of ancient Paris were built, from _carrières_ on either side of the Bièvre, and beneath the Faubourg St. Marcel, in which neighbourhood much of our scene has passed.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading As early as the commencement of the fourteenth century it was the custom to dig the white freestone, of which the greater part of the edifices of ancient Paris were built, from _carrières_ on either side of the Bièvre, and beneath the Faubourg St. Marcel, in which neighbourhood much of our scene has passed.

one or the other of two

From this reading As early as the commencement of the fourteenth century it was the custom to dig the white freestone, of which the greater part of the edifices of ancient Paris were built, from _carrières_ on either side of the Bièvre, and beneath the Faubourg St. Marcel, in which neighbourhood much of our scene has passed.

to a complete degree or to the full or entire extent (“whole” is often used informally for “wholly”)

From this reading These undertakings were continued for two or three centuries, without method or direction, unrestrained by any authority, and entirely according to the will of the excavators, until they had not only hollowed out the ground for an incredible distance under the faubourgs, but had even undermined the southern parts of the city, placing in great jeopardy the streets and buildings over them, as indeed they are said to be at present.

a period marked by distinctive character or reckoned from a fixed point or event

From this reading THE CATACOMBS OF THE BIÈVRE AND THEIR OCCUPANTS There was much depravity and reckless disregard of every moral and social ordinance to be found moving upon the surface of the city of Paris at this epoch; but there was still more beneath it.

divisible by two

From this reading These undertakings were continued for two or three centuries, without method or direction, unrestrained by any authority, and entirely according to the will of the excavators, until they had not only hollowed out the ground for an incredible distance under the faubourgs, but had even undermined the southern parts of the city, placing in great jeopardy the streets and buildings over them, as indeed they are said to be at present.

all the members of a group, with none left out

From this reading THE CATACOMBS OF THE BIÈVRE AND THEIR OCCUPANTS There was much depravity and reckless disregard of every moral and social ordinance to be found moving upon the surface of the city of Paris at this epoch; but there was still more beneath it.

plural of “excavator” — a workman who excavates for foundations of buildings or for quarrying

From this reading These undertakings were continued for two or three centuries, without method or direction, unrestrained by any authority, and entirely according to the will of the excavators, until they had not only hollowed out the ground for an incredible distance under the faubourgs, but had even undermined the southern parts of the city, placing in great jeopardy the streets and buildings over them, as indeed they are said to be at present.

past form of “exhume” — dig up for reburial or for medical investigation; of dead bodies

From this reading They had, however, living occupants--many, perchance, whose bones exhumed and transported in future times from these burial-grounds now assist in forming the ghastly decorations of these subterranean charnel-houses.

past form of “exist” — have an existence, be extant

From this reading The vast _carrières_ that have undermined the city in so many directions, the chief of which are now known by the general name of ‘the catacombs,’ still existed; but they were not then, as now, appropriated to the storing of remnants of mortality collected from the over-charged cemetery of the Innocents and other places of interment.

a New Orleans district lying outside the original city limits; used in combination with the names of various quarters of the city

From this reading As early as the commencement of the fourteenth century it was the custom to dig the white freestone, of which the greater part of the edifices of ancient Paris were built, from _carrières_ on either side of the Bièvre, and beneath the Faubourg St. Marcel, in which neighbourhood much of our scene has passed.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading These undertakings were continued for two or three centuries, without method or direction, unrestrained by any authority, and entirely according to the will of the excavators, until they had not only hollowed out the ground for an incredible distance under the faubourgs, but had even undermined the southern parts of the city, placing in great jeopardy the streets and buildings over them, as indeed they are said to be at present.

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading These undertakings were continued for two or three centuries, without method or direction, unrestrained by any authority, and entirely according to the will of the excavators, until they had not only hollowed out the ground for an incredible distance under the faubourgs, but had even undermined the southern parts of the city, placing in great jeopardy the streets and buildings over them, as indeed they are said to be at present.

-ing form of “form” — create (as an entity)

From this reading They had, however, living occupants--many, perchance, whose bones exhumed and transported in future times from these burial-grounds now assist in forming the ghastly decorations of these subterranean charnel-houses.

set up or found

From this reading THE CATACOMBS OF THE BIÈVRE AND THEIR OCCUPANTS There was much depravity and reckless disregard of every moral and social ordinance to be found moving upon the surface of the city of Paris at this epoch; but there was still more beneath it.

coming next after the thirteenth in position

From this reading As early as the commencement of the fourteenth century it was the custom to dig the white freestone, of which the greater part of the edifices of ancient Paris were built, from _carrières_ on either side of the Bièvre, and beneath the Faubourg St. Marcel, in which neighbourhood much of our scene has passed.

fruit (especially peach) whose flesh does not adhere to the pit

From this reading As early as the commencement of the fourteenth century it was the custom to dig the white freestone, of which the greater part of the edifices of ancient Paris were built, from _carrières_ on either side of the Bièvre, and beneath the Faubourg St. Marcel, in which neighbourhood much of our scene has passed.

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading The vast _carrières_ that have undermined the city in so many directions, the chief of which are now known by the general name of ‘the catacombs,’ still existed; but they were not then, as now, appropriated to the storing of remnants of mortality collected from the over-charged cemetery of the Innocents and other places of interment.

yet to be or coming

From this reading They had, however, living occupants--many, perchance, whose bones exhumed and transported in future times from these burial-grounds now assist in forming the ghastly decorations of these subterranean charnel-houses.

applying to all or most members of a category or group

From this reading The vast _carrières_ that have undermined the city in so many directions, the chief of which are now known by the general name of ‘the catacombs,’ still existed; but they were not then, as now, appropriated to the storing of remnants of mortality collected from the over-charged cemetery of the Innocents and other places of interment.

shockingly repellent; inspiring horror

From this reading They had, however, living occupants--many, perchance, whose bones exhumed and transported in future times from these burial-grounds now assist in forming the ghastly decorations of these subterranean charnel-houses.

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading These undertakings were continued for two or three centuries, without method or direction, unrestrained by any authority, and entirely according to the will of the excavators, until they had not only hollowed out the ground for an incredible distance under the faubourgs, but had even undermined the southern parts of the city, placing in great jeopardy the streets and buildings over them, as indeed they are said to be at present.

greater in size or importance or degree

From this reading As early as the commencement of the fourteenth century it was the custom to dig the white freestone, of which the greater part of the edifices of ancient Paris were built, from _carrières_ on either side of the Bièvre, and beneath the Faubourg St. Marcel, in which neighbourhood much of our scene has passed.

the solid part of the earth's surface

From this reading These undertakings were continued for two or three centuries, without method or direction, unrestrained by any authority, and entirely according to the will of the excavators, until they had not only hollowed out the ground for an incredible distance under the faubourgs, but had even undermined the southern parts of the city, placing in great jeopardy the streets and buildings over them, as indeed they are said to be at present.

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading They had, however, living occupants--many, perchance, whose bones exhumed and transported in future times from these burial-grounds now assist in forming the ghastly decorations of these subterranean charnel-houses.

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading As early as the commencement of the fourteenth century it was the custom to dig the white freestone, of which the greater part of the edifices of ancient Paris were built, from _carrières_ on either side of the Bièvre, and beneath the Faubourg St. Marcel, in which neighbourhood much of our scene has passed.

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading The vast _carrières_ that have undermined the city in so many directions, the chief of which are now known by the general name of ‘the catacombs,’ still existed; but they were not then, as now, appropriated to the storing of remnants of mortality collected from the over-charged cemetery of the Innocents and other places of interment.

past form of “hollow” — remove the inner part or the core of

From this reading These undertakings were continued for two or three centuries, without method or direction, unrestrained by any authority, and entirely according to the will of the excavators, until they had not only hollowed out the ground for an incredible distance under the faubourgs, but had even undermined the southern parts of the city, placing in great jeopardy the streets and buildings over them, as indeed they are said to be at present.

used to add a contrasting statement

From this reading They had, however, living occupants--many, perchance, whose bones exhumed and transported in future times from these burial-grounds now assist in forming the ghastly decorations of these subterranean charnel-houses.

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading The vast _carrières_ that have undermined the city in so many directions, the chief of which are now known by the general name of ‘the catacombs,’ still existed; but they were not then, as now, appropriated to the storing of remnants of mortality collected from the over-charged cemetery of the Innocents and other places of interment.

beyond belief or understanding

From this reading These undertakings were continued for two or three centuries, without method or direction, unrestrained by any authority, and entirely according to the will of the excavators, until they had not only hollowed out the ground for an incredible distance under the faubourgs, but had even undermined the southern parts of the city, placing in great jeopardy the streets and buildings over them, as indeed they are said to be at present.

in truth (often tends to intensify)

From this reading These undertakings were continued for two or three centuries, without method or direction, unrestrained by any authority, and entirely according to the will of the excavators, until they had not only hollowed out the ground for an incredible distance under the faubourgs, but had even undermined the southern parts of the city, placing in great jeopardy the streets and buildings over them, as indeed they are said to be at present.

plural of “innocent” — a person who lacks knowledge of evil

From this reading The vast _carrières_ that have undermined the city in so many directions, the chief of which are now known by the general name of ‘the catacombs,’ still existed; but they were not then, as now, appropriated to the storing of remnants of mortality collected from the over-charged cemetery of the Innocents and other places of interment.

the ritual placing of a corpse in a grave

From this reading The vast _carrières_ that have undermined the city in so many directions, the chief of which are now known by the general name of ‘the catacombs,’ still existed; but they were not then, as now, appropriated to the storing of remnants of mortality collected from the over-charged cemetery of the Innocents and other places of interment.

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading THE CATACOMBS OF THE BIÈVRE AND THEIR OCCUPANTS There was much depravity and reckless disregard of every moral and social ordinance to be found moving upon the surface of the city of Paris at this epoch; but there was still more beneath it.

a source of danger; a possibility of incurring loss or misfortune

From this reading These undertakings were continued for two or three centuries, without method or direction, unrestrained by any authority, and entirely according to the will of the excavators, until they had not only hollowed out the ground for an incredible distance under the faubourgs, but had even undermined the southern parts of the city, placing in great jeopardy the streets and buildings over them, as indeed they are said to be at present.

apprehended with certainty

From this reading The vast _carrières_ that have undermined the city in so many directions, the chief of which are now known by the general name of ‘the catacombs,’ still existed; but they were not then, as now, appropriated to the storing of remnants of mortality collected from the over-charged cemetery of the Innocents and other places of interment.

the experience of being alive; the course of human events and activities

From this reading They had, however, living occupants--many, perchance, whose bones exhumed and transported in future times from these burial-grounds now assist in forming the ghastly decorations of these subterranean charnel-houses.

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “as” or “too” or “so” or “that”; amounting to a large but indefinite number

From this reading The vast _carrières_ that have undermined the city in so many directions, the chief of which are now known by the general name of ‘the catacombs,’ still existed; but they were not then, as now, appropriated to the storing of remnants of mortality collected from the over-charged cemetery of the Innocents and other places of interment.

a hairdo characterized by deep regular waves that are made by a heated curling iron

From this reading As early as the commencement of the fourteenth century it was the custom to dig the white freestone, of which the greater part of the edifices of ancient Paris were built, from _carrières_ on either side of the Bièvre, and beneath the Faubourg St. Marcel, in which neighbourhood much of our scene has passed.

a way of doing something, especially a systematic way; implies an orderly logical arrangement (usually in steps)

From this reading These undertakings were continued for two or three centuries, without method or direction, unrestrained by any authority, and entirely according to the will of the excavators, until they had not only hollowed out the ground for an incredible distance under the faubourgs, but had even undermined the southern parts of the city, placing in great jeopardy the streets and buildings over them, as indeed they are said to be at present.

concerned with principles of right and wrong or conforming to standards of behavior and character based on those principles

From this reading THE CATACOMBS OF THE BIÈVRE AND THEIR OCCUPANTS There was much depravity and reckless disregard of every moral and social ordinance to be found moving upon the surface of the city of Paris at this epoch; but there was still more beneath it.

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading THE CATACOMBS OF THE BIÈVRE AND THEIR OCCUPANTS There was much depravity and reckless disregard of every moral and social ordinance to be found moving upon the surface of the city of Paris at this epoch; but there was still more beneath it.

the quality or state of being mortal

From this reading The vast _carrières_ that have undermined the city in so many directions, the chief of which are now known by the general name of ‘the catacombs,’ still existed; but they were not then, as now, appropriated to the storing of remnants of mortality collected from the over-charged cemetery of the Innocents and other places of interment.

in motion

From this reading THE CATACOMBS OF THE BIÈVRE AND THEIR OCCUPANTS There was much depravity and reckless disregard of every moral and social ordinance to be found moving upon the surface of the city of Paris at this epoch; but there was still more beneath it.

to a great degree or extent

From this reading THE CATACOMBS OF THE BIÈVRE AND THEIR OCCUPANTS There was much depravity and reckless disregard of every moral and social ordinance to be found moving upon the surface of the city of Paris at this epoch; but there was still more beneath it.

assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading The vast _carrières_ that have undermined the city in so many directions, the chief of which are now known by the general name of ‘the catacombs,’ still existed; but they were not then, as now, appropriated to the storing of remnants of mortality collected from the over-charged cemetery of the Innocents and other places of interment.

a surrounding or nearby region

From this reading As early as the commencement of the fourteenth century it was the custom to dig the white freestone, of which the greater part of the edifices of ancient Paris were built, from _carrières_ on either side of the Bièvre, and beneath the Faubourg St. Marcel, in which neighbourhood much of our scene has passed.

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading The vast _carrières_ that have undermined the city in so many directions, the chief of which are now known by the general name of ‘the catacombs,’ still existed; but they were not then, as now, appropriated to the storing of remnants of mortality collected from the over-charged cemetery of the Innocents and other places of interment.

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading The vast _carrières_ that have undermined the city in so many directions, the chief of which are now known by the general name of ‘the catacombs,’ still existed; but they were not then, as now, appropriated to the storing of remnants of mortality collected from the over-charged cemetery of the Innocents and other places of interment.

plural of “occupant” — someone who lives at a particular place for a prolonged period or who was born there

From this reading THE CATACOMBS OF THE BIÈVRE AND THEIR OCCUPANTS There was much depravity and reckless disregard of every moral and social ordinance to be found moving upon the surface of the city of Paris at this epoch; but there was still more beneath it.

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading THE CATACOMBS OF THE BIÈVRE AND THEIR OCCUPANTS There was much depravity and reckless disregard of every moral and social ordinance to be found moving upon the surface of the city of Paris at this epoch; but there was still more beneath it.

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading As early as the commencement of the fourteenth century it was the custom to dig the white freestone, of which the greater part of the edifices of ancient Paris were built, from _carrières_ on either side of the Bièvre, and beneath the Faubourg St. Marcel, in which neighbourhood much of our scene has passed.

and nothing more

From this reading These undertakings were continued for two or three centuries, without method or direction, unrestrained by any authority, and entirely according to the will of the excavators, until they had not only hollowed out the ground for an incredible distance under the faubourgs, but had even undermined the southern parts of the city, placing in great jeopardy the streets and buildings over them, as indeed they are said to be at present.

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading These undertakings were continued for two or three centuries, without method or direction, unrestrained by any authority, and entirely according to the will of the excavators, until they had not only hollowed out the ground for an incredible distance under the faubourgs, but had even undermined the southern parts of the city, placing in great jeopardy the streets and buildings over them, as indeed they are said to be at present.

an authoritative rule

From this reading THE CATACOMBS OF THE BIÈVRE AND THEIR OCCUPANTS There was much depravity and reckless disregard of every moral and social ordinance to be found moving upon the surface of the city of Paris at this epoch; but there was still more beneath it.

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading The vast _carrières_ that have undermined the city in so many directions, the chief of which are now known by the general name of ‘the catacombs,’ still existed; but they were not then, as now, appropriated to the storing of remnants of mortality collected from the over-charged cemetery of the Innocents and other places of interment.

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading As early as the commencement of the fourteenth century it was the custom to dig the white freestone, of which the greater part of the edifices of ancient Paris were built, from _carrières_ on either side of the Bièvre, and beneath the Faubourg St. Marcel, in which neighbourhood much of our scene has passed.

not allowed to continue to bat or run

From this reading These undertakings were continued for two or three centuries, without method or direction, unrestrained by any authority, and entirely according to the will of the excavators, until they had not only hollowed out the ground for an incredible distance under the faubourgs, but had even undermined the southern parts of the city, placing in great jeopardy the streets and buildings over them, as indeed they are said to be at present.

above and across; more than

From this reading These undertakings were continued for two or three centuries, without method or direction, unrestrained by any authority, and entirely according to the will of the excavators, until they had not only hollowed out the ground for an incredible distance under the faubourgs, but had even undermined the southern parts of the city, placing in great jeopardy the streets and buildings over them, as indeed they are said to be at present.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The vast _carrières_ that have undermined the city in so many directions, the chief of which are now known by the general name of ‘the catacombs,’ still existed; but they were not then, as now, appropriated to the storing of remnants of mortality collected from the over-charged cemetery of the Innocents and other places of interment.

the capital and largest city of France; and international center of culture and commerce

From this reading THE CATACOMBS OF THE BIÈVRE AND THEIR OCCUPANTS There was much depravity and reckless disregard of every moral and social ordinance to be found moving upon the surface of the city of Paris at this epoch; but there was still more beneath it.

something determined in relation to something that includes it

From this reading As early as the commencement of the fourteenth century it was the custom to dig the white freestone, of which the greater part of the edifices of ancient Paris were built, from _carrières_ on either side of the Bièvre, and beneath the Faubourg St. Marcel, in which neighbourhood much of our scene has passed.

the local environment

From this reading These undertakings were continued for two or three centuries, without method or direction, unrestrained by any authority, and entirely according to the will of the excavators, until they had not only hollowed out the ground for an incredible distance under the faubourgs, but had even undermined the southern parts of the city, placing in great jeopardy the streets and buildings over them, as indeed they are said to be at present.

past form of “pass” — go across or through

From this reading As early as the commencement of the fourteenth century it was the custom to dig the white freestone, of which the greater part of the edifices of ancient Paris were built, from _carrières_ on either side of the Bièvre, and beneath the Faubourg St. Marcel, in which neighbourhood much of our scene has passed.

through chance

From this reading They had, however, living occupants--many, perchance, whose bones exhumed and transported in future times from these burial-grounds now assist in forming the ghastly decorations of these subterranean charnel-houses.

plural of “place” — a point located with respect to surface features of some region

From this reading The vast _carrières_ that have undermined the city in so many directions, the chief of which are now known by the general name of ‘the catacombs,’ still existed; but they were not then, as now, appropriated to the storing of remnants of mortality collected from the over-charged cemetery of the Innocents and other places of interment.

-ing form of “place” — put into a certain place or abstract location

From this reading These undertakings were continued for two or three centuries, without method or direction, unrestrained by any authority, and entirely according to the will of the excavators, until they had not only hollowed out the ground for an incredible distance under the faubourgs, but had even undermined the southern parts of the city, placing in great jeopardy the streets and buildings over them, as indeed they are said to be at present.

give an exhibition of to an interested audience

From this reading These undertakings were continued for two or three centuries, without method or direction, unrestrained by any authority, and entirely according to the will of the excavators, until they had not only hollowed out the ground for an incredible distance under the faubourgs, but had even undermined the southern parts of the city, placing in great jeopardy the streets and buildings over them, as indeed they are said to be at present.

marked by defiant disregard for danger or consequences

From this reading THE CATACOMBS OF THE BIÈVRE AND THEIR OCCUPANTS There was much depravity and reckless disregard of every moral and social ordinance to be found moving upon the surface of the city of Paris at this epoch; but there was still more beneath it.

plural of “remnant” — a small part or portion that remains after the main part no longer exists

From this reading The vast _carrières_ that have undermined the city in so many directions, the chief of which are now known by the general name of ‘the catacombs,’ still existed; but they were not then, as now, appropriated to the storing of remnants of mortality collected from the over-charged cemetery of the Innocents and other places of interment.

being the one previously mentioned or spoken of

From this reading These undertakings were continued for two or three centuries, without method or direction, unrestrained by any authority, and entirely according to the will of the excavators, until they had not only hollowed out the ground for an incredible distance under the faubourgs, but had even undermined the southern parts of the city, placing in great jeopardy the streets and buildings over them, as indeed they are said to be at present.

the place where some action occurs

From this reading As early as the commencement of the fourteenth century it was the custom to dig the white freestone, of which the greater part of the edifices of ancient Paris were built, from _carrières_ on either side of the Bièvre, and beneath the Faubourg St. Marcel, in which neighbourhood much of our scene has passed.

a place within a region identified relative to a center or reference location

From this reading As early as the commencement of the fourteenth century it was the custom to dig the white freestone, of which the greater part of the edifices of ancient Paris were built, from _carrières_ on either side of the Bièvre, and beneath the Faubourg St. Marcel, in which neighbourhood much of our scene has passed.

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading The vast _carrières_ that have undermined the city in so many directions, the chief of which are now known by the general name of ‘the catacombs,’ still existed; but they were not then, as now, appropriated to the storing of remnants of mortality collected from the over-charged cemetery of the Innocents and other places of interment.

relating to human society and its members

From this reading THE CATACOMBS OF THE BIÈVRE AND THEIR OCCUPANTS There was much depravity and reckless disregard of every moral and social ordinance to be found moving upon the surface of the city of Paris at this epoch; but there was still more beneath it.

in or characteristic of a region of the United States south of (approximately) the Mason-Dixon line

From this reading These undertakings were continued for two or three centuries, without method or direction, unrestrained by any authority, and entirely according to the will of the excavators, until they had not only hollowed out the ground for an incredible distance under the faubourgs, but had even undermined the southern parts of the city, placing in great jeopardy the streets and buildings over them, as indeed they are said to be at present.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading As early as the commencement of the fourteenth century it was the custom to dig the white freestone, of which the greater part of the edifices of ancient Paris were built, from _carrières_ on either side of the Bièvre, and beneath the Faubourg St. Marcel, in which neighbourhood much of our scene has passed.

not in physical motion

From this reading THE CATACOMBS OF THE BIÈVRE AND THEIR OCCUPANTS There was much depravity and reckless disregard of every moral and social ordinance to be found moving upon the surface of the city of Paris at this epoch; but there was still more beneath it.

-ing form of “store” — keep or lay aside for future use

From this reading The vast _carrières_ that have undermined the city in so many directions, the chief of which are now known by the general name of ‘the catacombs,’ still existed; but they were not then, as now, appropriated to the storing of remnants of mortality collected from the over-charged cemetery of the Innocents and other places of interment.

plural of “street” — a thoroughfare (usually including sidewalks) that is lined with buildings

From this reading These undertakings were continued for two or three centuries, without method or direction, unrestrained by any authority, and entirely according to the will of the excavators, until they had not only hollowed out the ground for an incredible distance under the faubourgs, but had even undermined the southern parts of the city, placing in great jeopardy the streets and buildings over them, as indeed they are said to be at present.

Existing, occurring, or done under the earth's surface.

From this reading They had, however, living occupants--many, perchance, whose bones exhumed and transported in future times from these burial-grounds now assist in forming the ghastly decorations of these subterranean charnel-houses.

the outer boundary of an artifact or a material layer constituting or resembling such a boundary

From this reading THE CATACOMBS OF THE BIÈVRE AND THEIR OCCUPANTS There was much depravity and reckless disregard of every moral and social ordinance to be found moving upon the surface of the city of Paris at this epoch; but there was still more beneath it.

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading The vast _carrières_ that have undermined the city in so many directions, the chief of which are now known by the general name of ‘the catacombs,’ still existed; but they were not then, as now, appropriated to the storing of remnants of mortality collected from the over-charged cemetery of the Innocents and other places of interment.

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE CATACOMBS OF THE BIÈVRE AND THEIR OCCUPANTS There was much depravity and reckless disregard of every moral and social ordinance to be found moving upon the surface of the city of Paris at this epoch; but there was still more beneath it.

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading THE CATACOMBS OF THE BIÈVRE AND THEIR OCCUPANTS There was much depravity and reckless disregard of every moral and social ordinance to be found moving upon the surface of the city of Paris at this epoch; but there was still more beneath it.

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading These undertakings were continued for two or three centuries, without method or direction, unrestrained by any authority, and entirely according to the will of the excavators, until they had not only hollowed out the ground for an incredible distance under the faubourgs, but had even undermined the southern parts of the city, placing in great jeopardy the streets and buildings over them, as indeed they are said to be at present.

subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors)

From this reading The vast _carrières_ that have undermined the city in so many directions, the chief of which are now known by the general name of ‘the catacombs,’ still existed; but they were not then, as now, appropriated to the storing of remnants of mortality collected from the over-charged cemetery of the Innocents and other places of interment.

in or at that place or location

From this reading THE CATACOMBS OF THE BIÈVRE AND THEIR OCCUPANTS There was much depravity and reckless disregard of every moral and social ordinance to be found moving upon the surface of the city of Paris at this epoch; but there was still more beneath it.

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading They had, however, living occupants--many, perchance, whose bones exhumed and transported in future times from these burial-grounds now assist in forming the ghastly decorations of these subterranean charnel-houses.

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading The vast _carrières_ that have undermined the city in so many directions, the chief of which are now known by the general name of ‘the catacombs,’ still existed; but they were not then, as now, appropriated to the storing of remnants of mortality collected from the over-charged cemetery of the Innocents and other places of interment.

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading THE CATACOMBS OF THE BIÈVRE AND THEIR OCCUPANTS There was much depravity and reckless disregard of every moral and social ordinance to be found moving upon the surface of the city of Paris at this epoch; but there was still more beneath it.

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one and one

From this reading These undertakings were continued for two or three centuries, without method or direction, unrestrained by any authority, and entirely according to the will of the excavators, until they had not only hollowed out the ground for an incredible distance under the faubourgs, but had even undermined the southern parts of the city, placing in great jeopardy the streets and buildings over them, as indeed they are said to be at present.

a more or less definite period of time now or previously present

From this reading They had, however, living occupants--many, perchance, whose bones exhumed and transported in future times from these burial-grounds now assist in forming the ghastly decorations of these subterranean charnel-houses.

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading THE CATACOMBS OF THE BIÈVRE AND THEIR OCCUPANTS There was much depravity and reckless disregard of every moral and social ordinance to be found moving upon the surface of the city of Paris at this epoch; but there was still more beneath it.

past form of “transport” — move something or somebody around; usually over long distances

From this reading They had, however, living occupants--many, perchance, whose bones exhumed and transported in future times from these burial-grounds now assist in forming the ghastly decorations of these subterranean charnel-houses.

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number

From this reading These undertakings were continued for two or three centuries, without method or direction, unrestrained by any authority, and entirely according to the will of the excavators, until they had not only hollowed out the ground for an incredible distance under the faubourgs, but had even undermined the southern parts of the city, placing in great jeopardy the streets and buildings over them, as indeed they are said to be at present.

below or beneath something; less than

From this reading These undertakings were continued for two or three centuries, without method or direction, unrestrained by any authority, and entirely according to the will of the excavators, until they had not only hollowed out the ground for an incredible distance under the faubourgs, but had even undermined the southern parts of the city, placing in great jeopardy the streets and buildings over them, as indeed they are said to be at present.

past form of “undermine” — destroy property or hinder normal operations

From this reading The vast _carrières_ that have undermined the city in so many directions, the chief of which are now known by the general name of ‘the catacombs,’ still existed; but they were not then, as now, appropriated to the storing of remnants of mortality collected from the over-charged cemetery of the Innocents and other places of interment.

plural of “undertaking” — any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted

From this reading These undertakings were continued for two or three centuries, without method or direction, unrestrained by any authority, and entirely according to the will of the excavators, until they had not only hollowed out the ground for an incredible distance under the faubourgs, but had even undermined the southern parts of the city, placing in great jeopardy the streets and buildings over them, as indeed they are said to be at present.

not subject to restraint

From this reading These undertakings were continued for two or three centuries, without method or direction, unrestrained by any authority, and entirely according to the will of the excavators, until they had not only hollowed out the ground for an incredible distance under the faubourgs, but had even undermined the southern parts of the city, placing in great jeopardy the streets and buildings over them, as indeed they are said to be at present.

up to a particular time

From this reading These undertakings were continued for two or three centuries, without method or direction, unrestrained by any authority, and entirely according to the will of the excavators, until they had not only hollowed out the ground for an incredible distance under the faubourgs, but had even undermined the southern parts of the city, placing in great jeopardy the streets and buildings over them, as indeed they are said to be at present.

a formal word for “on”

From this reading THE CATACOMBS OF THE BIÈVRE AND THEIR OCCUPANTS There was much depravity and reckless disregard of every moral and social ordinance to be found moving upon the surface of the city of Paris at this epoch; but there was still more beneath it.

unusually great in size or amount or degree or especially extent or scope

From this reading The vast _carrières_ that have undermined the city in so many directions, the chief of which are now known by the general name of ‘the catacombs,’ still existed; but they were not then, as now, appropriated to the storing of remnants of mortality collected from the over-charged cemetery of the Innocents and other places of interment.

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading THE CATACOMBS OF THE BIÈVRE AND THEIR OCCUPANTS There was much depravity and reckless disregard of every moral and social ordinance to be found moving upon the surface of the city of Paris at this epoch; but there was still more beneath it.

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading The vast _carrières_ that have undermined the city in so many directions, the chief of which are now known by the general name of ‘the catacombs,’ still existed; but they were not then, as now, appropriated to the storing of remnants of mortality collected from the over-charged cemetery of the Innocents and other places of interment.

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading The vast _carrières_ that have undermined the city in so many directions, the chief of which are now known by the general name of ‘the catacombs,’ still existed; but they were not then, as now, appropriated to the storing of remnants of mortality collected from the over-charged cemetery of the Innocents and other places of interment.

a Caucasian

From this reading As early as the commencement of the fourteenth century it was the custom to dig the white freestone, of which the greater part of the edifices of ancient Paris were built, from _carrières_ on either side of the Bièvre, and beneath the Faubourg St. Marcel, in which neighbourhood much of our scene has passed.

belonging to which person

From this reading They had, however, living occupants--many, perchance, whose bones exhumed and transported in future times from these burial-grounds now assist in forming the ghastly decorations of these subterranean charnel-houses.

used to talk about the future, or about willingness

From this reading These undertakings were continued for two or three centuries, without method or direction, unrestrained by any authority, and entirely according to the will of the excavators, until they had not only hollowed out the ground for an incredible distance under the faubourgs, but had even undermined the southern parts of the city, placing in great jeopardy the streets and buildings over them, as indeed they are said to be at present.

not having, not using, or not accompanied by

From this reading These undertakings were continued for two or three centuries, without method or direction, unrestrained by any authority, and entirely according to the will of the excavators, until they had not only hollowed out the ground for an incredible distance under the faubourgs, but had even undermined the southern parts of the city, placing in great jeopardy the streets and buildings over them, as indeed they are said to be at present.