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The Mayor of Casterbridge
The Mayor of Casterbridge

Chapter IV · Chapter 4

Chapter 4 of The Mayor of Casterbridge is here in full — 176 sentences across 36 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/35 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
Henchard!” said Elizabeth-Jane, surprised, but by no means suspecting the whole force of the revelation.
She ascended to the top of the steps.
Her mother, though her head was bowed, had already caught from the inn-window tones that strangely riveted her attention, before the old man’s words, Mr. Henchard, the Mayor,” reached her ears.
She arose, and stepped up to her daughter’s side as soon as she could do so without showing exceptional eagerness.
The interior of the hotel dining-room was spread out before her, with its tables, and glass, and plate, and inmates.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Mayor of Casterbridge

Chapter IV · Chapter 4

Chapter 4 of The Mayor of Casterbridge is here in full — 176 sentences across 36 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/35 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Henchard!” said Elizabeth-Jane, surprised, but by no means suspecting the whole force of the revelation.
Line 2
She ascended to the top of the steps.
/ʃiː əˈsendɪd tuː ðə tɑːp ʌv ðə steps/
Line 3
Her mother, though her head was bowed, had already caught from the inn-window tones that strangely riveted her attention, before the old man’s words, “Mr. Henchard, the Mayor,” reached her ears.
Line 4
She arose, and stepped up to her daughter’s side as soon as she could do so without showing exceptional eagerness.
/ʃiː ərˈoʊz ənd stept ʌp tuː hɜːr ˈdɔːtərz saɪd æz suːn æz ʃiː kʊd duː soʊ wɪˈθaʊt ˈʃoʊɪŋ ɪkˈsepʃənəl ˈiːɡərnəs/
Line 5
The interior of the hotel dining-room was spread out before her, with its tables, and glass, and plate, and inmates.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

ascended verb US /əˈsendɪd/

past form of “ascend” — travel up

From this reading “She ascended to the top of the steps.”

daughter's noun US /ˈdɔːtərz/

possessive form of “daughter” — a female human offspring

exceptional adjective US /ɪkˈsepʃənəl/

far beyond what is usual in magnitude or degree

From this reading “She arose, and stepped up to her daughter’s side as soon as she could do so without showing exceptional eagerness.”

inmates noun US /ˈɪnmeɪts/

plural of “inmate” — one of several resident of a dwelling (especially someone confined to a prison or hospital)

From this reading “The interior of the hotel dining-room was spread out before her, with its tables, and glass, and plate, and inmates.”

Mayor noun US /ˈmeɪər/

the head of a city government

From this reading “Her mother, though her head was bowed, had already caught from the inn-window tones that strangely riveted her attention, before the old man’s words, “Mr. Henchard, the Mayor,” reached her ears.”

revelation noun US /ˌrevəˈleɪʃən/

the speech act of making something evident

From this reading ““Henchard!” said Elizabeth-Jane, surprised, but by no means suspecting the whole force of the revelation.”

riveted verb US /ˈrɪvətɪd/

past form of “rivet” — direct one's attention on something

From this reading “Her mother, though her head was bowed, had already caught from the inn-window tones that strangely riveted her attention, before the old man’s words, “Mr. Henchard, the Mayor,” reached her ears.”

suspecting verb US /səˈspektɪŋ/

-ing form of “suspect” — imagine to be the case or true or probable

From this reading ““Henchard!” said Elizabeth-Jane, surprised, but by no means suspecting the whole force of the revelation.”

All words in this reading · 69

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

alreadyadverbUS /ɔːlˈredi/

prior to a specified or implied time

From this reading Her mother, though her head was bowed, had already caught from the inn-window tones that strangely riveted her attention, before the old man’s words, “Mr. Henchard, the Mayor,” reached her ears.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading She arose, and stepped up to her daughter’s side as soon as she could do so without showing exceptional eagerness.

aroseverbUS /ərˈoʊz/

inflected form of “arise” — come into existence; take on form or shape

From this reading She arose, and stepped up to her daughter’s side as soon as she could do so without showing exceptional eagerness.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading She arose, and stepped up to her daughter’s side as soon as she could do so without showing exceptional eagerness.

ascendedverbUS /əˈsendɪd/

past form of “ascend” — travel up

From this reading She ascended to the top of the steps.

attentionnounUS /əˈtenʃən/

the process whereby a person concentrates on some features of the environment to the (relative) exclusion of others

From this reading Her mother, though her head was bowed, had already caught from the inn-window tones that strangely riveted her attention, before the old man’s words, “Mr. Henchard, the Mayor,” reached her ears.

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading Her mother, though her head was bowed, had already caught from the inn-window tones that strangely riveted her attention, before the old man’s words, “Mr. Henchard, the Mayor,” reached her ears.

bowedadjectiveUS /baʊd/

of a stringed instrument; sounded by stroking with a bow

From this reading Her mother, though her head was bowed, had already caught from the inn-window tones that strangely riveted her attention, before the old man’s words, “Mr. Henchard, the Mayor,” reached her ears.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading “Henchard!” said Elizabeth-Jane, surprised, but by no means suspecting the whole force of the revelation.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading “Henchard!” said Elizabeth-Jane, surprised, but by no means suspecting the whole force of the revelation.

caughtverbUS /kɑːt/

inflected form of “catch” — discover or come upon accidentally, suddenly, or unexpectedly; catch somebody doing something or in a certain state

From this reading Her mother, though her head was bowed, had already caught from the inn-window tones that strangely riveted her attention, before the old man’s words, “Mr. Henchard, the Mayor,” reached her ears.

couldmodal verbUS /kʊd/

the past of “can”; used for possibility or polite requests

From this reading She arose, and stepped up to her daughter’s side as soon as she could do so without showing exceptional eagerness.

daughter'snounUS /ˈdɔːtərz/

possessive form of “daughter” — a female human offspring

From this reading She arose, and stepped up to her daughter’s side as soon as she could do so without showing exceptional eagerness.

dining-roomnoun

a room used for dining

From this reading The interior of the hotel dining-room was spread out before her, with its tables, and glass, and plate, and inmates.

doauxiliary verbUS /duː/

used to form questions and negatives, and to give emphasis

From this reading She arose, and stepped up to her daughter’s side as soon as she could do so without showing exceptional eagerness.

eagernessnounUS /ˈiːɡərnəs/

a positive feeling of wanting to push ahead with something

From this reading She arose, and stepped up to her daughter’s side as soon as she could do so without showing exceptional eagerness.

earsnounUS /ɪrz/

plural of “ear” — the sense organ for hearing and equilibrium

From this reading Her mother, though her head was bowed, had already caught from the inn-window tones that strangely riveted her attention, before the old man’s words, “Mr. Henchard, the Mayor,” reached her ears.

Elizabeth-Jane

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “Henchard!” said Elizabeth-Jane, surprised, but by no means suspecting the whole force of the revelation.

exceptionaladjectiveUS /ɪkˈsepʃənəl/

far beyond what is usual in magnitude or degree

From this reading She arose, and stepped up to her daughter’s side as soon as she could do so without showing exceptional eagerness.

forcenounUS /fɔːrs/

a powerful effect or influence

From this reading “Henchard!” said Elizabeth-Jane, surprised, but by no means suspecting the whole force of the revelation.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading Her mother, though her head was bowed, had already caught from the inn-window tones that strangely riveted her attention, before the old man’s words, “Mr. Henchard, the Mayor,” reached her ears.

glassnounUS /ɡlæs/

a brittle transparent solid with irregular atomic structure

From this reading The interior of the hotel dining-room was spread out before her, with its tables, and glass, and plate, and inmates.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading Her mother, though her head was bowed, had already caught from the inn-window tones that strangely riveted her attention, before the old man’s words, “Mr. Henchard, the Mayor,” reached her ears.

headnounUS /hed/

the upper part of the human body or the front part of the body in animals; contains the face and brains

From this reading Her mother, though her head was bowed, had already caught from the inn-window tones that strangely riveted her attention, before the old man’s words, “Mr. Henchard, the Mayor,” reached her ears.

Henchard

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading “Henchard!” said Elizabeth-Jane, surprised, but by no means suspecting the whole force of the revelation.

HerdeterminerUS /hɜːr/

belonging to a woman, girl, or female animal already mentioned

From this reading Her mother, though her head was bowed, had already caught from the inn-window tones that strangely riveted her attention, before the old man’s words, “Mr. Henchard, the Mayor,” reached her ears.

hotelnounUS /hoʊˈtel/

a building where travelers can pay for lodging and meals and other services

From this reading The interior of the hotel dining-room was spread out before her, with its tables, and glass, and plate, and inmates.

inmatesnounUS /ˈɪnmeɪts/

plural of “inmate” — one of several resident of a dwelling (especially someone confined to a prison or hospital)

From this reading The interior of the hotel dining-room was spread out before her, with its tables, and glass, and plate, and inmates.

inn-window

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Her mother, though her head was bowed, had already caught from the inn-window tones that strangely riveted her attention, before the old man’s words, “Mr. Henchard, the Mayor,” reached her ears.

interioradjectiveUS /ˌɪnˈtɪriər/

situated within or suitable for inside a building

From this reading The interior of the hotel dining-room was spread out before her, with its tables, and glass, and plate, and inmates.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading The interior of the hotel dining-room was spread out before her, with its tables, and glass, and plate, and inmates.

man'snounUS /mænz/

possessive form of “man” — an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)

From this reading Her mother, though her head was bowed, had already caught from the inn-window tones that strangely riveted her attention, before the old man’s words, “Mr. Henchard, the Mayor,” reached her ears.

MayornounUS /ˈmeɪər/

the head of a city government

From this reading Her mother, though her head was bowed, had already caught from the inn-window tones that strangely riveted her attention, before the old man’s words, “Mr. Henchard, the Mayor,” reached her ears.

meansnounUS /miːnz/

thing or person that acts to produce a particular effect or achieve an end

From this reading “Henchard!” said Elizabeth-Jane, surprised, but by no means suspecting the whole force of the revelation.

mothernounUS /ˈmʌðər/

a woman who has given birth to a child (also used as a term of address to your mother)

From this reading Her mother, though her head was bowed, had already caught from the inn-window tones that strangely riveted her attention, before the old man’s words, “Mr. Henchard, the Mayor,” reached her ears.

MrnounUS /ˈmɪstər/

a form of address for a man

From this reading Her mother, though her head was bowed, had already caught from the inn-window tones that strangely riveted her attention, before the old man’s words, “Mr. Henchard, the Mayor,” reached her ears.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading “Henchard!” said Elizabeth-Jane, surprised, but by no means suspecting the whole force of the revelation.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading “Henchard!” said Elizabeth-Jane, surprised, but by no means suspecting the whole force of the revelation.

oldadjectiveUS /oʊld/

(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading Her mother, though her head was bowed, had already caught from the inn-window tones that strangely riveted her attention, before the old man’s words, “Mr. Henchard, the Mayor,” reached her ears.

outadjectiveUS /aʊt/

not allowed to continue to bat or run

From this reading The interior of the hotel dining-room was spread out before her, with its tables, and glass, and plate, and inmates.

platenounUS /pleɪt/

(baseball) base consisting of a rubber slab where the batter stands; it must be touched by a base runner in order to score

From this reading The interior of the hotel dining-room was spread out before her, with its tables, and glass, and plate, and inmates.

reachedverbUS /riːtʃt/

past form of “reach” — reach a destination, either real or abstract

From this reading Her mother, though her head was bowed, had already caught from the inn-window tones that strangely riveted her attention, before the old man’s words, “Mr. Henchard, the Mayor,” reached her ears.

revelationnounUS /ˌrevəˈleɪʃən/

the speech act of making something evident

From this reading “Henchard!” said Elizabeth-Jane, surprised, but by no means suspecting the whole force of the revelation.

rivetedverbUS /ˈrɪvətɪd/

past form of “rivet” — direct one's attention on something

From this reading Her mother, though her head was bowed, had already caught from the inn-window tones that strangely riveted her attention, before the old man’s words, “Mr. Henchard, the Mayor,” reached her ears.

saidadjectiveUS /sed/

being the one previously mentioned or spoken of

From this reading “Henchard!” said Elizabeth-Jane, surprised, but by no means suspecting the whole force of the revelation.

ShepronounUS /ʃiː/

a woman, girl, or female animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading She ascended to the top of the steps.

showingnounUS /ˈʃoʊɪŋ/

the display of a motion picture

From this reading She arose, and stepped up to her daughter’s side as soon as she could do so without showing exceptional eagerness.

sidenounUS /saɪd/

a place within a region identified relative to a center or reference location

From this reading She arose, and stepped up to her daughter’s side as soon as she could do so without showing exceptional eagerness.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading She arose, and stepped up to her daughter’s side as soon as she could do so without showing exceptional eagerness.

soonadverbUS /suːn/

in the near future

From this reading She arose, and stepped up to her daughter’s side as soon as she could do so without showing exceptional eagerness.

spreadverbUS /spred/

distribute or disperse widely

From this reading The interior of the hotel dining-room was spread out before her, with its tables, and glass, and plate, and inmates.

steppedverbUS /stept/

inflected form of “step” — shift or move by taking a step

From this reading She arose, and stepped up to her daughter’s side as soon as she could do so without showing exceptional eagerness.

stepsnounUS /steps/

a flight of stairs or a flight of steps

From this reading She ascended to the top of the steps.

strangelyadverbUS /ˈstreɪndʒli/

in a strange manner

From this reading Her mother, though her head was bowed, had already caught from the inn-window tones that strangely riveted her attention, before the old man’s words, “Mr. Henchard, the Mayor,” reached her ears.

surprisedadjectiveUS /sərˈpraɪzd/

taken unawares or suddenly and feeling wonder or astonishment

From this reading “Henchard!” said Elizabeth-Jane, surprised, but by no means suspecting the whole force of the revelation.

suspectingverbUS /səˈspektɪŋ/

-ing form of “suspect” — imagine to be the case or true or probable

From this reading “Henchard!” said Elizabeth-Jane, surprised, but by no means suspecting the whole force of the revelation.

tablesnounUS /ˈteɪbəlz/

plural of “table” — a set of data arranged in rows and columns

From this reading The interior of the hotel dining-room was spread out before her, with its tables, and glass, and plate, and inmates.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading Her mother, though her head was bowed, had already caught from the inn-window tones that strangely riveted her attention, before the old man’s words, “Mr. Henchard, the Mayor,” reached her ears.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading “Henchard!” said Elizabeth-Jane, surprised, but by no means suspecting the whole force of the revelation.

thoughconjunctionUS /ðoʊ/

in spite of the fact that

From this reading Her mother, though her head was bowed, had already caught from the inn-window tones that strangely riveted her attention, before the old man’s words, “Mr. Henchard, the Mayor,” reached her ears.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading She ascended to the top of the steps.

tonesnounUS /toʊnz/

plural of “tone” — the quality of a person's voice

From this reading Her mother, though her head was bowed, had already caught from the inn-window tones that strangely riveted her attention, before the old man’s words, “Mr. Henchard, the Mayor,” reached her ears.

topnounUS /tɑːp/

the upper part of anything

From this reading She ascended to the top of the steps.

upadjectiveUS /ʌp/

being or moving higher in position or greater in some value; being above a former position or level

From this reading She arose, and stepped up to her daughter’s side as soon as she could do so without showing exceptional eagerness.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Her mother, though her head was bowed, had already caught from the inn-window tones that strangely riveted her attention, before the old man’s words, “Mr. Henchard, the Mayor,” reached her ears.

wholeadjectiveUS /hoʊl/

including all components without exception; being one unit or constituting the full amount or extent or duration; complete

From this reading “Henchard!” said Elizabeth-Jane, surprised, but by no means suspecting the whole force of the revelation.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading The interior of the hotel dining-room was spread out before her, with its tables, and glass, and plate, and inmates.

withoutprepositionUS /wɪˈθaʊt/

not having, not using, or not accompanied by

From this reading She arose, and stepped up to her daughter’s side as soon as she could do so without showing exceptional eagerness.

wordsnounUS /wɜːrdz/

the words that are spoken

From this reading Her mother, though her head was bowed, had already caught from the inn-window tones that strangely riveted her attention, before the old man’s words, “Mr. Henchard, the Mayor,” reached her ears.

Chapter 4 of The Mayor of Casterbridge by Thomas Hardy holds 176 sentences, grouped into 36 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the public-domain source, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 4 of The Mayor of Casterbridge contain?

Chapter 4 holds 176 sentences of The Mayor of Casterbridge, unabridged, divided into 36 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 4 of The Mayor of Casterbridge by Thomas Hardy exactly as it stands in the public-domain source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 176 sentences, grouped into 36 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 4 of The Mayor of Casterbridge?

Work through the 36 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 36 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 4 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 4 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The Mayor of Casterbridge

Common questions about reading The Mayor of Casterbridge by Thomas Hardy on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The Mayor of Casterbridge?

Yes. All 6288 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #143 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The Mayor of Casterbridge is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #143, a public-domain edition. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The Mayor of Casterbridge take to read?

About 524 minutes of reading across 1258 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read The Mayor of Casterbridge section by section

How to work through The Mayor of Casterbridge section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 36 chapters of The Mayor of Casterbridge to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in The Mayor of Casterbridge

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Mayor of Casterbridge, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Death
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Mayor of Casterbridge; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Character
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Mayor of Casterbridge; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Evening
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Mayor of Casterbridge; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Summer
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Mayor of Casterbridge; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.