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The Mesa Trail
The Mesa Trail

Chapter IV

Chapter 4 of The Mesa Trail is here in full — 196 sentences across 40 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/39 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
There was in Domingo a man named Baca.
Domingo is a tiny village of adobes nestling along the curve of Santa creek under the gray sharpness of Bajada hill; there is also an Indian pueblo of the same name.
In every ancient native settlement there is at least one man named Baca, which signifies cow and may be spelled, in the old fashion, either Baca or Vaca.
If these folk came all of one stock, they have increased and multiplied exceedingly.
Under the big cottonwood tree that grew in front of the Baca home sat smoking Joe Gilbert and his partner Lewis.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Mesa Trail

Chapter IV

Chapter 4 of The Mesa Trail is here in full — 196 sentences across 40 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/39 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
There was in Domingo a man named Baca.
Line 2
Domingo is a tiny village of adobes nestling along the curve of Santa creek under the gray sharpness of Bajada hill; there is also an Indian pueblo of the same name.
Line 3
In every ancient native settlement there is at least one man named Baca, which signifiescowand may be spelled, in the old fashion, either Baca or Vaca.
Line 4
If these folk came all of one stock, they have increased and multiplied exceedingly.
/ɪf ðiːz foʊk keɪm ɔːl ʌv wʌn stɑːk ðeɪ hæv ˌɪnˈkriːst ənd ˈmʌltəplaɪd ɪkˈsiːdɪŋli/
Line 5
Under the big cottonwood tree that grew in front of the Baca home sat smoking Joe Gilbert and his partner Lewis.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

cottonwood noun US /ˈkɑːtənwʊd/

any of several North American trees of the genus Populus having a tuft of cottony hairs on the seed

From this reading “Under the big cottonwood tree that grew in front of the Baca home sat smoking Joe Gilbert and his partner Lewis.”

Domingo noun US /doʊˈmɪŋɡoʊ/

Spanish operatic tenor noted for performances in operas by Verdi and Puccini (born in 1941)

From this reading “There was in Domingo a man named Baca.”

multiplied adjective US /ˈmʌltəplaɪd/

greatly increased as by multiplication

From this reading “If these folk came all of one stock, they have increased and multiplied exceedingly.”

nestling noun US /ˈnestlɪŋ/

young bird not yet fledged

From this reading “Domingo is a tiny village of adobes nestling along the curve of Santa Fé creek under the gray sharpness of Bajada hill; there is also an Indian pueblo of the same name.”

pueblo noun US /pˈwebloʊ/

a member of any of about two dozen Native American peoples called “Pueblos” by the Spanish because they live in pueblos (villages built of adobe and rock)

From this reading “Domingo is a tiny village of adobes nestling along the curve of Santa Fé creek under the gray sharpness of Bajada hill; there is also an Indian pueblo of the same name.”

sharpness noun US /ˈʃɑːrpnəs/

a quick and penetrating intelligence

From this reading “Domingo is a tiny village of adobes nestling along the curve of Santa Fé creek under the gray sharpness of Bajada hill; there is also an Indian pueblo of the same name.”

signifies verb US /ˈsɪɡnəfaɪz/

third-person singular of “signify” — denote or connote

From this reading “In every ancient native settlement there is at least one man named Baca, which signifies “cow” and may be spelled, in the old fashion, either Baca or Vaca.”

spelled verb US /speld/

past form of “spell” — orally recite the letters of or give the spelling of

From this reading “In every ancient native settlement there is at least one man named Baca, which signifies “cow” and may be spelled, in the old fashion, either Baca or Vaca.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

sat smoking noun + noun

In this reading “Under the big cottonwood tree that grew in front of the Baca home sat smoking Joe Gilbert and his partner Lewis.”

in front preposition + noun

at or in the front

In this reading “Under the big cottonwood tree that grew in front of the Baca home sat smoking Joe Gilbert and his partner Lewis.”

All words in this reading · 75

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading There was in Domingo a man named Baca.

adobes

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Domingo is a tiny village of adobes nestling along the curve of Santa Fé creek under the gray sharpness of Bajada hill; there is also an Indian pueblo of the same name.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading If these folk came all of one stock, they have increased and multiplied exceedingly.

alongprepositionUS /əˈlɔːŋ/

following the length of something from one end toward the other

From this reading Domingo is a tiny village of adobes nestling along the curve of Santa Fé creek under the gray sharpness of Bajada hill; there is also an Indian pueblo of the same name.

alsoadverbUS /ˈɔːlsoʊ/

in addition

From this reading Domingo is a tiny village of adobes nestling along the curve of Santa Fé creek under the gray sharpness of Bajada hill; there is also an Indian pueblo of the same name.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading Domingo is a tiny village of adobes nestling along the curve of Santa Fé creek under the gray sharpness of Bajada hill; there is also an Indian pueblo of the same name.

ancientadjectiveUS /ˈeɪn.ʃənt/

Belonging to the very distant past and no longer in existence or deeply revered.

From this reading In every ancient native settlement there is at least one man named Baca, which signifies “cow” and may be spelled, in the old fashion, either Baca or Vaca.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading In every ancient native settlement there is at least one man named Baca, which signifies “cow” and may be spelled, in the old fashion, either Baca or Vaca.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading In every ancient native settlement there is at least one man named Baca, which signifies “cow” and may be spelled, in the old fashion, either Baca or Vaca.

Baca

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading There was in Domingo a man named Baca.

Bajada

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Domingo is a tiny village of adobes nestling along the curve of Santa Fé creek under the gray sharpness of Bajada hill; there is also an Indian pueblo of the same name.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading In every ancient native settlement there is at least one man named Baca, which signifies “cow” and may be spelled, in the old fashion, either Baca or Vaca.

bigadjectiveUS /bɪɡ/

above average in size or number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading Under the big cottonwood tree that grew in front of the Baca home sat smoking Joe Gilbert and his partner Lewis.

cameverbUS /keɪm/

inflected form of “come” — move toward, travel toward something or somebody or approach something or somebody

From this reading If these folk came all of one stock, they have increased and multiplied exceedingly.

cottonwoodnounUS /ˈkɑːtənwʊd/

any of several North American trees of the genus Populus having a tuft of cottony hairs on the seed

From this reading Under the big cottonwood tree that grew in front of the Baca home sat smoking Joe Gilbert and his partner Lewis.

cownounUS /kaʊ/

female of domestic cattle: "“moo-cow” is a child's term"

From this reading In every ancient native settlement there is at least one man named Baca, which signifies “cow” and may be spelled, in the old fashion, either Baca or Vaca.

creeknounUS /kriːk/

a natural stream of water smaller than a river (and often a tributary of a river)

From this reading Domingo is a tiny village of adobes nestling along the curve of Santa Fé creek under the gray sharpness of Bajada hill; there is also an Indian pueblo of the same name.

curvenounUS /kɜːrv/

the trace of a point whose direction of motion changes

From this reading Domingo is a tiny village of adobes nestling along the curve of Santa Fé creek under the gray sharpness of Bajada hill; there is also an Indian pueblo of the same name.

DomingonounUS /doʊˈmɪŋɡoʊ/

Spanish operatic tenor noted for performances in operas by Verdi and Puccini (born in 1941)

From this reading There was in Domingo a man named Baca.

eitherdeterminerUS /ˈiːðər/

one or the other of two

From this reading In every ancient native settlement there is at least one man named Baca, which signifies “cow” and may be spelled, in the old fashion, either Baca or Vaca.

everydeterminerUS /ˈevəri/

all the members of a group, with none left out

From this reading In every ancient native settlement there is at least one man named Baca, which signifies “cow” and may be spelled, in the old fashion, either Baca or Vaca.

exceedinglyadverbUS /ɪkˈsiːdɪŋli/

to an extreme degree

From this reading If these folk came all of one stock, they have increased and multiplied exceedingly.

fashionnounUS /ˈfæʃən/

how something is done or how it happens

From this reading In every ancient native settlement there is at least one man named Baca, which signifies “cow” and may be spelled, in the old fashion, either Baca or Vaca.

folknounUS /foʊk/

people in general (often used in the plural)

From this reading If these folk came all of one stock, they have increased and multiplied exceedingly.

frontnounUS /frʌnt/

the side that is forward or prominent

From this reading Under the big cottonwood tree that grew in front of the Baca home sat smoking Joe Gilbert and his partner Lewis.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Domingo is a tiny village of adobes nestling along the curve of Santa Fé creek under the gray sharpness of Bajada hill; there is also an Indian pueblo of the same name.

GilbertnounUS /ˈɡɪlbərt/

a unit of magnetomotive force equal to 0.7958 ampere-turns

From this reading Under the big cottonwood tree that grew in front of the Baca home sat smoking Joe Gilbert and his partner Lewis.

graynounUS /ɡreɪ/

a neutral achromatic color midway between white and black

From this reading Domingo is a tiny village of adobes nestling along the curve of Santa Fé creek under the gray sharpness of Bajada hill; there is also an Indian pueblo of the same name.

grewverbUS /ɡruː/

inflected form of “grow” — pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become

From this reading Under the big cottonwood tree that grew in front of the Baca home sat smoking Joe Gilbert and his partner Lewis.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading If these folk came all of one stock, they have increased and multiplied exceedingly.

hillnounUS /hɪl/

a local and well-defined elevation of the land

From this reading Domingo is a tiny village of adobes nestling along the curve of Santa Fé creek under the gray sharpness of Bajada hill; there is also an Indian pueblo of the same name.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading Under the big cottonwood tree that grew in front of the Baca home sat smoking Joe Gilbert and his partner Lewis.

homenounUS /hoʊm/

where you live at a particular time

From this reading Under the big cottonwood tree that grew in front of the Baca home sat smoking Joe Gilbert and his partner Lewis.

IfconjunctionUS /ɪf/

on condition that; in the event that

From this reading If these folk came all of one stock, they have increased and multiplied exceedingly.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading There was in Domingo a man named Baca.

increasedadjectiveUS /ˌɪnˈkriːst/

made greater in size or amount or degree

From this reading If these folk came all of one stock, they have increased and multiplied exceedingly.

IndianadjectiveUS /ˈɪndiən/

of or relating to or characteristic of India or the East Indies or their peoples or languages or cultures

From this reading Domingo is a tiny village of adobes nestling along the curve of Santa Fé creek under the gray sharpness of Bajada hill; there is also an Indian pueblo of the same name.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Domingo is a tiny village of adobes nestling along the curve of Santa Fé creek under the gray sharpness of Bajada hill; there is also an Indian pueblo of the same name.

Joe

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Under the big cottonwood tree that grew in front of the Baca home sat smoking Joe Gilbert and his partner Lewis.

leastadjectiveUS /liːst/

the superlative of “little” that can be used with mass nouns and is usually preceded by “the”; a quantifier meaning smallest in amount or extent or degree

From this reading In every ancient native settlement there is at least one man named Baca, which signifies “cow” and may be spelled, in the old fashion, either Baca or Vaca.

LewisnounUS /ˈluːɪs/

United States rock star singer and pianist (born in 1935)

From this reading Under the big cottonwood tree that grew in front of the Baca home sat smoking Joe Gilbert and his partner Lewis.

mannounUS /mæn/

an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)

From this reading There was in Domingo a man named Baca.

maymodal verbUS /meɪ/

used to say something is possible, or to give permission

From this reading In every ancient native settlement there is at least one man named Baca, which signifies “cow” and may be spelled, in the old fashion, either Baca or Vaca.

multipliedadjectiveUS /ˈmʌltəplaɪd/

greatly increased as by multiplication

From this reading If these folk came all of one stock, they have increased and multiplied exceedingly.

nameverbUS /neɪm/

assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading Domingo is a tiny village of adobes nestling along the curve of Santa Fé creek under the gray sharpness of Bajada hill; there is also an Indian pueblo of the same name.

namedverbUS /neɪmd/

past form of “name” — assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading There was in Domingo a man named Baca.

nativeadjectiveUS /ˈneɪtɪv/

characteristic of or existing by virtue of geographic origin

From this reading In every ancient native settlement there is at least one man named Baca, which signifies “cow” and may be spelled, in the old fashion, either Baca or Vaca.

nestlingnounUS /ˈnestlɪŋ/

young bird not yet fledged

From this reading Domingo is a tiny village of adobes nestling along the curve of Santa Fé creek under the gray sharpness of Bajada hill; there is also an Indian pueblo of the same name.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Domingo is a tiny village of adobes nestling along the curve of Santa Fé creek under the gray sharpness of Bajada hill; there is also an Indian pueblo of the same name.

oldadjectiveUS /oʊld/

(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading In every ancient native settlement there is at least one man named Baca, which signifies “cow” and may be spelled, in the old fashion, either Baca or Vaca.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading In every ancient native settlement there is at least one man named Baca, which signifies “cow” and may be spelled, in the old fashion, either Baca or Vaca.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading In every ancient native settlement there is at least one man named Baca, which signifies “cow” and may be spelled, in the old fashion, either Baca or Vaca.

partnernounUS /ˈpɑːrtnər/

a person's partner in marriage

From this reading Under the big cottonwood tree that grew in front of the Baca home sat smoking Joe Gilbert and his partner Lewis.

pueblonounUS /pˈwebloʊ/

a member of any of about two dozen Native American peoples called “Pueblos” by the Spanish because they live in pueblos (villages built of adobe and rock)

From this reading Domingo is a tiny village of adobes nestling along the curve of Santa Fé creek under the gray sharpness of Bajada hill; there is also an Indian pueblo of the same name.

sameadjectiveUS /seɪm/

Identical; not different.

From this reading Domingo is a tiny village of adobes nestling along the curve of Santa Fé creek under the gray sharpness of Bajada hill; there is also an Indian pueblo of the same name.

SantanounUS /ˈsæntə/

the legendary patron saint of children; an imaginary being who is thought to bring presents to children at Christmas

From this reading Domingo is a tiny village of adobes nestling along the curve of Santa Fé creek under the gray sharpness of Bajada hill; there is also an Indian pueblo of the same name.

satnounUS /sæt/

the seventh and last day of the week; observed as the Sabbath by Jews and some Christians

From this reading Under the big cottonwood tree that grew in front of the Baca home sat smoking Joe Gilbert and his partner Lewis.

settlementnounUS /ˈsetəlmənt/

a body of people who settle far from home but maintain ties with their homeland; inhabitants remain nationals of their home state but are not literally under the home state's system of government

From this reading In every ancient native settlement there is at least one man named Baca, which signifies “cow” and may be spelled, in the old fashion, either Baca or Vaca.

sharpnessnounUS /ˈʃɑːrpnəs/

a quick and penetrating intelligence

From this reading Domingo is a tiny village of adobes nestling along the curve of Santa Fé creek under the gray sharpness of Bajada hill; there is also an Indian pueblo of the same name.

signifiesverbUS /ˈsɪɡnəfaɪz/

third-person singular of “signify” — denote or connote

From this reading In every ancient native settlement there is at least one man named Baca, which signifies “cow” and may be spelled, in the old fashion, either Baca or Vaca.

smokingnounUS /ˈsmoʊkɪŋ/

the act of smoking tobacco or other substances

From this reading Under the big cottonwood tree that grew in front of the Baca home sat smoking Joe Gilbert and his partner Lewis.

spelledverbUS /speld/

past form of “spell” — orally recite the letters of or give the spelling of

From this reading In every ancient native settlement there is at least one man named Baca, which signifies “cow” and may be spelled, in the old fashion, either Baca or Vaca.

stocknounUS /stɑːk/

the capital raised by a corporation through the issue of shares entitling holders to an ownership interest

From this reading If these folk came all of one stock, they have increased and multiplied exceedingly.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading Under the big cottonwood tree that grew in front of the Baca home sat smoking Joe Gilbert and his partner Lewis.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Domingo is a tiny village of adobes nestling along the curve of Santa Fé creek under the gray sharpness of Bajada hill; there is also an Indian pueblo of the same name.

ThereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading There was in Domingo a man named Baca.

thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading If these folk came all of one stock, they have increased and multiplied exceedingly.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading If these folk came all of one stock, they have increased and multiplied exceedingly.

tinyadjectiveUS /ˈtaɪni/

very small

From this reading Domingo is a tiny village of adobes nestling along the curve of Santa Fé creek under the gray sharpness of Bajada hill; there is also an Indian pueblo of the same name.

treenounUS /triː/

a tall perennial woody plant having a main trunk and branches forming a distinct elevated crown; includes both gymnosperms and angiosperms

From this reading Under the big cottonwood tree that grew in front of the Baca home sat smoking Joe Gilbert and his partner Lewis.

underprepositionUS /ˈʌndər/

below or beneath something; less than

From this reading Domingo is a tiny village of adobes nestling along the curve of Santa Fé creek under the gray sharpness of Bajada hill; there is also an Indian pueblo of the same name.

Vaca

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In every ancient native settlement there is at least one man named Baca, which signifies “cow” and may be spelled, in the old fashion, either Baca or Vaca.

villagenounUS /ˈvɪlədʒ/

a community of people smaller than a town

From this reading Domingo is a tiny village of adobes nestling along the curve of Santa Fé creek under the gray sharpness of Bajada hill; there is also an Indian pueblo of the same name.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading There was in Domingo a man named Baca.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading In every ancient native settlement there is at least one man named Baca, which signifies “cow” and may be spelled, in the old fashion, either Baca or Vaca.

Chapter 4 of The Mesa Trail by H. (Henry) Bedford-Jones holds 196 sentences, grouped into 40 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 4 of The Mesa Trail contain?

Chapter 4 holds 196 sentences of The Mesa Trail, unabridged, divided into 40 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 4 of The Mesa Trail by H. (Henry) Bedford-Jones exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 196 sentences, grouped into 40 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 4 of The Mesa Trail?

Work through the 40 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 40 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 4 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 4 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The Mesa Trail

Common questions about reading The Mesa Trail by H. (Henry) Bedford-Jones on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The Mesa Trail?

Yes. All 4169 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #35078 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The Mesa Trail is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #35078, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The Mesa Trail take to read?

About 347 minutes of reading across 834 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read The Mesa Trail section by section

How to work through The Mesa Trail section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 17 chapters of The Mesa Trail to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in The Mesa Trail

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Mesa Trail, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Ribbon
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Mesa Trail; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Winding
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Mesa Trail; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Leads
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Mesa Trail; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Northeast
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Mesa Trail; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.