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The Mirror of Literature, Amusement — No. 474
The Mirror of Literature, Amusement — No. 474

Chapter I · Chapter 1

Chapter 1 of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement — No. 474 is here in full — 469 sentences across 94 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for The Mirror of Literature, Amusement — No. 474
Context Illustration Reading 17/93 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
It is a rich language, however, and would amply repay any one the trouble of learning it.
I try, and shall go on;--but I answer for nothing, least of all for my intentions or my success.
There are some very curious MSS. in the monastery, as well as books; translations also from Greek originals, now lost, and from Persian and Syriac, &c.; besides works of their own people.
Four years ago the French instituted an Armenian professorship.
Twenty pupils presented themselves on Monday morning, full of noble ardour, ingenuous youth, and impregnable industry.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Mirror of Literature, Amusement — No. 474

Chapter I · Chapter 1

Chapter 1 of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement — No. 474 is here in full — 469 sentences across 94 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 17/93 · 5 reading units · Lines 81–85

Line 1
It is a rich language, however, and would amply repay any one the trouble of learning it.
/ɪt ɪz ə rɪtʃ ˈlæŋɡwədʒ ˌhaʊˈevər ənd wʊd ˈæmpli riˈpeɪ ˈeni wʌn ðə ˈtrʌbəl ʌv ˈlɜːrnɪŋ ɪt/
Line 2
I try, and shall go on;--but I answer for nothing, least of all for my intentions or my success.
Line 3
There are some very curious MSS. in the monastery, as well as books; translations also from Greek originals, now lost, and from Persian and Syriac, &c.; besides works of their own people.
Line 4
Four years ago the French instituted an Armenian professorship.
/fɔːr jɪrz əˈɡoʊ ðə frentʃ ˈɪnstətuːtɪd æn ɑːrˈmiːniən prəˈfesərʃɪp/
Line 5
Twenty pupils presented themselves on Monday morning, full of noble ardour, ingenuous youth, and impregnable industry.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

amply adverb US /ˈæmpli/

to an ample degree or in an ample manner

From this reading “It is a rich language, however, and would amply repay any one the trouble of learning it.”

Armenian noun US /ɑːrˈmiːniən/

a native or inhabitant of Armenia

From this reading “Four years ago the French instituted an Armenian professorship.”

impregnable adjective US /ˌɪmˈpreɡnəbəl/

immune to attack; incapable of being tampered with

From this reading “Twenty pupils presented themselves on Monday morning, full of noble ardour, ingenuous youth, and impregnable industry.”

ingenuous adjective US /ˌɪnˈdʒenjuːəs/

characterized by an inability to mask your feelings; not devious

From this reading “Twenty pupils presented themselves on Monday morning, full of noble ardour, ingenuous youth, and impregnable industry.”

instituted verb US /ˈɪnstətuːtɪd/

past form of “institute” — set up or lay the groundwork for

From this reading “Four years ago the French instituted an Armenian professorship.”

originals noun US /ərˈɪdʒənəlz/

plural of “original” — an original creation (i.e., an audio recording) from which copies can be made

From this reading “There are some very curious MSS. in the monastery, as well as books; translations also from Greek originals, now lost, and from Persian and Syriac, &c.; besides works of their own people.”

professorship noun US /prəˈfesərʃɪp/

the position of professor

From this reading “Four years ago the French instituted an Armenian professorship.”

translations noun US /trænzˈleɪʃənz/

plural of “translation” — a written communication in a second language having the same meaning as the written communication in a first language

From this reading “There are some very curious MSS. in the monastery, as well as books; translations also from Greek originals, now lost, and from Persian and Syriac, &c.; besides works of their own people.”

All words in this reading · 78

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading It is a rich language, however, and would amply repay any one the trouble of learning it.

agoadverbUS /əˈɡoʊ/

in the past

From this reading Four years ago the French instituted an Armenian professorship.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading I try, and shall go on;--but I answer for nothing, least of all for my intentions or my success.

alsoadverbUS /ˈɔːlsoʊ/

in addition

From this reading There are some very curious MSS. in the monastery, as well as books; translations also from Greek originals, now lost, and from Persian and Syriac, &c.; besides works of their own people.

amplyadverbUS /ˈæmpli/

to an ample degree or in an ample manner

From this reading It is a rich language, however, and would amply repay any one the trouble of learning it.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading Four years ago the French instituted an Armenian professorship.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading It is a rich language, however, and would amply repay any one the trouble of learning it.

answerverbUS /ˈænsər/

react verbally

From this reading I try, and shall go on;--but I answer for nothing, least of all for my intentions or my success.

anyadjectiveUS /ˈeni/

one or some or every or all without specification

From this reading It is a rich language, however, and would amply repay any one the trouble of learning it.

ardournoun

a feeling of strong eagerness (usually in favor of a person or cause)

From this reading Twenty pupils presented themselves on Monday morning, full of noble ardour, ingenuous youth, and impregnable industry.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading There are some very curious MSS. in the monastery, as well as books; translations also from Greek originals, now lost, and from Persian and Syriac, &c.; besides works of their own people.

ArmeniannounUS /ɑːrˈmiːniən/

a native or inhabitant of Armenia

From this reading Four years ago the French instituted an Armenian professorship.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading There are some very curious MSS. in the monastery, as well as books; translations also from Greek originals, now lost, and from Persian and Syriac, &c.; besides works of their own people.

besidesprepositionUS /bɪˈsaɪdz/

in addition to; as well as

From this reading There are some very curious MSS. in the monastery, as well as books; translations also from Greek originals, now lost, and from Persian and Syriac, &c.; besides works of their own people.

booksnounUS /bʊks/

Bound written or printed works.

From this reading There are some very curious MSS. in the monastery, as well as books; translations also from Greek originals, now lost, and from Persian and Syriac, &c.; besides works of their own people.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading I try, and shall go on;--but I answer for nothing, least of all for my intentions or my success.

cnounUS /siː/

a degree on the centigrade scale of temperature

From this reading There are some very curious MSS. in the monastery, as well as books; translations also from Greek originals, now lost, and from Persian and Syriac, &c.; besides works of their own people.

curiousadjectiveUS /ˈkjʊriəs/

beyond or deviating from the usual or expected

From this reading There are some very curious MSS. in the monastery, as well as books; translations also from Greek originals, now lost, and from Persian and Syriac, &c.; besides works of their own people.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading I try, and shall go on;--but I answer for nothing, least of all for my intentions or my success.

FournounUS /fɔːr/

the cardinal number that is the sum of three and one

From this reading Four years ago the French instituted an Armenian professorship.

FrenchnounUS /frentʃ/

the Romance language spoken in France and in countries colonized by France

From this reading Four years ago the French instituted an Armenian professorship.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading There are some very curious MSS. in the monastery, as well as books; translations also from Greek originals, now lost, and from Persian and Syriac, &c.; besides works of their own people.

fulladjectiveUS /fʊl/

containing as much or as many as is possible or normal

From this reading Twenty pupils presented themselves on Monday morning, full of noble ardour, ingenuous youth, and impregnable industry.

goverbUS /ɡoʊ/

change location; move, travel, or proceed, also metaphorically

From this reading I try, and shall go on;--but I answer for nothing, least of all for my intentions or my success.

GreeknounUS /ɡriːk/

the Hellenic branch of the Indo-European family of languages

From this reading There are some very curious MSS. in the monastery, as well as books; translations also from Greek originals, now lost, and from Persian and Syriac, &c.; besides works of their own people.

howeveradverbUS /ˌhaʊˈevər/

used to add a contrasting statement

From this reading It is a rich language, however, and would amply repay any one the trouble of learning it.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading I try, and shall go on;--but I answer for nothing, least of all for my intentions or my success.

impregnableadjectiveUS /ˌɪmˈpreɡnəbəl/

immune to attack; incapable of being tampered with

From this reading Twenty pupils presented themselves on Monday morning, full of noble ardour, ingenuous youth, and impregnable industry.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading There are some very curious MSS. in the monastery, as well as books; translations also from Greek originals, now lost, and from Persian and Syriac, &c.; besides works of their own people.

industrynounUS /ˈɪndəstri/

the people or companies engaged in a particular kind of commercial enterprise

From this reading Twenty pupils presented themselves on Monday morning, full of noble ardour, ingenuous youth, and impregnable industry.

ingenuousadjectiveUS /ˌɪnˈdʒenjuːəs/

characterized by an inability to mask your feelings; not devious

From this reading Twenty pupils presented themselves on Monday morning, full of noble ardour, ingenuous youth, and impregnable industry.

institutedverbUS /ˈɪnstətuːtɪd/

past form of “institute” — set up or lay the groundwork for

From this reading Four years ago the French instituted an Armenian professorship.

intentionsnounUS /ˌɪnˈtentʃənz/

plural of “intention” — an anticipated outcome that is intended or that guides your planned actions

From this reading I try, and shall go on;--but I answer for nothing, least of all for my intentions or my success.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading It is a rich language, however, and would amply repay any one the trouble of learning it.

ItpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading It is a rich language, however, and would amply repay any one the trouble of learning it.

languagenounUS /ˈlæŋɡwədʒ/

a systematic means of communicating by the use of sounds or conventional symbols

From this reading It is a rich language, however, and would amply repay any one the trouble of learning it.

learningnounUS /ˈlɜːrnɪŋ/

the cognitive process of acquiring skill or knowledge

From this reading It is a rich language, however, and would amply repay any one the trouble of learning it.

leastadjectiveUS /liːst/

the superlative of “little” that can be used with mass nouns and is usually preceded by “the”; a quantifier meaning smallest in amount or extent or degree

From this reading I try, and shall go on;--but I answer for nothing, least of all for my intentions or my success.

lostadjectiveUS /lɔːst/

no longer in your possession or control; unable to be found or recovered

From this reading There are some very curious MSS. in the monastery, as well as books; translations also from Greek originals, now lost, and from Persian and Syriac, &c.; besides works of their own people.

monasterynounUS /ˈmɑːnəsteri/

the residence of a religious community

From this reading There are some very curious MSS. in the monastery, as well as books; translations also from Greek originals, now lost, and from Persian and Syriac, &c.; besides works of their own people.

MondaynounUS /ˈmʌndi/

the second day of the week; the first working day

From this reading Twenty pupils presented themselves on Monday morning, full of noble ardour, ingenuous youth, and impregnable industry.

morningnounUS /ˈmɔːrnɪŋ/

the time period between dawn and noon

From this reading Twenty pupils presented themselves on Monday morning, full of noble ardour, ingenuous youth, and impregnable industry.

MSS

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading There are some very curious MSS. in the monastery, as well as books; translations also from Greek originals, now lost, and from Persian and Syriac, &c.; besides works of their own people.

mydeterminerUS /maɪ/

belonging to the person speaking

From this reading I try, and shall go on;--but I answer for nothing, least of all for my intentions or my success.

nobleadjectiveUS /ˈnoʊbəl/

impressive in appearance

From this reading Twenty pupils presented themselves on Monday morning, full of noble ardour, ingenuous youth, and impregnable industry.

nothingpronounUS /ˈnʌθɪŋ/

not one thing; not anything

From this reading I try, and shall go on;--but I answer for nothing, least of all for my intentions or my success.

nowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading There are some very curious MSS. in the monastery, as well as books; translations also from Greek originals, now lost, and from Persian and Syriac, &c.; besides works of their own people.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading It is a rich language, however, and would amply repay any one the trouble of learning it.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading I try, and shall go on;--but I answer for nothing, least of all for my intentions or my success.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading It is a rich language, however, and would amply repay any one the trouble of learning it.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading I try, and shall go on;--but I answer for nothing, least of all for my intentions or my success.

originalsnounUS /ərˈɪdʒənəlz/

plural of “original” — an original creation (i.e., an audio recording) from which copies can be made

From this reading There are some very curious MSS. in the monastery, as well as books; translations also from Greek originals, now lost, and from Persian and Syriac, &c.; besides works of their own people.

ownverbUS /oʊn/

have ownership or possession of

From this reading There are some very curious MSS. in the monastery, as well as books; translations also from Greek originals, now lost, and from Persian and Syriac, &c.; besides works of their own people.

peoplenounUS /ˈpiːpəl/

(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively

From this reading There are some very curious MSS. in the monastery, as well as books; translations also from Greek originals, now lost, and from Persian and Syriac, &c.; besides works of their own people.

PersiannounUS /ˈpɜːrʒən/

a native or inhabitant of Iran

From this reading There are some very curious MSS. in the monastery, as well as books; translations also from Greek originals, now lost, and from Persian and Syriac, &c.; besides works of their own people.

presentedverbUS /priˈzentɪd/

past form of “present” — give an exhibition of to an interested audience

From this reading Twenty pupils presented themselves on Monday morning, full of noble ardour, ingenuous youth, and impregnable industry.

professorshipnounUS /prəˈfesərʃɪp/

the position of professor

From this reading Four years ago the French instituted an Armenian professorship.

pupilsnounUS /ˈpjuːpəlz/

plural of “pupil” — a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution

From this reading Twenty pupils presented themselves on Monday morning, full of noble ardour, ingenuous youth, and impregnable industry.

repayverbUS /riˈpeɪ/

pay back

From this reading It is a rich language, however, and would amply repay any one the trouble of learning it.

richadjectiveUS /rɪtʃ/

possessing material wealth

From this reading It is a rich language, however, and would amply repay any one the trouble of learning it.

shallmodal verbUS /ʃæl/

used with I and we for the future, or to offer and suggest

From this reading I try, and shall go on;--but I answer for nothing, least of all for my intentions or my success.

someadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading There are some very curious MSS. in the monastery, as well as books; translations also from Greek originals, now lost, and from Persian and Syriac, &c.; besides works of their own people.

successnounUS /səkˈses/

an event that accomplishes its intended purpose

From this reading I try, and shall go on;--but I answer for nothing, least of all for my intentions or my success.

Syriac

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading There are some very curious MSS. in the monastery, as well as books; translations also from Greek originals, now lost, and from Persian and Syriac, &c.; besides works of their own people.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading It is a rich language, however, and would amply repay any one the trouble of learning it.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading There are some very curious MSS. in the monastery, as well as books; translations also from Greek originals, now lost, and from Persian and Syriac, &c.; besides works of their own people.

themselvespronounUS /ðemˈselvz/

used when the people doing the action are also its object

From this reading Twenty pupils presented themselves on Monday morning, full of noble ardour, ingenuous youth, and impregnable industry.

ThereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading There are some very curious MSS. in the monastery, as well as books; translations also from Greek originals, now lost, and from Persian and Syriac, &c.; besides works of their own people.

translationsnounUS /trænzˈleɪʃənz/

plural of “translation” — a written communication in a second language having the same meaning as the written communication in a first language

From this reading There are some very curious MSS. in the monastery, as well as books; translations also from Greek originals, now lost, and from Persian and Syriac, &c.; besides works of their own people.

troublenounUS /ˈtrʌbəl/

a source of difficulty

From this reading It is a rich language, however, and would amply repay any one the trouble of learning it.

tryverbUS /traɪ/

make an effort or attempt

From this reading I try, and shall go on;--but I answer for nothing, least of all for my intentions or my success.

TwentynounUS /ˈtwenti/

the cardinal number that is the sum of nineteen and one

From this reading Twenty pupils presented themselves on Monday morning, full of noble ardour, ingenuous youth, and impregnable industry.

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading There are some very curious MSS. in the monastery, as well as books; translations also from Greek originals, now lost, and from Persian and Syriac, &c.; besides works of their own people.

welladverbUS /wel/

(often used as a combining form) in a good or proper or satisfactory manner or to a high standard (“good” is a nonstandard dialectal variant for “well”)

From this reading There are some very curious MSS. in the monastery, as well as books; translations also from Greek originals, now lost, and from Persian and Syriac, &c.; besides works of their own people.

worksnounUS /wɜːrks/

buildings for carrying on industrial labor

From this reading There are some very curious MSS. in the monastery, as well as books; translations also from Greek originals, now lost, and from Persian and Syriac, &c.; besides works of their own people.

wouldmodal verbUS /wʊd/

used for something imagined, polite, or habitual in the past

From this reading It is a rich language, however, and would amply repay any one the trouble of learning it.

yearsnounUS /jɪrz/

a late time of life

From this reading Four years ago the French instituted an Armenian professorship.

youthnounUS /juːθ/

a young person (especially a young man or boy)

From this reading Twenty pupils presented themselves on Monday morning, full of noble ardour, ingenuous youth, and impregnable industry.

Chapter 1 of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement — No. 474 by Various holds 469 sentences, grouped into 94 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 1 of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement — No. 474 contain?

Chapter 1 holds 469 sentences of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement — No. 474, unabridged, divided into 94 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 1 of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement — No. 474 by Various exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 469 sentences, grouped into 94 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 1 of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement — No. 474?

Work through the 94 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 94 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 1 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 1 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The Mirror of Literature, Amusement — No. 474

Common questions about reading The Mirror of Literature, Amusement — No. 474 by Various on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement — No. 474?

Yes. All 469 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #12685 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement — No. 474 is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #12685, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The Mirror of Literature, Amusement — No. 474 take to read?

About 39 minutes of reading across 94 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read The Mirror of Literature, Amusement — No. 474 section by section

How to work through The Mirror of Literature, Amusement — No. 474 section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

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  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in The Mirror of Literature, Amusement — No. 474

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Mirror of Literature, Amusement — No. 474, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Mirror
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement — No. 474; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Literature
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement — No. 474; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Amusement
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement — No. 474; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Instruction
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement — No. 474; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.