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The Mirror of Literature, Amusement — No. 474
The Mirror of Literature, Amusement — No. 474

Chapter I · Chapter 1

Chapter 1 of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement — No. 474 is here in full — 469 sentences across 94 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for The Mirror of Literature, Amusement — No. 474
Context Illustration Reading 18/93 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
They persevered with a courage worthy of the nation and of universal conquest, till Thursday; when _fifteen_ of the _twenty_ succumbed to the six and twentieth letter of the alphabet.
It is, to be sure, a Waterloo of an Alphabet--that must be said for them.
But it is so like these fellows, to do by it as they did by their sovereigns--abandon both; to parody the old rhymes, "Take a thing and give a thing"--"Take a king and give a king.
They are the worst of animals, except their conquerors.
I hear that that H----n is your neighbour, having a living in Derbyshire.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Mirror of Literature, Amusement — No. 474

Chapter I · Chapter 1

Chapter 1 of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement — No. 474 is here in full — 469 sentences across 94 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 18/93 · 5 reading units · Lines 86–90

Line 1
They persevered with a courage worthy of the nation and of universal conquest, till Thursday; when _fifteen_ of the _twenty_ succumbed to the six and twentieth letter of the alphabet.
/ðeɪ ˌpɜːrsəˈvɪrd wɪð ə ˈkɜːrədʒ ˈwɜːr.ði ʌv ðə ˈneɪʃən ənd ʌv ˌjuːnəˈvɜːrsəl ˈkɑːŋkwest tɪl ˈθɜːrzdeɪ wen fɪfˈtiːn ʌv ðə ˈtwenti səˈkʌmd tuː ðə sɪks ənd ˈtwentiəθ ˈletər ʌv ðə ˈælfəbet/
Line 2
It is, to be sure, a Waterloo of an Alphabet--that must be said for them.
Line 3
But it is so like these fellows, to do by it as they did by their sovereigns--abandon both; to parody the old rhymes, "Take a thing and give a thing"--"Take a king and give a king.
Line 4
They are the worst of animals, except their conquerors.
/ðeɪ ɑːr ðə wɜːrst ʌv ˈænəməlz ɪkˈsept ðer ˈkɑːŋkərərz/
Line 5
I hear that that H----n is your neighbour, having a living in Derbyshire.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

alphabet noun US /ˈælfəbet/

a character set that includes letters and is used to write a language

From this reading “They persevered with a courage worthy of the nation and of universal conquest, till Thursday; when _fifteen_ of the _twenty_ succumbed to the six and twentieth letter of the alphabet.”

conquerors noun US /ˈkɑːŋkərərz/

plural of “conqueror” — someone who is victorious by force of arms

From this reading “They are the worst of animals, except their conquerors.”

parody noun US /ˈperədi/

a composition that imitates or misrepresents somebody's style, usually in a humorous way

From this reading “But it is so like these fellows, to do by it as they did by their sovereigns--abandon both; to parody the old rhymes, "Take a thing and give a thing"--"Take a king and give a king.”

persevered verb US /ˌpɜːrsəˈvɪrd/

past form of “persevere” — be persistent, refuse to stop

From this reading “They persevered with a courage worthy of the nation and of universal conquest, till Thursday; when _fifteen_ of the _twenty_ succumbed to the six and twentieth letter of the alphabet.”

rhymes noun US /raɪmz/

plural of “rhyme” — correspondence in the sounds of two or more lines (especially final sounds)

From this reading “But it is so like these fellows, to do by it as they did by their sovereigns--abandon both; to parody the old rhymes, "Take a thing and give a thing"--"Take a king and give a king.”

sovereigns noun US /ˈsɑːvrənz/

plural of “sovereign” — a nation's ruler or head of state usually by hereditary right

From this reading “But it is so like these fellows, to do by it as they did by their sovereigns--abandon both; to parody the old rhymes, "Take a thing and give a thing"--"Take a king and give a king.”

succumbed verb US /səˈkʌmd/

past form of “succumb” — consent reluctantly

From this reading “They persevered with a courage worthy of the nation and of universal conquest, till Thursday; when _fifteen_ of the _twenty_ succumbed to the six and twentieth letter of the alphabet.”

Waterloo noun US /ˈwɔːtərluː/

a town in central Belgium where in 1815 Napoleon met his final defeat

From this reading “It is, to be sure, a Waterloo of an Alphabet--that must be said for them.”

All words in this reading · 69

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading They persevered with a courage worthy of the nation and of universal conquest, till Thursday; when _fifteen_ of the _twenty_ succumbed to the six and twentieth letter of the alphabet.

abandonverbUS /əˈbændən/

forsake, leave behind

From this reading But it is so like these fellows, to do by it as they did by their sovereigns--abandon both; to parody the old rhymes, "Take a thing and give a thing"--"Take a king and give a king.

alphabetnounUS /ˈælfəbet/

a character set that includes letters and is used to write a language

From this reading They persevered with a courage worthy of the nation and of universal conquest, till Thursday; when _fifteen_ of the _twenty_ succumbed to the six and twentieth letter of the alphabet.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading It is, to be sure, a Waterloo of an Alphabet--that must be said for them.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading They persevered with a courage worthy of the nation and of universal conquest, till Thursday; when _fifteen_ of the _twenty_ succumbed to the six and twentieth letter of the alphabet.

animalsnounUS /ˈænəməlz/

plural of “animal” — a living organism characterized by voluntary movement

From this reading They are the worst of animals, except their conquerors.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading They are the worst of animals, except their conquerors.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading But it is so like these fellows, to do by it as they did by their sovereigns--abandon both; to parody the old rhymes, "Take a thing and give a thing"--"Take a king and give a king.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading It is, to be sure, a Waterloo of an Alphabet--that must be said for them.

bothdeterminerUS /boʊθ/

the two together, not just one

From this reading But it is so like these fellows, to do by it as they did by their sovereigns--abandon both; to parody the old rhymes, "Take a thing and give a thing"--"Take a king and give a king.

ButconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading But it is so like these fellows, to do by it as they did by their sovereigns--abandon both; to parody the old rhymes, "Take a thing and give a thing"--"Take a king and give a king.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading But it is so like these fellows, to do by it as they did by their sovereigns--abandon both; to parody the old rhymes, "Take a thing and give a thing"--"Take a king and give a king.

conquerorsnounUS /ˈkɑːŋkərərz/

plural of “conqueror” — someone who is victorious by force of arms

From this reading They are the worst of animals, except their conquerors.

conquestnounUS /ˈkɑːŋkwest/

the act of conquering

From this reading They persevered with a courage worthy of the nation and of universal conquest, till Thursday; when _fifteen_ of the _twenty_ succumbed to the six and twentieth letter of the alphabet.

couragenounUS /ˈkɜːrədʒ/

a quality of spirit that enables you to face danger or pain without showing fear

From this reading They persevered with a courage worthy of the nation and of universal conquest, till Thursday; when _fifteen_ of the _twenty_ succumbed to the six and twentieth letter of the alphabet.

Derbyshire

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading I hear that that H----n is your neighbour, having a living in Derbyshire.

didauxiliary verbUS /dɪd/

the past form of “do”, used in questions and negatives

From this reading But it is so like these fellows, to do by it as they did by their sovereigns--abandon both; to parody the old rhymes, "Take a thing and give a thing"--"Take a king and give a king.

doauxiliary verbUS /duː/

used to form questions and negatives, and to give emphasis

From this reading But it is so like these fellows, to do by it as they did by their sovereigns--abandon both; to parody the old rhymes, "Take a thing and give a thing"--"Take a king and give a king.

exceptprepositionUS /ɪkˈsept/

apart from; not including

From this reading They are the worst of animals, except their conquerors.

fellowsnounUS /ˈfeloʊz/

plural of “fellow” — a boy or man

From this reading But it is so like these fellows, to do by it as they did by their sovereigns--abandon both; to parody the old rhymes, "Take a thing and give a thing"--"Take a king and give a king.

fifteennounUS /fɪfˈtiːn/

the cardinal number that is the sum of fourteen and one

From this reading They persevered with a courage worthy of the nation and of universal conquest, till Thursday; when _fifteen_ of the _twenty_ succumbed to the six and twentieth letter of the alphabet.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading It is, to be sure, a Waterloo of an Alphabet--that must be said for them.

giveverbUS /ɡɪv/

cause to have, in the abstract sense or physical sense

From this reading But it is so like these fellows, to do by it as they did by their sovereigns--abandon both; to parody the old rhymes, "Take a thing and give a thing"--"Take a king and give a king.

HnounUS /eɪtʃ/

a nonmetallic univalent element that is normally a colorless and odorless highly flammable diatomic gas; the simplest and lightest and most abundant element in the universe

From this reading I hear that that H----n is your neighbour, having a living in Derbyshire.

havingauxiliary verbUS /ˈhævɪŋ/

the -ing form of “have”

From this reading I hear that that H----n is your neighbour, having a living in Derbyshire.

hearverbUS /hiːr/

perceive (sound) via the auditory sense

From this reading I hear that that H----n is your neighbour, having a living in Derbyshire.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading I hear that that H----n is your neighbour, having a living in Derbyshire.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading I hear that that H----n is your neighbour, having a living in Derbyshire.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading It is, to be sure, a Waterloo of an Alphabet--that must be said for them.

ItpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading It is, to be sure, a Waterloo of an Alphabet--that must be said for them.

kingnounUS /kɪŋ/

a male sovereign; ruler of a kingdom

From this reading But it is so like these fellows, to do by it as they did by their sovereigns--abandon both; to parody the old rhymes, "Take a thing and give a thing"--"Take a king and give a king.

letternounUS /ˈletər/

a written message addressed to a person or organization

From this reading They persevered with a courage worthy of the nation and of universal conquest, till Thursday; when _fifteen_ of the _twenty_ succumbed to the six and twentieth letter of the alphabet.

likeverbUS /laɪk/

prefer or wish to do something

From this reading But it is so like these fellows, to do by it as they did by their sovereigns--abandon both; to parody the old rhymes, "Take a thing and give a thing"--"Take a king and give a king.

livingnounUS /ˈlɪvɪŋ/

the experience of being alive; the course of human events and activities

From this reading I hear that that H----n is your neighbour, having a living in Derbyshire.

mustmodal verbUS /mʌst/

used to say something is necessary, or almost certainly true

From this reading It is, to be sure, a Waterloo of an Alphabet--that must be said for them.

nnounUS /en/

a common nonmetallic element that is normally a colorless odorless tasteless inert diatomic gas; constitutes 78 percent of the atmosphere by volume; a constituent of all living tissues

From this reading I hear that that H----n is your neighbour, having a living in Derbyshire.

nationnounUS /ˈneɪʃən/

a politically organized body of people under a single government

From this reading They persevered with a courage worthy of the nation and of universal conquest, till Thursday; when _fifteen_ of the _twenty_ succumbed to the six and twentieth letter of the alphabet.

neighbournounUS /ˈneɪbər/

a person who lives (or is located) near another

From this reading I hear that that H----n is your neighbour, having a living in Derbyshire.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading They persevered with a courage worthy of the nation and of universal conquest, till Thursday; when _fifteen_ of the _twenty_ succumbed to the six and twentieth letter of the alphabet.

oldadjectiveUS /oʊld/

(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading But it is so like these fellows, to do by it as they did by their sovereigns--abandon both; to parody the old rhymes, "Take a thing and give a thing"--"Take a king and give a king.

parodynounUS /ˈperədi/

a composition that imitates or misrepresents somebody's style, usually in a humorous way

From this reading But it is so like these fellows, to do by it as they did by their sovereigns--abandon both; to parody the old rhymes, "Take a thing and give a thing"--"Take a king and give a king.

perseveredverbUS /ˌpɜːrsəˈvɪrd/

past form of “persevere” — be persistent, refuse to stop

From this reading They persevered with a courage worthy of the nation and of universal conquest, till Thursday; when _fifteen_ of the _twenty_ succumbed to the six and twentieth letter of the alphabet.

rhymesnounUS /raɪmz/

plural of “rhyme” — correspondence in the sounds of two or more lines (especially final sounds)

From this reading But it is so like these fellows, to do by it as they did by their sovereigns--abandon both; to parody the old rhymes, "Take a thing and give a thing"--"Take a king and give a king.

saidadjectiveUS /sed/

being the one previously mentioned or spoken of

From this reading It is, to be sure, a Waterloo of an Alphabet--that must be said for them.

sixnounUS /sɪks/

the cardinal number that is the sum of five and one

From this reading They persevered with a courage worthy of the nation and of universal conquest, till Thursday; when _fifteen_ of the _twenty_ succumbed to the six and twentieth letter of the alphabet.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading But it is so like these fellows, to do by it as they did by their sovereigns--abandon both; to parody the old rhymes, "Take a thing and give a thing"--"Take a king and give a king.

sovereignsnounUS /ˈsɑːvrənz/

plural of “sovereign” — a nation's ruler or head of state usually by hereditary right

From this reading But it is so like these fellows, to do by it as they did by their sovereigns--abandon both; to parody the old rhymes, "Take a thing and give a thing"--"Take a king and give a king.

succumbedverbUS /səˈkʌmd/

past form of “succumb” — consent reluctantly

From this reading They persevered with a courage worthy of the nation and of universal conquest, till Thursday; when _fifteen_ of the _twenty_ succumbed to the six and twentieth letter of the alphabet.

sureadjectiveUS /ʃʊr/

having or feeling no doubt or uncertainty; confident and assured

From this reading It is, to be sure, a Waterloo of an Alphabet--that must be said for them.

TakeverbUS /teɪk/

carry out

From this reading But it is so like these fellows, to do by it as they did by their sovereigns--abandon both; to parody the old rhymes, "Take a thing and give a thing"--"Take a king and give a king.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading It is, to be sure, a Waterloo of an Alphabet--that must be said for them.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading They persevered with a courage worthy of the nation and of universal conquest, till Thursday; when _fifteen_ of the _twenty_ succumbed to the six and twentieth letter of the alphabet.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading But it is so like these fellows, to do by it as they did by their sovereigns--abandon both; to parody the old rhymes, "Take a thing and give a thing"--"Take a king and give a king.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading It is, to be sure, a Waterloo of an Alphabet--that must be said for them.

thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading But it is so like these fellows, to do by it as they did by their sovereigns--abandon both; to parody the old rhymes, "Take a thing and give a thing"--"Take a king and give a king.

TheypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading They persevered with a courage worthy of the nation and of universal conquest, till Thursday; when _fifteen_ of the _twenty_ succumbed to the six and twentieth letter of the alphabet.

thingnounUS /θɪŋ/

a special situation

From this reading But it is so like these fellows, to do by it as they did by their sovereigns--abandon both; to parody the old rhymes, "Take a thing and give a thing"--"Take a king and give a king.

ThursdaynounUS /ˈθɜːrzdeɪ/

the fifth day of the week; the fourth working day

From this reading They persevered with a courage worthy of the nation and of universal conquest, till Thursday; when _fifteen_ of the _twenty_ succumbed to the six and twentieth letter of the alphabet.

tillprepositionUS /tɪl/

up to a particular time

From this reading They persevered with a courage worthy of the nation and of universal conquest, till Thursday; when _fifteen_ of the _twenty_ succumbed to the six and twentieth letter of the alphabet.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading They persevered with a courage worthy of the nation and of universal conquest, till Thursday; when _fifteen_ of the _twenty_ succumbed to the six and twentieth letter of the alphabet.

twentiethnounUS /ˈtwentiəθ/

position 20 in a countable series of things

From this reading They persevered with a courage worthy of the nation and of universal conquest, till Thursday; when _fifteen_ of the _twenty_ succumbed to the six and twentieth letter of the alphabet.

twentynounUS /ˈtwenti/

the cardinal number that is the sum of nineteen and one

From this reading They persevered with a courage worthy of the nation and of universal conquest, till Thursday; when _fifteen_ of the _twenty_ succumbed to the six and twentieth letter of the alphabet.

universaladjectiveUS /ˌjuːnəˈvɜːrsəl/

of worldwide scope or applicability

From this reading They persevered with a courage worthy of the nation and of universal conquest, till Thursday; when _fifteen_ of the _twenty_ succumbed to the six and twentieth letter of the alphabet.

WaterloonounUS /ˈwɔːtərluː/

a town in central Belgium where in 1815 Napoleon met his final defeat

From this reading It is, to be sure, a Waterloo of an Alphabet--that must be said for them.

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading They persevered with a courage worthy of the nation and of universal conquest, till Thursday; when _fifteen_ of the _twenty_ succumbed to the six and twentieth letter of the alphabet.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading They persevered with a courage worthy of the nation and of universal conquest, till Thursday; when _fifteen_ of the _twenty_ succumbed to the six and twentieth letter of the alphabet.

worstnounUS /wɜːrst/

the least favorable outcome

From this reading They are the worst of animals, except their conquerors.

worthyadjectiveUS /ˈwɜːr.ði/

Having or showing the qualities or abilities that merit recognition in character or magic.

From this reading They persevered with a courage worthy of the nation and of universal conquest, till Thursday; when _fifteen_ of the _twenty_ succumbed to the six and twentieth letter of the alphabet.

yourdeterminerUS /jɔːr/

belonging to the person or people being spoken to

From this reading I hear that that H----n is your neighbour, having a living in Derbyshire.

Chapter 1 of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement — No. 474 by Various holds 469 sentences, grouped into 94 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 1 of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement — No. 474 contain?

Chapter 1 holds 469 sentences of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement — No. 474, unabridged, divided into 94 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 1 of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement — No. 474 by Various exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 469 sentences, grouped into 94 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 1 of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement — No. 474?

Work through the 94 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 94 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 1 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 1 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The Mirror of Literature, Amusement — No. 474

Common questions about reading The Mirror of Literature, Amusement — No. 474 by Various on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement — No. 474?

Yes. All 469 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #12685 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement — No. 474 is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #12685, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The Mirror of Literature, Amusement — No. 474 take to read?

About 39 minutes of reading across 94 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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Vocabulary met early in The Mirror of Literature, Amusement — No. 474

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Mirror of Literature, Amusement — No. 474, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Mirror
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement — No. 474; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Literature
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement — No. 474; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Amusement
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement — No. 474; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Instruction
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement — No. 474; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.