Complete classic literature • Five-line readings • Clear US narration
VELMORA ACADEMY
Academy of Archival Languages & Memory Studies
Menu Close
The Natural History of Selborne, Vol. 1
The Natural History of Selborne, Vol. 1

Chapter XL · Chapter 40

Chapter 40 of The Natural History of Selborne, Vol. 1 is here in full — 29 sentences across 6 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for The Natural History of Selborne, Vol. 1
Context Illustration Reading 1/5 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
SELBORNE, _March 26th_, 1773.
Dear Sir,--The more I reflect on the στοργὴ of animals, the more I am astonished at its effects.
Nor is the violence of this affection more wonderful than the shortness of its duration.
Thus every hen is in her turn the virago of the yard, in proportion to the helplessness of her brood, and will fly in the face of a dog or a sow in defence of those chickens, which in a few weeks she will drive before her with relentless cruelty.
This affection sublimes the passions, quickens the invention, and sharpens the sagacity of the brute creation.
0:00 / 0:00
Speed 0.75x
AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Natural History of Selborne, Vol. 1

Chapter XL · Chapter 40

Chapter 40 of The Natural History of Selborne, Vol. 1 is here in full — 29 sentences across 6 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/5 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
SELBORNE, _March 26th_, 1773.
Line 2
Dear Sir,--The more I reflect on the στοργὴ of animals, the more I am astonished at its effects.
Line 3
Nor is the violence of this affection more wonderful than the shortness of its duration.
/nɔːr ɪz ðə ˈvaɪələns ʌv ðɪs əˈfekʃən mɔːr ˈwʌndərfəl ðæn ðə ˈʃɔːrtnəs ʌv ɪts ˈdʊˈreɪʃən/
Line 4
Thus every hen is in her turn the virago of the yard, in proportion to the helplessness of her brood, and will fly in the face of a dog or a sow in defence of those chickens, which in a few weeks she will drive before her with relentless cruelty.
/ðʌs ˈevəri hen ɪz ɪn hɜːr tɜːrn ðə vɪˈrɑːɡoʊ ʌv ðə jɑːrd ɪn prəˈpɔːrʃən tuː ðə ˈhelpləsnəs ʌv hɜːr bruːd ənd wɪl flaɪ ɪn ðə feɪs ʌv ə dɔːɡ ɔːr ə saʊ ɪn dɪˈfens ʌv ðoʊz ˈtʃɪkənz wɪtʃ ɪn ə fjuː wiːks ʃiː wɪl draɪv bɪˈfɔːr hɜːr wɪð rɪˈlentlɪs ˈkruːlti/
Line 5
This affection sublimes the passions, quickens the invention, and sharpens the sagacity of the brute creation.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

duration noun US /ˈdʊˈreɪʃən/

the period of time during which something continues

From this reading “Nor is the violence of this affection more wonderful than the shortness of its duration.”

helplessness noun US /ˈhelpləsnəs/

powerlessness revealed by an inability to act

From this reading “Thus every hen is in her turn the virago of the yard, in proportion to the helplessness of her brood, and will fly in the face of a dog or a sow in defence of those chickens, which in a few weeks she will drive before her with relentless cruelty.”

quickens verb US /ˈkwɪkənz/

third-person singular of “quicken” — move faster

From this reading “This affection sublimes the passions, quickens the invention, and sharpens the sagacity of the brute creation.”

relentless adjective US /rɪˈlentlɪs/

not to be placated or appeased or moved by entreaty

From this reading “Thus every hen is in her turn the virago of the yard, in proportion to the helplessness of her brood, and will fly in the face of a dog or a sow in defence of those chickens, which in a few weeks she will drive before her with relentless cruelty.”

sharpens verb US /ˈʃɑːrpənz/

third-person singular of “sharpen” — make sharp or sharper

From this reading “This affection sublimes the passions, quickens the invention, and sharpens the sagacity of the brute creation.”

shortness noun US /ˈʃɔːrtnəs/

the property of being of short spatial extent

From this reading “Nor is the violence of this affection more wonderful than the shortness of its duration.”

sow verb US /saʊ/

place (seeds) in or on the ground for future growth

From this reading “Thus every hen is in her turn the virago of the yard, in proportion to the helplessness of her brood, and will fly in the face of a dog or a sow in defence of those chickens, which in a few weeks she will drive before her with relentless cruelty.”

virago noun US /vɪˈrɑːɡoʊ/

a noisy or scolding or domineering woman

From this reading “Thus every hen is in her turn the virago of the yard, in proportion to the helplessness of her brood, and will fly in the face of a dog or a sow in defence of those chickens, which in a few weeks she will drive before her with relentless cruelty.”

All words in this reading · 69

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1773

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading SELBORNE, _March 26th_, 1773.

26

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading SELBORNE, _March 26th_, 1773.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Thus every hen is in her turn the virago of the yard, in proportion to the helplessness of her brood, and will fly in the face of a dog or a sow in defence of those chickens, which in a few weeks she will drive before her with relentless cruelty.

affectionnounUS /əˈfekʃən/

a positive feeling of liking

From this reading Nor is the violence of this affection more wonderful than the shortness of its duration.

amauxiliary verbUS /æm/

the form of “be” used with “I”

From this reading Dear Sir,--The more I reflect on the στοργὴ of animals, the more I am astonished at its effects.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Thus every hen is in her turn the virago of the yard, in proportion to the helplessness of her brood, and will fly in the face of a dog or a sow in defence of those chickens, which in a few weeks she will drive before her with relentless cruelty.

animalsnounUS /ˈænəməlz/

plural of “animal” — a living organism characterized by voluntary movement

From this reading Dear Sir,--The more I reflect on the στοργὴ of animals, the more I am astonished at its effects.

astonishedadjectiveUS /əˈstɑːnɪʃt/

filled with the emotional impact of overwhelming surprise or shock

From this reading Dear Sir,--The more I reflect on the στοργὴ of animals, the more I am astonished at its effects.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading Dear Sir,--The more I reflect on the στοργὴ of animals, the more I am astonished at its effects.

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading Thus every hen is in her turn the virago of the yard, in proportion to the helplessness of her brood, and will fly in the face of a dog or a sow in defence of those chickens, which in a few weeks she will drive before her with relentless cruelty.

broodverbUS /bruːd/

think moodily or anxiously about something

From this reading Thus every hen is in her turn the virago of the yard, in proportion to the helplessness of her brood, and will fly in the face of a dog or a sow in defence of those chickens, which in a few weeks she will drive before her with relentless cruelty.

brutenounUS /bruːt/

a cruelly rapacious person

From this reading This affection sublimes the passions, quickens the invention, and sharpens the sagacity of the brute creation.

chickensnounUS /ˈtʃɪkənz/

plural of “chicken” — the flesh of a chicken used for food

From this reading Thus every hen is in her turn the virago of the yard, in proportion to the helplessness of her brood, and will fly in the face of a dog or a sow in defence of those chickens, which in a few weeks she will drive before her with relentless cruelty.

creationnounUS /kriˈeɪʃən/

the human act of creating

From this reading This affection sublimes the passions, quickens the invention, and sharpens the sagacity of the brute creation.

crueltynounUS /ˈkruːlti/

a cruel act; a deliberate infliction of pain and suffering

From this reading Thus every hen is in her turn the virago of the yard, in proportion to the helplessness of her brood, and will fly in the face of a dog or a sow in defence of those chickens, which in a few weeks she will drive before her with relentless cruelty.

DearadjectiveUS /dɪr/

dearly loved

From this reading Dear Sir,--The more I reflect on the στοργὴ of animals, the more I am astonished at its effects.

defencenounUS /dɪˈfens/

(psychiatry) an unconscious process that tries to reduce the anxiety associated with instinctive desires

From this reading Thus every hen is in her turn the virago of the yard, in proportion to the helplessness of her brood, and will fly in the face of a dog or a sow in defence of those chickens, which in a few weeks she will drive before her with relentless cruelty.

dognounUS /dɔːɡ/

a member of the genus Canis (probably descended from the common wolf) that has been domesticated by man since prehistoric times; occurs in many breeds

From this reading Thus every hen is in her turn the virago of the yard, in proportion to the helplessness of her brood, and will fly in the face of a dog or a sow in defence of those chickens, which in a few weeks she will drive before her with relentless cruelty.

driveverbUS /draɪv/

operate or control a vehicle

From this reading Thus every hen is in her turn the virago of the yard, in proportion to the helplessness of her brood, and will fly in the face of a dog or a sow in defence of those chickens, which in a few weeks she will drive before her with relentless cruelty.

durationnounUS /ˈdʊˈreɪʃən/

the period of time during which something continues

From this reading Nor is the violence of this affection more wonderful than the shortness of its duration.

effectsnounUS /ɪˈfekts/

property of a personal character that is portable but not used in business

From this reading Dear Sir,--The more I reflect on the στοργὴ of animals, the more I am astonished at its effects.

everydeterminerUS /ˈevəri/

all the members of a group, with none left out

From this reading Thus every hen is in her turn the virago of the yard, in proportion to the helplessness of her brood, and will fly in the face of a dog or a sow in defence of those chickens, which in a few weeks she will drive before her with relentless cruelty.

facenounUS /feɪs/

the front of the human head from the forehead to the chin and ear to ear

From this reading Thus every hen is in her turn the virago of the yard, in proportion to the helplessness of her brood, and will fly in the face of a dog or a sow in defence of those chickens, which in a few weeks she will drive before her with relentless cruelty.

fewadjectiveUS /fjuː/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “a”; a small but indefinite number

From this reading Thus every hen is in her turn the virago of the yard, in proportion to the helplessness of her brood, and will fly in the face of a dog or a sow in defence of those chickens, which in a few weeks she will drive before her with relentless cruelty.

flyverbUS /flaɪ/

travel through the air; be airborne

From this reading Thus every hen is in her turn the virago of the yard, in proportion to the helplessness of her brood, and will fly in the face of a dog or a sow in defence of those chickens, which in a few weeks she will drive before her with relentless cruelty.

helplessnessnounUS /ˈhelpləsnəs/

powerlessness revealed by an inability to act

From this reading Thus every hen is in her turn the virago of the yard, in proportion to the helplessness of her brood, and will fly in the face of a dog or a sow in defence of those chickens, which in a few weeks she will drive before her with relentless cruelty.

hennounUS /hen/

adult female chicken

From this reading Thus every hen is in her turn the virago of the yard, in proportion to the helplessness of her brood, and will fly in the face of a dog or a sow in defence of those chickens, which in a few weeks she will drive before her with relentless cruelty.

herdeterminerUS /hɜːr/

belonging to a woman, girl, or female animal already mentioned

From this reading Thus every hen is in her turn the virago of the yard, in proportion to the helplessness of her brood, and will fly in the face of a dog or a sow in defence of those chickens, which in a few weeks she will drive before her with relentless cruelty.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading Dear Sir,--The more I reflect on the στοργὴ of animals, the more I am astonished at its effects.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Thus every hen is in her turn the virago of the yard, in proportion to the helplessness of her brood, and will fly in the face of a dog or a sow in defence of those chickens, which in a few weeks she will drive before her with relentless cruelty.

inventionnounUS /ˌɪnˈvenʃən/

the creation of something in the mind

From this reading This affection sublimes the passions, quickens the invention, and sharpens the sagacity of the brute creation.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Nor is the violence of this affection more wonderful than the shortness of its duration.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading Dear Sir,--The more I reflect on the στοργὴ of animals, the more I am astonished at its effects.

MarchverbUS /mɑːrtʃ/

march in a procession

From this reading SELBORNE, _March 26th_, 1773.

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading Dear Sir,--The more I reflect on the στοργὴ of animals, the more I am astonished at its effects.

NorconjunctionUS /nɔːr/

and not; used after a negative to add a second negative

From this reading Nor is the violence of this affection more wonderful than the shortness of its duration.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Dear Sir,--The more I reflect on the στοργὴ of animals, the more I am astonished at its effects.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading Dear Sir,--The more I reflect on the στοργὴ of animals, the more I am astonished at its effects.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading Thus every hen is in her turn the virago of the yard, in proportion to the helplessness of her brood, and will fly in the face of a dog or a sow in defence of those chickens, which in a few weeks she will drive before her with relentless cruelty.

passionsnounUS /ˈpæʃənz/

plural of “passion” — a strong feeling or emotion

From this reading This affection sublimes the passions, quickens the invention, and sharpens the sagacity of the brute creation.

proportionnounUS /prəˈpɔːrʃən/

the quotient obtained when the magnitude of a part is divided by the magnitude of the whole

From this reading Thus every hen is in her turn the virago of the yard, in proportion to the helplessness of her brood, and will fly in the face of a dog or a sow in defence of those chickens, which in a few weeks she will drive before her with relentless cruelty.

quickensverbUS /ˈkwɪkənz/

third-person singular of “quicken” — move faster

From this reading This affection sublimes the passions, quickens the invention, and sharpens the sagacity of the brute creation.

reflectverbUS /rɪˈflekt/

manifest or bring back

From this reading Dear Sir,--The more I reflect on the στοργὴ of animals, the more I am astonished at its effects.

relentlessadjectiveUS /rɪˈlentlɪs/

not to be placated or appeased or moved by entreaty

From this reading Thus every hen is in her turn the virago of the yard, in proportion to the helplessness of her brood, and will fly in the face of a dog or a sow in defence of those chickens, which in a few weeks she will drive before her with relentless cruelty.

sagacitynounUS /səˈɡæs.ə.t̬i/

The quality of being sagacious; keen wisdom and sound judgment. (Sự minh triết, sự sáng suốt.)

From this reading This affection sublimes the passions, quickens the invention, and sharpens the sagacity of the brute creation.

SELBORNE

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading SELBORNE, _March 26th_, 1773.

sharpensverbUS /ˈʃɑːrpənz/

third-person singular of “sharpen” — make sharp or sharper

From this reading This affection sublimes the passions, quickens the invention, and sharpens the sagacity of the brute creation.

shepronounUS /ʃiː/

a woman, girl, or female animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Thus every hen is in her turn the virago of the yard, in proportion to the helplessness of her brood, and will fly in the face of a dog or a sow in defence of those chickens, which in a few weeks she will drive before her with relentless cruelty.

shortnessnounUS /ˈʃɔːrtnəs/

the property of being of short spatial extent

From this reading Nor is the violence of this affection more wonderful than the shortness of its duration.

SirnounUS /sɜːr/

term of address for a man

From this reading Dear Sir,--The more I reflect on the στοργὴ of animals, the more I am astonished at its effects.

sowverbUS /saʊ/

place (seeds) in or on the ground for future growth

From this reading Thus every hen is in her turn the virago of the yard, in proportion to the helplessness of her brood, and will fly in the face of a dog or a sow in defence of those chickens, which in a few weeks she will drive before her with relentless cruelty.

sublimes

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading This affection sublimes the passions, quickens the invention, and sharpens the sagacity of the brute creation.

thnounUS /ˈtiːˈeɪtʃ/

the fifth day of the week; the fourth working day

From this reading SELBORNE, _March 26th_, 1773.

thanconjunctionUS /ðæn/

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading Nor is the violence of this affection more wonderful than the shortness of its duration.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Dear Sir,--The more I reflect on the στοργὴ of animals, the more I am astonished at its effects.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading Nor is the violence of this affection more wonderful than the shortness of its duration.

thosedeterminerUS /ðoʊz/

the plural of “that”: the people or things further away, or already known

From this reading Thus every hen is in her turn the virago of the yard, in proportion to the helplessness of her brood, and will fly in the face of a dog or a sow in defence of those chickens, which in a few weeks she will drive before her with relentless cruelty.

ThusadverbUS /ðʌs/

(used to introduce a logical conclusion) from that fact or reason or as a result

From this reading Thus every hen is in her turn the virago of the yard, in proportion to the helplessness of her brood, and will fly in the face of a dog or a sow in defence of those chickens, which in a few weeks she will drive before her with relentless cruelty.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Thus every hen is in her turn the virago of the yard, in proportion to the helplessness of her brood, and will fly in the face of a dog or a sow in defence of those chickens, which in a few weeks she will drive before her with relentless cruelty.

turnverbUS /tɜːrn/

change orientation or direction, also in the abstract sense

From this reading Thus every hen is in her turn the virago of the yard, in proportion to the helplessness of her brood, and will fly in the face of a dog or a sow in defence of those chickens, which in a few weeks she will drive before her with relentless cruelty.

violencenounUS /ˈvaɪələns/

an act of aggression (as one against a person who resists)

From this reading Nor is the violence of this affection more wonderful than the shortness of its duration.

viragonounUS /vɪˈrɑːɡoʊ/

a noisy or scolding or domineering woman

From this reading Thus every hen is in her turn the virago of the yard, in proportion to the helplessness of her brood, and will fly in the face of a dog or a sow in defence of those chickens, which in a few weeks she will drive before her with relentless cruelty.

weeksnounUS /wiːks/

plural of “week” — any period of seven consecutive days

From this reading Thus every hen is in her turn the virago of the yard, in proportion to the helplessness of her brood, and will fly in the face of a dog or a sow in defence of those chickens, which in a few weeks she will drive before her with relentless cruelty.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading Thus every hen is in her turn the virago of the yard, in proportion to the helplessness of her brood, and will fly in the face of a dog or a sow in defence of those chickens, which in a few weeks she will drive before her with relentless cruelty.

willmodal verbUS /wɪl/

used to talk about the future, or about willingness

From this reading Thus every hen is in her turn the virago of the yard, in proportion to the helplessness of her brood, and will fly in the face of a dog or a sow in defence of those chickens, which in a few weeks she will drive before her with relentless cruelty.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading Thus every hen is in her turn the virago of the yard, in proportion to the helplessness of her brood, and will fly in the face of a dog or a sow in defence of those chickens, which in a few weeks she will drive before her with relentless cruelty.

wonderfuladjectiveUS /ˈwʌndərfəl/

extraordinarily good or great; used especially as intensifiers

From this reading Nor is the violence of this affection more wonderful than the shortness of its duration.

yardnounUS /jɑːrd/

a unit of length equal to 3 feet; defined as 91.44 centimeters; originally taken to be the average length of a stride

From this reading Thus every hen is in her turn the virago of the yard, in proportion to the helplessness of her brood, and will fly in the face of a dog or a sow in defence of those chickens, which in a few weeks she will drive before her with relentless cruelty.

στοργὴ

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Dear Sir,--The more I reflect on the στοργὴ of animals, the more I am astonished at its effects.

Chapter 40 of The Natural History of Selborne, Vol. 1 by Gilbert White holds 29 sentences, grouped into 6 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 40 of The Natural History of Selborne, Vol. 1 contain?

Chapter 40 holds 29 sentences of The Natural History of Selborne, Vol. 1, unabridged, divided into 6 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 40 of The Natural History of Selborne, Vol. 1 by Gilbert White exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 29 sentences, grouped into 6 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 40 of The Natural History of Selborne, Vol. 1?

Work through the 6 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 6 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 40 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 40 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The Natural History of Selborne, Vol. 1

Common questions about reading The Natural History of Selborne, Vol. 1 by Gilbert White on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The Natural History of Selborne, Vol. 1?

Yes. All 1583 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #20933 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The Natural History of Selborne, Vol. 1 is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #20933, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The Natural History of Selborne, Vol. 1 take to read?

About 131 minutes of reading across 317 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read The Natural History of Selborne, Vol. 1 section by section

How to work through The Natural History of Selborne, Vol. 1 section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 40 chapters of The Natural History of Selborne, Vol. 1 to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in The Natural History of Selborne, Vol. 1

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Natural History of Selborne, Vol. 1, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Parish
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Natural History of Selborne, Vol. 1; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Selborne
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Natural History of Selborne, Vol. 1; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Extreme
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Natural History of Selborne, Vol. 1; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Eastern
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Natural History of Selborne, Vol. 1; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.