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The Natural History of the Gent
The Natural History of the Gent

Chapter IV

Chapter 4 of The Natural History of the Gent is here in full — 38 sentences across 8 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/7 · 5 lines
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OF THE CHIEF OUTWARD CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GENT.
ONE has only to look into the advertisements of cheap tailors, and the windows of ticketed shops, to form a very good notion of the other principal marks by which the Gent may be distinguished.
It should be borne in mind, that the main object of the Gent is to assume a position which he conceives to be superior to his own.
Now this, he fancies, is in a great measure accomplished by out-of-the-way clothesa mark of superiority which has the advantage of requiring but a small outlay of intellect; and cunning manufacturers invent things on purpose to suit this taste, as the men of Manchester export gay-coloured, large-figured patterns for the negroes.
For him the cheap Tailor announces the Gent’s Vest”—which is the Hebrew for Snob’s Waistcoat”—as patronised by the nobility.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Natural History of the Gent

Chapter IV

Chapter 4 of The Natural History of the Gent is here in full — 38 sentences across 8 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/7 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
OF THE CHIEF OUTWARD CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GENT.
/ʌv ðə tʃiːf ˈaʊtwərd ˌkerəktərˈɪstɪks ʌv ðə dʒent/
Line 2
ONE has only to look into the advertisements of cheap tailors, and the windows of ticketed shops, to form a very good notion of the other principal marks by which the Gent may be distinguished.
/wʌn hæz ˈoʊnli tuː lʊk ˈɪntuː ðə ˈædvərtaɪzmənts ʌv tʃiːp ˈteɪlərz ənd ðə ˈwɪndoʊz ʌv ˈtɪkətɪd ʃɑːps tuː fɔːrm ə ˈveri ɡʊd ˈnoʊʃən ʌv ðə ˈʌðər ˈprɪnsəpəl mɑːrks baɪ wɪtʃ ðə dʒent meɪ biː dɪˈstɪŋɡwɪʃt/
Line 3
It should be borne in mind, that the main object of the Gent is to assume a position which he conceives to be superior to his own.
Line 4
Now this, he fancies, is in a great measure accomplished by out-of-the-way clothesa mark of superiority which has the advantage of requiring but a small outlay of intellect; and cunning manufacturers invent things on purpose to suit this taste, as the men of Manchester export gay-coloured, large-figured patterns for the negroes.
Line 5
For him the cheap Tailor announces theGent’s Vest”—which is the Hebrew forSnob’s Waistcoat”—as patronised by the nobility.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

announces verb US /əˈnaʊnsɪz/

third-person singular of “announce” — make known; make an announcement

From this reading “For him the cheap Tailor announces the “Gent’s Vest”—which is the Hebrew for “Snob’s Waistcoat”—as patronised by the nobility.”

export verb US /ˈekspɔːrt/

sell or transfer abroad

From this reading “Now this, he fancies, is in a great measure accomplished by out-of-the-way clothes—a mark of superiority which has the advantage of requiring but a small outlay of intellect; and cunning manufacturers invent things on purpose to suit this taste, as the men of Manchester export gay-coloured, large-figured patterns for the negroes.”

Gent's noun US /dʒents/

possessive form of “gent” — informal abbreviation of “gentleman”

manufacturers noun US /ˌmænjəˈfæktʃərərz/

plural of “manufacturer” — a business engaged in manufacturing some product

From this reading “Now this, he fancies, is in a great measure accomplished by out-of-the-way clothes—a mark of superiority which has the advantage of requiring but a small outlay of intellect; and cunning manufacturers invent things on purpose to suit this taste, as the men of Manchester export gay-coloured, large-figured patterns for the negroes.”

outlay noun US /ˈaʊtleɪ/

the act of spending or disbursing money

From this reading “Now this, he fancies, is in a great measure accomplished by out-of-the-way clothes—a mark of superiority which has the advantage of requiring but a small outlay of intellect; and cunning manufacturers invent things on purpose to suit this taste, as the men of Manchester export gay-coloured, large-figured patterns for the negroes.”

requiring verb US /riˈkwaɪərɪŋ/

-ing form of “require” — require as useful, just, or proper

From this reading “Now this, he fancies, is in a great measure accomplished by out-of-the-way clothes—a mark of superiority which has the advantage of requiring but a small outlay of intellect; and cunning manufacturers invent things on purpose to suit this taste, as the men of Manchester export gay-coloured, large-figured patterns for the negroes.”

tailors noun US /ˈteɪlərz/

plural of “tailor” — a person whose occupation is making and altering garments

From this reading “ONE has only to look into the advertisements of cheap tailors, and the windows of ticketed shops, to form a very good notion of the other principal marks by which the Gent may be distinguished.”

ticketed verb US /ˈtɪkətɪd/

past form of “ticket” — issue a ticket or a fine to as a penalty

From this reading “ONE has only to look into the advertisements of cheap tailors, and the windows of ticketed shops, to form a very good notion of the other principal marks by which the Gent may be distinguished.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

main object adjective + noun

In this reading “It should be borne in mind, that the main object of the Gent is to assume a position which he conceives to be superior to his own.”

great measure adjective + noun

In this reading “Now this, he fancies, is in a great measure accomplished by out-of-the-way clothes—a mark of superiority which has the advantage of requiring but a small outlay of intellect; and cunning manufacturers invent things on purpose to suit this taste, as the men of Manchester export gay-coloured, large-figured patterns for the negroes.”

on purpose preposition + noun

with intention; in an intentional manner

In this reading “Now this, he fancies, is in a great measure accomplished by out-of-the-way clothes—a mark of superiority which has the advantage of requiring but a small outlay of intellect; and cunning manufacturers invent things on purpose to suit this taste, as the men of Manchester export gay-coloured, large-figured patterns for the negroes.”

look into verb + particle

investigate scientifically

In this reading “ONE has only to look into the advertisements of cheap tailors, and the windows of ticketed shops, to form a very good notion of the other principal marks by which the Gent may be distinguished.”

All words in this reading · 91

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading ONE has only to look into the advertisements of cheap tailors, and the windows of ticketed shops, to form a very good notion of the other principal marks by which the Gent may be distinguished.

accomplishedadjectiveUS /əˈkɑːmplɪʃt/

highly skilled

From this reading Now this, he fancies, is in a great measure accomplished by out-of-the-way clothes—a mark of superiority which has the advantage of requiring but a small outlay of intellect; and cunning manufacturers invent things on purpose to suit this taste, as the men of Manchester export gay-coloured, large-figured patterns for the negroes.

advantagenounUS /ædˈvæntɪdʒ/

the quality of having a superior or more favorable position

From this reading Now this, he fancies, is in a great measure accomplished by out-of-the-way clothes—a mark of superiority which has the advantage of requiring but a small outlay of intellect; and cunning manufacturers invent things on purpose to suit this taste, as the men of Manchester export gay-coloured, large-figured patterns for the negroes.

advertisementsnounUS /ˈædvərtaɪzmənts/

plural of “advertisement” — a public promotion of some product or service

From this reading ONE has only to look into the advertisements of cheap tailors, and the windows of ticketed shops, to form a very good notion of the other principal marks by which the Gent may be distinguished.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading ONE has only to look into the advertisements of cheap tailors, and the windows of ticketed shops, to form a very good notion of the other principal marks by which the Gent may be distinguished.

announcesverbUS /əˈnaʊnsɪz/

third-person singular of “announce” — make known; make an announcement

From this reading For him the cheap Tailor announces the “Gent’s Vest”—which is the Hebrew for “Snob’s Waistcoat”—as patronised by the nobility.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading Now this, he fancies, is in a great measure accomplished by out-of-the-way clothes—a mark of superiority which has the advantage of requiring but a small outlay of intellect; and cunning manufacturers invent things on purpose to suit this taste, as the men of Manchester export gay-coloured, large-figured patterns for the negroes.

assumeverbUS /əˈsuːm/

take to be the case or to be true; accept without verification or proof

From this reading It should be borne in mind, that the main object of the Gent is to assume a position which he conceives to be superior to his own.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading ONE has only to look into the advertisements of cheap tailors, and the windows of ticketed shops, to form a very good notion of the other principal marks by which the Gent may be distinguished.

borneverbUS /bɔːrn/

inflected form of “bear” — have

From this reading It should be borne in mind, that the main object of the Gent is to assume a position which he conceives to be superior to his own.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading Now this, he fancies, is in a great measure accomplished by out-of-the-way clothes—a mark of superiority which has the advantage of requiring but a small outlay of intellect; and cunning manufacturers invent things on purpose to suit this taste, as the men of Manchester export gay-coloured, large-figured patterns for the negroes.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading ONE has only to look into the advertisements of cheap tailors, and the windows of ticketed shops, to form a very good notion of the other principal marks by which the Gent may be distinguished.

CHARACTERISTICSnounUS /ˌkerəktərˈɪstɪks/

plural of “characteristic” — a prominent attribute or aspect of something

From this reading OF THE CHIEF OUTWARD CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GENT.

cheapadjectiveUS /tʃiːp/

relatively low in price or charging low prices

From this reading ONE has only to look into the advertisements of cheap tailors, and the windows of ticketed shops, to form a very good notion of the other principal marks by which the Gent may be distinguished.

CHIEFnounUS /tʃiːf/

a person who is in charge

From this reading OF THE CHIEF OUTWARD CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GENT.

clothesnounUS /kloʊðz/

clothing in general

From this reading Now this, he fancies, is in a great measure accomplished by out-of-the-way clothes—a mark of superiority which has the advantage of requiring but a small outlay of intellect; and cunning manufacturers invent things on purpose to suit this taste, as the men of Manchester export gay-coloured, large-figured patterns for the negroes.

conceives

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It should be borne in mind, that the main object of the Gent is to assume a position which he conceives to be superior to his own.

cunningadjectiveUS /ˈkʌnɪŋ/

attractive especially by means of smallness or prettiness or quaintness

From this reading Now this, he fancies, is in a great measure accomplished by out-of-the-way clothes—a mark of superiority which has the advantage of requiring but a small outlay of intellect; and cunning manufacturers invent things on purpose to suit this taste, as the men of Manchester export gay-coloured, large-figured patterns for the negroes.

distinguishedadjectiveUS /dɪˈstɪŋɡwɪʃt/

(used of persons) standing above others in character or attainment or reputation

From this reading ONE has only to look into the advertisements of cheap tailors, and the windows of ticketed shops, to form a very good notion of the other principal marks by which the Gent may be distinguished.

exportverbUS /ˈekspɔːrt/

sell or transfer abroad

From this reading Now this, he fancies, is in a great measure accomplished by out-of-the-way clothes—a mark of superiority which has the advantage of requiring but a small outlay of intellect; and cunning manufacturers invent things on purpose to suit this taste, as the men of Manchester export gay-coloured, large-figured patterns for the negroes.

fanciesnounUS /ˈfænsiz/

plural of “fancy” — something many people believe that is false

From this reading Now this, he fancies, is in a great measure accomplished by out-of-the-way clothes—a mark of superiority which has the advantage of requiring but a small outlay of intellect; and cunning manufacturers invent things on purpose to suit this taste, as the men of Manchester export gay-coloured, large-figured patterns for the negroes.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading Now this, he fancies, is in a great measure accomplished by out-of-the-way clothes—a mark of superiority which has the advantage of requiring but a small outlay of intellect; and cunning manufacturers invent things on purpose to suit this taste, as the men of Manchester export gay-coloured, large-figured patterns for the negroes.

formnounUS /fɔːrm/

the phonological or orthographic sound or appearance of a word that can be used to describe or identify something

From this reading ONE has only to look into the advertisements of cheap tailors, and the windows of ticketed shops, to form a very good notion of the other principal marks by which the Gent may be distinguished.

gay-coloured

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Now this, he fancies, is in a great measure accomplished by out-of-the-way clothes—a mark of superiority which has the advantage of requiring but a small outlay of intellect; and cunning manufacturers invent things on purpose to suit this taste, as the men of Manchester export gay-coloured, large-figured patterns for the negroes.

GENTnounUS /dʒent/

informal abbreviation of “gentleman”

From this reading OF THE CHIEF OUTWARD CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GENT.

Gent'snounUS /dʒents/

possessive form of “gent” — informal abbreviation of “gentleman”

From this reading For him the cheap Tailor announces the “Gent’s Vest”—which is the Hebrew for “Snob’s Waistcoat”—as patronised by the nobility.

goodadjectiveUS /ɡʊd/

having desirable or positive qualities especially those suitable for a thing specified

From this reading ONE has only to look into the advertisements of cheap tailors, and the windows of ticketed shops, to form a very good notion of the other principal marks by which the Gent may be distinguished.

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading Now this, he fancies, is in a great measure accomplished by out-of-the-way clothes—a mark of superiority which has the advantage of requiring but a small outlay of intellect; and cunning manufacturers invent things on purpose to suit this taste, as the men of Manchester export gay-coloured, large-figured patterns for the negroes.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading ONE has only to look into the advertisements of cheap tailors, and the windows of ticketed shops, to form a very good notion of the other principal marks by which the Gent may be distinguished.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading It should be borne in mind, that the main object of the Gent is to assume a position which he conceives to be superior to his own.

HebrewnounUS /ˈhiːbruː/

the ancient Canaanitic language of the Hebrews that has been revived as the official language of Israel

From this reading For him the cheap Tailor announces the “Gent’s Vest”—which is the Hebrew for “Snob’s Waistcoat”—as patronised by the nobility.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading For him the cheap Tailor announces the “Gent’s Vest”—which is the Hebrew for “Snob’s Waistcoat”—as patronised by the nobility.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading It should be borne in mind, that the main object of the Gent is to assume a position which he conceives to be superior to his own.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading It should be borne in mind, that the main object of the Gent is to assume a position which he conceives to be superior to his own.

intellectnounUS /ˈɪntəlekt/

knowledge and intellectual ability

From this reading Now this, he fancies, is in a great measure accomplished by out-of-the-way clothes—a mark of superiority which has the advantage of requiring but a small outlay of intellect; and cunning manufacturers invent things on purpose to suit this taste, as the men of Manchester export gay-coloured, large-figured patterns for the negroes.

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading ONE has only to look into the advertisements of cheap tailors, and the windows of ticketed shops, to form a very good notion of the other principal marks by which the Gent may be distinguished.

inventverbUS /ˌɪnˈvent/

come up with (an idea, plan, explanation, theory, or principle) after a mental effort

From this reading Now this, he fancies, is in a great measure accomplished by out-of-the-way clothes—a mark of superiority which has the advantage of requiring but a small outlay of intellect; and cunning manufacturers invent things on purpose to suit this taste, as the men of Manchester export gay-coloured, large-figured patterns for the negroes.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading It should be borne in mind, that the main object of the Gent is to assume a position which he conceives to be superior to his own.

ItpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading It should be borne in mind, that the main object of the Gent is to assume a position which he conceives to be superior to his own.

large-figured

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Now this, he fancies, is in a great measure accomplished by out-of-the-way clothes—a mark of superiority which has the advantage of requiring but a small outlay of intellect; and cunning manufacturers invent things on purpose to suit this taste, as the men of Manchester export gay-coloured, large-figured patterns for the negroes.

lookverbUS /lʊk/

perceive with attention; direct one's gaze towards

From this reading ONE has only to look into the advertisements of cheap tailors, and the windows of ticketed shops, to form a very good notion of the other principal marks by which the Gent may be distinguished.

mainadjectiveUS /meɪn/

most important element

From this reading It should be borne in mind, that the main object of the Gent is to assume a position which he conceives to be superior to his own.

ManchesternounUS /ˈmæntʃestər/

largest city in New Hampshire; located in southeastern New Hampshire on the Merrimack river

From this reading Now this, he fancies, is in a great measure accomplished by out-of-the-way clothes—a mark of superiority which has the advantage of requiring but a small outlay of intellect; and cunning manufacturers invent things on purpose to suit this taste, as the men of Manchester export gay-coloured, large-figured patterns for the negroes.

manufacturersnounUS /ˌmænjəˈfæktʃərərz/

plural of “manufacturer” — a business engaged in manufacturing some product

From this reading Now this, he fancies, is in a great measure accomplished by out-of-the-way clothes—a mark of superiority which has the advantage of requiring but a small outlay of intellect; and cunning manufacturers invent things on purpose to suit this taste, as the men of Manchester export gay-coloured, large-figured patterns for the negroes.

markverbUS /mɑːrk/

attach a tag or label to

From this reading Now this, he fancies, is in a great measure accomplished by out-of-the-way clothes—a mark of superiority which has the advantage of requiring but a small outlay of intellect; and cunning manufacturers invent things on purpose to suit this taste, as the men of Manchester export gay-coloured, large-figured patterns for the negroes.

marksnounUS /mɑːrks/

English businessman who created a retail chain (1888-1964)

From this reading ONE has only to look into the advertisements of cheap tailors, and the windows of ticketed shops, to form a very good notion of the other principal marks by which the Gent may be distinguished.

maymodal verbUS /meɪ/

used to say something is possible, or to give permission

From this reading ONE has only to look into the advertisements of cheap tailors, and the windows of ticketed shops, to form a very good notion of the other principal marks by which the Gent may be distinguished.

measurenounUS /ˈmeʒər/

any maneuver made as part of progress toward a goal

From this reading Now this, he fancies, is in a great measure accomplished by out-of-the-way clothes—a mark of superiority which has the advantage of requiring but a small outlay of intellect; and cunning manufacturers invent things on purpose to suit this taste, as the men of Manchester export gay-coloured, large-figured patterns for the negroes.

mennounUS /men/

the force of workers available

From this reading Now this, he fancies, is in a great measure accomplished by out-of-the-way clothes—a mark of superiority which has the advantage of requiring but a small outlay of intellect; and cunning manufacturers invent things on purpose to suit this taste, as the men of Manchester export gay-coloured, large-figured patterns for the negroes.

mindnounUS /maɪnd/

The element of a person that enables awareness and thought.

From this reading It should be borne in mind, that the main object of the Gent is to assume a position which he conceives to be superior to his own.

negroesnounUS /ˈniːɡroʊz/

plural of “negro” — a person with African ancestry, "Negro" and "Negroid" are archaic and pejorative today

From this reading Now this, he fancies, is in a great measure accomplished by out-of-the-way clothes—a mark of superiority which has the advantage of requiring but a small outlay of intellect; and cunning manufacturers invent things on purpose to suit this taste, as the men of Manchester export gay-coloured, large-figured patterns for the negroes.

nobilitynounUS /noʊˈbɪləti/

a privileged class holding hereditary titles

From this reading For him the cheap Tailor announces the “Gent’s Vest”—which is the Hebrew for “Snob’s Waistcoat”—as patronised by the nobility.

notionnounUS /ˈnoʊʃən/

a vague idea in which some confidence is placed

From this reading ONE has only to look into the advertisements of cheap tailors, and the windows of ticketed shops, to form a very good notion of the other principal marks by which the Gent may be distinguished.

NowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading Now this, he fancies, is in a great measure accomplished by out-of-the-way clothes—a mark of superiority which has the advantage of requiring but a small outlay of intellect; and cunning manufacturers invent things on purpose to suit this taste, as the men of Manchester export gay-coloured, large-figured patterns for the negroes.

objectnounUS /ˈɑːbdʒekt/

a tangible and visible entity; an entity that can cast a shadow

From this reading It should be borne in mind, that the main object of the Gent is to assume a position which he conceives to be superior to his own.

OFprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading OF THE CHIEF OUTWARD CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GENT.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading Now this, he fancies, is in a great measure accomplished by out-of-the-way clothes—a mark of superiority which has the advantage of requiring but a small outlay of intellect; and cunning manufacturers invent things on purpose to suit this taste, as the men of Manchester export gay-coloured, large-figured patterns for the negroes.

ONEpronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading ONE has only to look into the advertisements of cheap tailors, and the windows of ticketed shops, to form a very good notion of the other principal marks by which the Gent may be distinguished.

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading ONE has only to look into the advertisements of cheap tailors, and the windows of ticketed shops, to form a very good notion of the other principal marks by which the Gent may be distinguished.

otheradjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading ONE has only to look into the advertisements of cheap tailors, and the windows of ticketed shops, to form a very good notion of the other principal marks by which the Gent may be distinguished.

out-of-the-wayadjective

exceptional, unusual, or remarkable

From this reading Now this, he fancies, is in a great measure accomplished by out-of-the-way clothes—a mark of superiority which has the advantage of requiring but a small outlay of intellect; and cunning manufacturers invent things on purpose to suit this taste, as the men of Manchester export gay-coloured, large-figured patterns for the negroes.

outlaynounUS /ˈaʊtleɪ/

the act of spending or disbursing money

From this reading Now this, he fancies, is in a great measure accomplished by out-of-the-way clothes—a mark of superiority which has the advantage of requiring but a small outlay of intellect; and cunning manufacturers invent things on purpose to suit this taste, as the men of Manchester export gay-coloured, large-figured patterns for the negroes.

OUTWARDadjectiveUS /ˈaʊtwərd/

relating to physical reality rather than with thoughts or the mind

From this reading OF THE CHIEF OUTWARD CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GENT.

ownverbUS /oʊn/

have ownership or possession of

From this reading It should be borne in mind, that the main object of the Gent is to assume a position which he conceives to be superior to his own.

patronisedadjective

having patronage or clients

From this reading For him the cheap Tailor announces the “Gent’s Vest”—which is the Hebrew for “Snob’s Waistcoat”—as patronised by the nobility.

patternsnounUS /ˈpætərnz/

plural of “pattern” — a perceptual structure

From this reading Now this, he fancies, is in a great measure accomplished by out-of-the-way clothes—a mark of superiority which has the advantage of requiring but a small outlay of intellect; and cunning manufacturers invent things on purpose to suit this taste, as the men of Manchester export gay-coloured, large-figured patterns for the negroes.

positionnounUS /pəˈzɪʃən/

the particular portion of space occupied by something

From this reading It should be borne in mind, that the main object of the Gent is to assume a position which he conceives to be superior to his own.

principalnounUS /ˈprɪnsəpəl/

the original amount of a debt on which interest is calculated

From this reading ONE has only to look into the advertisements of cheap tailors, and the windows of ticketed shops, to form a very good notion of the other principal marks by which the Gent may be distinguished.

purposenounUS /ˈpɜːrpəs/

an anticipated outcome that is intended or that guides your planned actions

From this reading Now this, he fancies, is in a great measure accomplished by out-of-the-way clothes—a mark of superiority which has the advantage of requiring but a small outlay of intellect; and cunning manufacturers invent things on purpose to suit this taste, as the men of Manchester export gay-coloured, large-figured patterns for the negroes.

requiringverbUS /riˈkwaɪərɪŋ/

-ing form of “require” — require as useful, just, or proper

From this reading Now this, he fancies, is in a great measure accomplished by out-of-the-way clothes—a mark of superiority which has the advantage of requiring but a small outlay of intellect; and cunning manufacturers invent things on purpose to suit this taste, as the men of Manchester export gay-coloured, large-figured patterns for the negroes.

shopsnounUS /ʃɑːps/

plural of “shop” — a mercantile establishment for the retail sale of goods or services

From this reading ONE has only to look into the advertisements of cheap tailors, and the windows of ticketed shops, to form a very good notion of the other principal marks by which the Gent may be distinguished.

shouldmodal verbUS /ʃʊd/

used to say what is right, expected, or advisable

From this reading It should be borne in mind, that the main object of the Gent is to assume a position which he conceives to be superior to his own.

smalladjectiveUS /smɔːl/

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading Now this, he fancies, is in a great measure accomplished by out-of-the-way clothes—a mark of superiority which has the advantage of requiring but a small outlay of intellect; and cunning manufacturers invent things on purpose to suit this taste, as the men of Manchester export gay-coloured, large-figured patterns for the negroes.

Snob's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading For him the cheap Tailor announces the “Gent’s Vest”—which is the Hebrew for “Snob’s Waistcoat”—as patronised by the nobility.

suitverbUS /suːt/

be agreeable or acceptable to

From this reading Now this, he fancies, is in a great measure accomplished by out-of-the-way clothes—a mark of superiority which has the advantage of requiring but a small outlay of intellect; and cunning manufacturers invent things on purpose to suit this taste, as the men of Manchester export gay-coloured, large-figured patterns for the negroes.

superioradjectiveUS /suːˈpɪriər/

of high or superior quality or performance

From this reading It should be borne in mind, that the main object of the Gent is to assume a position which he conceives to be superior to his own.

superioritynounUS /ˌsuːpɪriˈɔːrɪti/

the quality of being superior

From this reading Now this, he fancies, is in a great measure accomplished by out-of-the-way clothes—a mark of superiority which has the advantage of requiring but a small outlay of intellect; and cunning manufacturers invent things on purpose to suit this taste, as the men of Manchester export gay-coloured, large-figured patterns for the negroes.

TailorverbUS /ˈteɪlər/

adjust to a specific need or market

From this reading For him the cheap Tailor announces the “Gent’s Vest”—which is the Hebrew for “Snob’s Waistcoat”—as patronised by the nobility.

tailorsnounUS /ˈteɪlərz/

plural of “tailor” — a person whose occupation is making and altering garments

From this reading ONE has only to look into the advertisements of cheap tailors, and the windows of ticketed shops, to form a very good notion of the other principal marks by which the Gent may be distinguished.

tasteverbUS /teɪst/

To perceive flavor through the mouth.

From this reading Now this, he fancies, is in a great measure accomplished by out-of-the-way clothes—a mark of superiority which has the advantage of requiring but a small outlay of intellect; and cunning manufacturers invent things on purpose to suit this taste, as the men of Manchester export gay-coloured, large-figured patterns for the negroes.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading It should be borne in mind, that the main object of the Gent is to assume a position which he conceives to be superior to his own.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading OF THE CHIEF OUTWARD CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GENT.

thingsnounUS /θɪŋz/

any movable possession (especially articles of clothing)

From this reading Now this, he fancies, is in a great measure accomplished by out-of-the-way clothes—a mark of superiority which has the advantage of requiring but a small outlay of intellect; and cunning manufacturers invent things on purpose to suit this taste, as the men of Manchester export gay-coloured, large-figured patterns for the negroes.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading Now this, he fancies, is in a great measure accomplished by out-of-the-way clothes—a mark of superiority which has the advantage of requiring but a small outlay of intellect; and cunning manufacturers invent things on purpose to suit this taste, as the men of Manchester export gay-coloured, large-figured patterns for the negroes.

ticketedverbUS /ˈtɪkətɪd/

past form of “ticket” — issue a ticket or a fine to as a penalty

From this reading ONE has only to look into the advertisements of cheap tailors, and the windows of ticketed shops, to form a very good notion of the other principal marks by which the Gent may be distinguished.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading ONE has only to look into the advertisements of cheap tailors, and the windows of ticketed shops, to form a very good notion of the other principal marks by which the Gent may be distinguished.

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading ONE has only to look into the advertisements of cheap tailors, and the windows of ticketed shops, to form a very good notion of the other principal marks by which the Gent may be distinguished.

VestverbUS /vest/

provide with power and authority

From this reading For him the cheap Tailor announces the “Gent’s Vest”—which is the Hebrew for “Snob’s Waistcoat”—as patronised by the nobility.

Waistcoatnoun

a man's sleeveless garment worn underneath a coat

From this reading For him the cheap Tailor announces the “Gent’s Vest”—which is the Hebrew for “Snob’s Waistcoat”—as patronised by the nobility.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading ONE has only to look into the advertisements of cheap tailors, and the windows of ticketed shops, to form a very good notion of the other principal marks by which the Gent may be distinguished.

windowsnounUS /ˈwɪndoʊz/

(trademark) an operating system with a graphical user interface

From this reading ONE has only to look into the advertisements of cheap tailors, and the windows of ticketed shops, to form a very good notion of the other principal marks by which the Gent may be distinguished.

Chapter 4 of The Natural History of the Gent by Albert Smith holds 38 sentences, grouped into 8 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 4 of The Natural History of the Gent contain?

Chapter 4 holds 38 sentences of The Natural History of the Gent, unabridged, divided into 8 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 4 of The Natural History of the Gent by Albert Smith exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 38 sentences, grouped into 8 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 4 of The Natural History of the Gent?

Work through the 8 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 8 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 4 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 4 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The Natural History of the Gent

Common questions about reading The Natural History of the Gent by Albert Smith on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The Natural History of the Gent?

Yes. All 435 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #66323 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The Natural History of the Gent is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #66323, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The Natural History of the Gent take to read?

About 36 minutes of reading across 87 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read The Natural History of the Gent section by section

How to work through The Natural History of the Gent section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 14 chapters of The Natural History of the Gent to begin.

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    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

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    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in The Natural History of the Gent

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Natural History of the Gent, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Albert
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Natural History of the Gent; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Smith
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Natural History of the Gent; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
David
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Natural History of the Gent; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Bogue
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Natural History of the Gent; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.