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The Negro in American fiction
The Negro in American fiction

Chapter III

Chapter 3 of The Negro in American fiction is here in full — 189 sentences across 38 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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THE PLANTATION TRADITION: PRO-SLAVERY FICTION _The Plantation Tradition._ The growth and accuracy of the plantation tradition have been excellently studied in _The Southern Plantation_ (1925) by Francis Pendleton Gaines.
Gaines attributes the tradition’s hold on America to a love of feudalism,(in spite of our profession of democracy), the charm of the Negro characters as “native” literary material, and a romantic wish for an Arcadian past.
He proves that “the tradition omits much plantation truth and exaggerates freely certain attractive features of the old life.”
But the tradition goes on unabashed; over a century old, it still guarantees best selling fame.
The setting is familiar: The old plantation; a great mansion; exquisitely gowned ladies and courtly gentlemen moving with easy grace upon the broad veranda behind stalwart columns; surrounding the yard an almost illimitable stretch of white cotton; darkies singingly at work in the fields, Negro quarters, off on one side, around which little pickaninnies tumbled in gay frolic.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Negro in American fiction

Chapter III

Chapter 3 of The Negro in American fiction is here in full — 189 sentences across 38 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/37 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
THE PLANTATION TRADITION: PRO-SLAVERY FICTION _The Plantation Tradition._ The growth and accuracy of the plantation tradition have been excellently studied in _The Southern Plantation_ (1925) by Francis Pendleton Gaines.
Line 2
Gaines attributes the tradition’s hold on America to a love of feudalism,(in spite of our profession of democracy), the charm of the Negro characters as “native” literary material, and a romantic wish for an Arcadian past.
Line 3
He proves that “the tradition omits much plantation truth and exaggerates freely certain attractive features of the old life.”
/hiː pruːvz ðæt ðə trəˈdɪʃən oʊˈmɪts mʌtʃ ˌplænˈteɪʃən truːθ ənd ɪɡˈzædʒəreɪts ˈfriːli ˈsɜːrtən əˈtræktɪv ˈfiːtʃərz ʌv ðə oʊld laɪf/
Line 4
But the tradition goes on unabashed; over a century old, it still guarantees best selling fame.
/bʌt ðə trəˈdɪʃən ɡoʊz ɑːn ˌʌnəˈbæʃt ˈoʊvər ə ˈsentʃəri oʊld ɪt stɪl ˌɡerənˈtiːz best ˈselɪŋ feɪm/
Line 5
The setting is familiar: The old plantation; a great mansion; exquisitely gowned ladies and courtly gentlemen moving with easy grace upon the broad veranda behind stalwart columns; surrounding the yard an almost illimitable stretch of white cotton; darkies singingly at work in the fields, Negro quarters, off on one side, around which little pickaninnies tumbled in gay frolic.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Arcadian noun US /ˌɑːrˈkeɪdiən/

an inhabitant of Arcadia

From this reading “Gaines attributes the tradition’s hold on America to a love of feudalism,(in spite of our profession of democracy), the charm of the Negro characters as “native” literary material, and a romantic wish for an Arcadian past.”

exaggerates verb US /ɪɡˈzædʒəreɪts/

third-person singular of “exaggerate” — to enlarge beyond bounds or the truth

From this reading “He proves that “the tradition omits much plantation truth and exaggerates freely certain attractive features of the old life.””

excellently adverb US /ˈeksələntli/

extremely well

From this reading “THE PLANTATION TRADITION: PRO-SLAVERY FICTION _The Plantation Tradition._ The growth and accuracy of the plantation tradition have been excellently studied in _The Southern Plantation_ (1925) by Francis Pendleton Gaines.”

feudalism noun US /ˈfjuːdəlɪzəm/

the social system that developed in Europe in the 8th century; vassals were protected by lords who they had to serve in war

From this reading “Gaines attributes the tradition’s hold on America to a love of feudalism,(in spite of our profession of democracy), the charm of the Negro characters as “native” literary material, and a romantic wish for an Arcadian past.”

Gaines verb US /ɡeɪnz/

third-person singular of “gain” — obtain

From this reading “THE PLANTATION TRADITION: PRO-SLAVERY FICTION _The Plantation Tradition._ The growth and accuracy of the plantation tradition have been excellently studied in _The Southern Plantation_ (1925) by Francis Pendleton Gaines.”

guarantees noun US /ˌɡerənˈtiːz/

plural of “guarantee” — a written assurance that some product or service will be provided or will meet certain specifications

From this reading “But the tradition goes on unabashed; over a century old, it still guarantees best selling fame.”

omits verb US /oʊˈmɪts/

third-person singular of “omit” — prevent from being included or considered or accepted

From this reading “He proves that “the tradition omits much plantation truth and exaggerates freely certain attractive features of the old life.””

unabashed adjective US /ˌʌnəˈbæʃt/

not embarrassed

From this reading “But the tradition goes on unabashed; over a century old, it still guarantees best selling fame.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

white cotton noun + noun

In this reading “The setting is familiar: The old plantation; a great mansion; exquisitely gowned ladies and courtly gentlemen moving with easy grace upon the broad veranda behind stalwart columns; surrounding the yard an almost illimitable stretch of white cotton; darkies singingly at work in the fields, Negro quarters, off on one side, around which little pickaninnies tumbled in gay frolic.”

in spite preposition + noun

In this reading “Gaines attributes the tradition’s hold on America to a love of feudalism,(in spite of our profession of democracy), the charm of the Negro characters as “native” literary material, and a romantic wish for an Arcadian past.”

easy grace adjective + noun

In this reading “The setting is familiar: The old plantation; a great mansion; exquisitely gowned ladies and courtly gentlemen moving with easy grace upon the broad veranda behind stalwart columns; surrounding the yard an almost illimitable stretch of white cotton; darkies singingly at work in the fields, Negro quarters, off on one side, around which little pickaninnies tumbled in gay frolic.”

goes on verb + particle counted as “go on”

continue a certain state, condition, or activity

In this reading “But the tradition goes on unabashed; over a century old, it still guarantees best selling fame.”

old plantation adjective + noun

In this reading “The setting is familiar: The old plantation; a great mansion; exquisitely gowned ladies and courtly gentlemen moving with easy grace upon the broad veranda behind stalwart columns; surrounding the yard an almost illimitable stretch of white cotton; darkies singingly at work in the fields, Negro quarters, off on one side, around which little pickaninnies tumbled in gay frolic.”

stretch of verb + particle

In this reading “The setting is familiar: The old plantation; a great mansion; exquisitely gowned ladies and courtly gentlemen moving with easy grace upon the broad veranda behind stalwart columns; surrounding the yard an almost illimitable stretch of white cotton; darkies singingly at work in the fields, Negro quarters, off on one side, around which little pickaninnies tumbled in gay frolic.”

hold on verb + particle

hold firmly

In this reading “Gaines attributes the tradition’s hold on America to a love of feudalism,(in spite of our profession of democracy), the charm of the Negro characters as “native” literary material, and a romantic wish for an Arcadian past.”

in the fields preposition + article + noun counted as “in … fields”

In this reading “The setting is familiar: The old plantation; a great mansion; exquisitely gowned ladies and courtly gentlemen moving with easy grace upon the broad veranda behind stalwart columns; surrounding the yard an almost illimitable stretch of white cotton; darkies singingly at work in the fields, Negro quarters, off on one side, around which little pickaninnies tumbled in gay frolic.”

All words in this reading · 113

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1925

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading THE PLANTATION TRADITION: PRO-SLAVERY FICTION _The Plantation Tradition._ The growth and accuracy of the plantation tradition have been excellently studied in _The Southern Plantation_ (1925) by Francis Pendleton Gaines.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Gaines attributes the tradition’s hold on America to a love of feudalism,(in spite of our profession of democracy), the charm of the Negro characters as “native” literary material, and a romantic wish for an Arcadian past.

accuracynounUS /ˈækjərəsi/

the quality of being near to the true value

From this reading THE PLANTATION TRADITION: PRO-SLAVERY FICTION _The Plantation Tradition._ The growth and accuracy of the plantation tradition have been excellently studied in _The Southern Plantation_ (1925) by Francis Pendleton Gaines.

almostadverbUS /ˈɔːlmoʊst/

(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but

From this reading The setting is familiar: The old plantation; a great mansion; exquisitely gowned ladies and courtly gentlemen moving with easy grace upon the broad veranda behind stalwart columns; surrounding the yard an almost illimitable stretch of white cotton; darkies singingly at work in the fields, Negro quarters, off on one side, around which little pickaninnies tumbled in gay frolic.

AmericanounUS /əˈmerəkə/

North American republic containing 50 states - 48 conterminous states in North America plus Alaska in northwest North America and the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean; achieved independence in 1776

From this reading Gaines attributes the tradition’s hold on America to a love of feudalism,(in spite of our profession of democracy), the charm of the Negro characters as “native” literary material, and a romantic wish for an Arcadian past.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading Gaines attributes the tradition’s hold on America to a love of feudalism,(in spite of our profession of democracy), the charm of the Negro characters as “native” literary material, and a romantic wish for an Arcadian past.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading THE PLANTATION TRADITION: PRO-SLAVERY FICTION _The Plantation Tradition._ The growth and accuracy of the plantation tradition have been excellently studied in _The Southern Plantation_ (1925) by Francis Pendleton Gaines.

ArcadiannounUS /ˌɑːrˈkeɪdiən/

an inhabitant of Arcadia

From this reading Gaines attributes the tradition’s hold on America to a love of feudalism,(in spite of our profession of democracy), the charm of the Negro characters as “native” literary material, and a romantic wish for an Arcadian past.

aroundprepositionUS /ərˈaʊnd/

surrounding, or on every side of, something

From this reading The setting is familiar: The old plantation; a great mansion; exquisitely gowned ladies and courtly gentlemen moving with easy grace upon the broad veranda behind stalwart columns; surrounding the yard an almost illimitable stretch of white cotton; darkies singingly at work in the fields, Negro quarters, off on one side, around which little pickaninnies tumbled in gay frolic.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading Gaines attributes the tradition’s hold on America to a love of feudalism,(in spite of our profession of democracy), the charm of the Negro characters as “native” literary material, and a romantic wish for an Arcadian past.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading The setting is familiar: The old plantation; a great mansion; exquisitely gowned ladies and courtly gentlemen moving with easy grace upon the broad veranda behind stalwart columns; surrounding the yard an almost illimitable stretch of white cotton; darkies singingly at work in the fields, Negro quarters, off on one side, around which little pickaninnies tumbled in gay frolic.

attractiveadjectiveUS /əˈtræktɪv/

pleasing to the eye or mind especially through beauty or charm

From this reading He proves that “the tradition omits much plantation truth and exaggerates freely certain attractive features of the old life.”

attributesnounUS /ˈætrəbjuːts/

plural of “attribute” — a construct whereby objects or individuals can be distinguished

From this reading Gaines attributes the tradition’s hold on America to a love of feudalism,(in spite of our profession of democracy), the charm of the Negro characters as “native” literary material, and a romantic wish for an Arcadian past.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading THE PLANTATION TRADITION: PRO-SLAVERY FICTION _The Plantation Tradition._ The growth and accuracy of the plantation tradition have been excellently studied in _The Southern Plantation_ (1925) by Francis Pendleton Gaines.

behindprepositionUS /bɪˈhaɪnd/

at or toward the back of something

From this reading The setting is familiar: The old plantation; a great mansion; exquisitely gowned ladies and courtly gentlemen moving with easy grace upon the broad veranda behind stalwart columns; surrounding the yard an almost illimitable stretch of white cotton; darkies singingly at work in the fields, Negro quarters, off on one side, around which little pickaninnies tumbled in gay frolic.

bestnounUS /best/

the supreme effort one can make

From this reading But the tradition goes on unabashed; over a century old, it still guarantees best selling fame.

broadadjectiveUS /brɔːd/

having great (or a certain) extent from one side to the other

From this reading The setting is familiar: The old plantation; a great mansion; exquisitely gowned ladies and courtly gentlemen moving with easy grace upon the broad veranda behind stalwart columns; surrounding the yard an almost illimitable stretch of white cotton; darkies singingly at work in the fields, Negro quarters, off on one side, around which little pickaninnies tumbled in gay frolic.

ButconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading But the tradition goes on unabashed; over a century old, it still guarantees best selling fame.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading THE PLANTATION TRADITION: PRO-SLAVERY FICTION _The Plantation Tradition._ The growth and accuracy of the plantation tradition have been excellently studied in _The Southern Plantation_ (1925) by Francis Pendleton Gaines.

centurynounUS /ˈsentʃəri/

a period of 100 years

From this reading But the tradition goes on unabashed; over a century old, it still guarantees best selling fame.

certainadjectiveUS /ˈsɜːrtən/

definite but not specified or identified

From this reading He proves that “the tradition omits much plantation truth and exaggerates freely certain attractive features of the old life.”

charactersnounUS /ˈkærəktərz/

plural of “character” — an imaginary person represented in a work of fiction (play or film or story)

From this reading Gaines attributes the tradition’s hold on America to a love of feudalism,(in spite of our profession of democracy), the charm of the Negro characters as “native” literary material, and a romantic wish for an Arcadian past.

charmnounUS /tʃɑːrm/

attractiveness that interests or pleases or stimulates

From this reading Gaines attributes the tradition’s hold on America to a love of feudalism,(in spite of our profession of democracy), the charm of the Negro characters as “native” literary material, and a romantic wish for an Arcadian past.

columnsnounUS /ˈkɑːləmz/

plural of “column” — a line of units following one after another

From this reading The setting is familiar: The old plantation; a great mansion; exquisitely gowned ladies and courtly gentlemen moving with easy grace upon the broad veranda behind stalwart columns; surrounding the yard an almost illimitable stretch of white cotton; darkies singingly at work in the fields, Negro quarters, off on one side, around which little pickaninnies tumbled in gay frolic.

cottonnounUS /ˈkɑːtən/

soft silky fibers from cotton plants in their raw state

From this reading The setting is familiar: The old plantation; a great mansion; exquisitely gowned ladies and courtly gentlemen moving with easy grace upon the broad veranda behind stalwart columns; surrounding the yard an almost illimitable stretch of white cotton; darkies singingly at work in the fields, Negro quarters, off on one side, around which little pickaninnies tumbled in gay frolic.

courtlyadjectiveUS /ˈkɔːrtli/

refined or imposing in manner or appearance; befitting a royal court

From this reading The setting is familiar: The old plantation; a great mansion; exquisitely gowned ladies and courtly gentlemen moving with easy grace upon the broad veranda behind stalwart columns; surrounding the yard an almost illimitable stretch of white cotton; darkies singingly at work in the fields, Negro quarters, off on one side, around which little pickaninnies tumbled in gay frolic.

darkies

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The setting is familiar: The old plantation; a great mansion; exquisitely gowned ladies and courtly gentlemen moving with easy grace upon the broad veranda behind stalwart columns; surrounding the yard an almost illimitable stretch of white cotton; darkies singingly at work in the fields, Negro quarters, off on one side, around which little pickaninnies tumbled in gay frolic.

democracynounUS /dɪˈmɑːkrəsi/

the political orientation of those who favor government by the people or by their elected representatives

From this reading Gaines attributes the tradition’s hold on America to a love of feudalism,(in spite of our profession of democracy), the charm of the Negro characters as “native” literary material, and a romantic wish for an Arcadian past.

easyadjectiveUS /ˈiːzi/

posing no difficulty; requiring little effort

From this reading The setting is familiar: The old plantation; a great mansion; exquisitely gowned ladies and courtly gentlemen moving with easy grace upon the broad veranda behind stalwart columns; surrounding the yard an almost illimitable stretch of white cotton; darkies singingly at work in the fields, Negro quarters, off on one side, around which little pickaninnies tumbled in gay frolic.

exaggeratesverbUS /ɪɡˈzædʒəreɪts/

third-person singular of “exaggerate” — to enlarge beyond bounds or the truth

From this reading He proves that “the tradition omits much plantation truth and exaggerates freely certain attractive features of the old life.”

excellentlyadverbUS /ˈeksələntli/

extremely well

From this reading THE PLANTATION TRADITION: PRO-SLAVERY FICTION _The Plantation Tradition._ The growth and accuracy of the plantation tradition have been excellently studied in _The Southern Plantation_ (1925) by Francis Pendleton Gaines.

exquisitelyadverbUS /ˌekˈskwɪzɪtli/

in a delicate manner

From this reading The setting is familiar: The old plantation; a great mansion; exquisitely gowned ladies and courtly gentlemen moving with easy grace upon the broad veranda behind stalwart columns; surrounding the yard an almost illimitable stretch of white cotton; darkies singingly at work in the fields, Negro quarters, off on one side, around which little pickaninnies tumbled in gay frolic.

famenounUS /feɪm/

the state or quality of being widely honored and acclaimed

From this reading But the tradition goes on unabashed; over a century old, it still guarantees best selling fame.

familiaradjectiveUS /fəˈmɪljər/

well known or easily recognized

From this reading The setting is familiar: The old plantation; a great mansion; exquisitely gowned ladies and courtly gentlemen moving with easy grace upon the broad veranda behind stalwart columns; surrounding the yard an almost illimitable stretch of white cotton; darkies singingly at work in the fields, Negro quarters, off on one side, around which little pickaninnies tumbled in gay frolic.

featuresnounUS /ˈfiːtʃərz/

plural of “feature” — a prominent attribute or aspect of something

From this reading He proves that “the tradition omits much plantation truth and exaggerates freely certain attractive features of the old life.”

feudalismnounUS /ˈfjuːdəlɪzəm/

the social system that developed in Europe in the 8th century; vassals were protected by lords who they had to serve in war

From this reading Gaines attributes the tradition’s hold on America to a love of feudalism,(in spite of our profession of democracy), the charm of the Negro characters as “native” literary material, and a romantic wish for an Arcadian past.

FICTIONnounUS /ˈfɪkʃən/

a literary work based on the imagination and not necessarily on fact

From this reading THE PLANTATION TRADITION: PRO-SLAVERY FICTION _The Plantation Tradition._ The growth and accuracy of the plantation tradition have been excellently studied in _The Southern Plantation_ (1925) by Francis Pendleton Gaines.

fieldsnounUS /fiːldz/

United States comedian and film actor (1880-1946)

From this reading The setting is familiar: The old plantation; a great mansion; exquisitely gowned ladies and courtly gentlemen moving with easy grace upon the broad veranda behind stalwart columns; surrounding the yard an almost illimitable stretch of white cotton; darkies singingly at work in the fields, Negro quarters, off on one side, around which little pickaninnies tumbled in gay frolic.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading Gaines attributes the tradition’s hold on America to a love of feudalism,(in spite of our profession of democracy), the charm of the Negro characters as “native” literary material, and a romantic wish for an Arcadian past.

Francis

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading THE PLANTATION TRADITION: PRO-SLAVERY FICTION _The Plantation Tradition._ The growth and accuracy of the plantation tradition have been excellently studied in _The Southern Plantation_ (1925) by Francis Pendleton Gaines.

freelyadverbUS /ˈfriːli/

in a free manner

From this reading He proves that “the tradition omits much plantation truth and exaggerates freely certain attractive features of the old life.”

frolicnounUS /ˈfrɑːlɪk/

gay or light-hearted recreational activity for diversion or amusement

From this reading The setting is familiar: The old plantation; a great mansion; exquisitely gowned ladies and courtly gentlemen moving with easy grace upon the broad veranda behind stalwart columns; surrounding the yard an almost illimitable stretch of white cotton; darkies singingly at work in the fields, Negro quarters, off on one side, around which little pickaninnies tumbled in gay frolic.

GainesverbUS /ɡeɪnz/

third-person singular of “gain” — obtain

From this reading THE PLANTATION TRADITION: PRO-SLAVERY FICTION _The Plantation Tradition._ The growth and accuracy of the plantation tradition have been excellently studied in _The Southern Plantation_ (1925) by Francis Pendleton Gaines.

gayadjectiveUS /ɡeɪ/

bright and pleasant; promoting a feeling of cheer

From this reading The setting is familiar: The old plantation; a great mansion; exquisitely gowned ladies and courtly gentlemen moving with easy grace upon the broad veranda behind stalwart columns; surrounding the yard an almost illimitable stretch of white cotton; darkies singingly at work in the fields, Negro quarters, off on one side, around which little pickaninnies tumbled in gay frolic.

gentlemennounUS /ˈdʒentəlmɪn/

plural of “gentleman” — a man of refinement

From this reading The setting is familiar: The old plantation; a great mansion; exquisitely gowned ladies and courtly gentlemen moving with easy grace upon the broad veranda behind stalwart columns; surrounding the yard an almost illimitable stretch of white cotton; darkies singingly at work in the fields, Negro quarters, off on one side, around which little pickaninnies tumbled in gay frolic.

goesnounUS /ɡoʊz/

plural of “go” — a time period for working (after which you will be relieved by someone else)

From this reading But the tradition goes on unabashed; over a century old, it still guarantees best selling fame.

gownedadjective

wearing a gown

From this reading The setting is familiar: The old plantation; a great mansion; exquisitely gowned ladies and courtly gentlemen moving with easy grace upon the broad veranda behind stalwart columns; surrounding the yard an almost illimitable stretch of white cotton; darkies singingly at work in the fields, Negro quarters, off on one side, around which little pickaninnies tumbled in gay frolic.

gracenounUS /ɡreɪs/

(Christian theology) a state of sanctification by God; the state of one who is under such divine influence

From this reading The setting is familiar: The old plantation; a great mansion; exquisitely gowned ladies and courtly gentlemen moving with easy grace upon the broad veranda behind stalwart columns; surrounding the yard an almost illimitable stretch of white cotton; darkies singingly at work in the fields, Negro quarters, off on one side, around which little pickaninnies tumbled in gay frolic.

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading The setting is familiar: The old plantation; a great mansion; exquisitely gowned ladies and courtly gentlemen moving with easy grace upon the broad veranda behind stalwart columns; surrounding the yard an almost illimitable stretch of white cotton; darkies singingly at work in the fields, Negro quarters, off on one side, around which little pickaninnies tumbled in gay frolic.

growthnounUS /ɡroʊθ/

(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level

From this reading THE PLANTATION TRADITION: PRO-SLAVERY FICTION _The Plantation Tradition._ The growth and accuracy of the plantation tradition have been excellently studied in _The Southern Plantation_ (1925) by Francis Pendleton Gaines.

guaranteesnounUS /ˌɡerənˈtiːz/

plural of “guarantee” — a written assurance that some product or service will be provided or will meet certain specifications

From this reading But the tradition goes on unabashed; over a century old, it still guarantees best selling fame.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading THE PLANTATION TRADITION: PRO-SLAVERY FICTION _The Plantation Tradition._ The growth and accuracy of the plantation tradition have been excellently studied in _The Southern Plantation_ (1925) by Francis Pendleton Gaines.

HepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading He proves that “the tradition omits much plantation truth and exaggerates freely certain attractive features of the old life.”

holdverbUS /hoʊld/

cause to continue in a certain state, position, or activity; e.g., “keep clean”

From this reading Gaines attributes the tradition’s hold on America to a love of feudalism,(in spite of our profession of democracy), the charm of the Negro characters as “native” literary material, and a romantic wish for an Arcadian past.

illimitableadjective

without limits in extent or size or quantity

From this reading The setting is familiar: The old plantation; a great mansion; exquisitely gowned ladies and courtly gentlemen moving with easy grace upon the broad veranda behind stalwart columns; surrounding the yard an almost illimitable stretch of white cotton; darkies singingly at work in the fields, Negro quarters, off on one side, around which little pickaninnies tumbled in gay frolic.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading THE PLANTATION TRADITION: PRO-SLAVERY FICTION _The Plantation Tradition._ The growth and accuracy of the plantation tradition have been excellently studied in _The Southern Plantation_ (1925) by Francis Pendleton Gaines.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The setting is familiar: The old plantation; a great mansion; exquisitely gowned ladies and courtly gentlemen moving with easy grace upon the broad veranda behind stalwart columns; surrounding the yard an almost illimitable stretch of white cotton; darkies singingly at work in the fields, Negro quarters, off on one side, around which little pickaninnies tumbled in gay frolic.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading But the tradition goes on unabashed; over a century old, it still guarantees best selling fame.

ladiesnounUS /ˈleɪdiz/

plural of “lady” — a polite name for any woman

From this reading The setting is familiar: The old plantation; a great mansion; exquisitely gowned ladies and courtly gentlemen moving with easy grace upon the broad veranda behind stalwart columns; surrounding the yard an almost illimitable stretch of white cotton; darkies singingly at work in the fields, Negro quarters, off on one side, around which little pickaninnies tumbled in gay frolic.

lifenounUS /laɪf/

a characteristic state or mode of living

From this reading He proves that “the tradition omits much plantation truth and exaggerates freely certain attractive features of the old life.”

literaryadjectiveUS /ˈlɪtəreri/

of or relating to or characteristic of literature

From this reading Gaines attributes the tradition’s hold on America to a love of feudalism,(in spite of our profession of democracy), the charm of the Negro characters as “native” literary material, and a romantic wish for an Arcadian past.

littleadjectiveUS /ˈlɪtəl/

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading The setting is familiar: The old plantation; a great mansion; exquisitely gowned ladies and courtly gentlemen moving with easy grace upon the broad veranda behind stalwart columns; surrounding the yard an almost illimitable stretch of white cotton; darkies singingly at work in the fields, Negro quarters, off on one side, around which little pickaninnies tumbled in gay frolic.

lovenounUS /lʌv/

a strong positive emotion of regard and affection

From this reading Gaines attributes the tradition’s hold on America to a love of feudalism,(in spite of our profession of democracy), the charm of the Negro characters as “native” literary material, and a romantic wish for an Arcadian past.

mansionnounUS /ˈmænʃən/

(astrology) one of 12 equal areas into which the zodiac is divided

From this reading The setting is familiar: The old plantation; a great mansion; exquisitely gowned ladies and courtly gentlemen moving with easy grace upon the broad veranda behind stalwart columns; surrounding the yard an almost illimitable stretch of white cotton; darkies singingly at work in the fields, Negro quarters, off on one side, around which little pickaninnies tumbled in gay frolic.

materialadjectiveUS /məˈtɪriəl/

concerned with worldly rather than spiritual interests

From this reading Gaines attributes the tradition’s hold on America to a love of feudalism,(in spite of our profession of democracy), the charm of the Negro characters as “native” literary material, and a romantic wish for an Arcadian past.

movingadjectiveUS /ˈmuːvɪŋ/

in motion

From this reading The setting is familiar: The old plantation; a great mansion; exquisitely gowned ladies and courtly gentlemen moving with easy grace upon the broad veranda behind stalwart columns; surrounding the yard an almost illimitable stretch of white cotton; darkies singingly at work in the fields, Negro quarters, off on one side, around which little pickaninnies tumbled in gay frolic.

muchadverbUS /mʌtʃ/

to a great degree or extent

From this reading He proves that “the tradition omits much plantation truth and exaggerates freely certain attractive features of the old life.”

nativeadjectiveUS /ˈneɪtɪv/

characteristic of or existing by virtue of geographic origin

From this reading Gaines attributes the tradition’s hold on America to a love of feudalism,(in spite of our profession of democracy), the charm of the Negro characters as “native” literary material, and a romantic wish for an Arcadian past.

NegronounUS /ˈniːɡroʊ/

a person with African ancestry, "Negro" and "Negroid" are archaic and pejorative today

From this reading Gaines attributes the tradition’s hold on America to a love of feudalism,(in spite of our profession of democracy), the charm of the Negro characters as “native” literary material, and a romantic wish for an Arcadian past.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading THE PLANTATION TRADITION: PRO-SLAVERY FICTION _The Plantation Tradition._ The growth and accuracy of the plantation tradition have been excellently studied in _The Southern Plantation_ (1925) by Francis Pendleton Gaines.

offadverbUS /ɔːf/

from a particular thing or place or position (“forth” is obsolete)

From this reading The setting is familiar: The old plantation; a great mansion; exquisitely gowned ladies and courtly gentlemen moving with easy grace upon the broad veranda behind stalwart columns; surrounding the yard an almost illimitable stretch of white cotton; darkies singingly at work in the fields, Negro quarters, off on one side, around which little pickaninnies tumbled in gay frolic.

oldadjectiveUS /oʊld/

(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading He proves that “the tradition omits much plantation truth and exaggerates freely certain attractive features of the old life.”

omitsverbUS /oʊˈmɪts/

third-person singular of “omit” — prevent from being included or considered or accepted

From this reading He proves that “the tradition omits much plantation truth and exaggerates freely certain attractive features of the old life.”

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading Gaines attributes the tradition’s hold on America to a love of feudalism,(in spite of our profession of democracy), the charm of the Negro characters as “native” literary material, and a romantic wish for an Arcadian past.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading The setting is familiar: The old plantation; a great mansion; exquisitely gowned ladies and courtly gentlemen moving with easy grace upon the broad veranda behind stalwart columns; surrounding the yard an almost illimitable stretch of white cotton; darkies singingly at work in the fields, Negro quarters, off on one side, around which little pickaninnies tumbled in gay frolic.

ourdeterminerUS /ˈaʊər/

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading Gaines attributes the tradition’s hold on America to a love of feudalism,(in spite of our profession of democracy), the charm of the Negro characters as “native” literary material, and a romantic wish for an Arcadian past.

overprepositionUS /ˈoʊvər/

above and across; more than

From this reading But the tradition goes on unabashed; over a century old, it still guarantees best selling fame.

pastnounUS /pæst/

the time that has elapsed

From this reading Gaines attributes the tradition’s hold on America to a love of feudalism,(in spite of our profession of democracy), the charm of the Negro characters as “native” literary material, and a romantic wish for an Arcadian past.

Pendleton

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading THE PLANTATION TRADITION: PRO-SLAVERY FICTION _The Plantation Tradition._ The growth and accuracy of the plantation tradition have been excellently studied in _The Southern Plantation_ (1925) by Francis Pendleton Gaines.

pickaninnies

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The setting is familiar: The old plantation; a great mansion; exquisitely gowned ladies and courtly gentlemen moving with easy grace upon the broad veranda behind stalwart columns; surrounding the yard an almost illimitable stretch of white cotton; darkies singingly at work in the fields, Negro quarters, off on one side, around which little pickaninnies tumbled in gay frolic.

PLANTATIONnounUS /ˌplænˈteɪʃən/

an estate where cash crops are grown on a large scale (especially in tropical areas)

From this reading THE PLANTATION TRADITION: PRO-SLAVERY FICTION _The Plantation Tradition._ The growth and accuracy of the plantation tradition have been excellently studied in _The Southern Plantation_ (1925) by Francis Pendleton Gaines.

PRO-SLAVERY

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading THE PLANTATION TRADITION: PRO-SLAVERY FICTION _The Plantation Tradition._ The growth and accuracy of the plantation tradition have been excellently studied in _The Southern Plantation_ (1925) by Francis Pendleton Gaines.

professionnounUS /prəˈfeʃən/

the body of people in a learned occupation

From this reading Gaines attributes the tradition’s hold on America to a love of feudalism,(in spite of our profession of democracy), the charm of the Negro characters as “native” literary material, and a romantic wish for an Arcadian past.

provesverbUS /pruːvz/

third-person singular of “prove” — be shown or be found to be

From this reading He proves that “the tradition omits much plantation truth and exaggerates freely certain attractive features of the old life.”

quartersnounUS /ˈkwɔːrtərz/

housing available for people to live in

From this reading The setting is familiar: The old plantation; a great mansion; exquisitely gowned ladies and courtly gentlemen moving with easy grace upon the broad veranda behind stalwart columns; surrounding the yard an almost illimitable stretch of white cotton; darkies singingly at work in the fields, Negro quarters, off on one side, around which little pickaninnies tumbled in gay frolic.

romanticadjectiveUS /roʊˈmæntɪk/

belonging to or characteristic of Romanticism or the Romantic Movement in the arts

From this reading Gaines attributes the tradition’s hold on America to a love of feudalism,(in spite of our profession of democracy), the charm of the Negro characters as “native” literary material, and a romantic wish for an Arcadian past.

sellingnounUS /ˈselɪŋ/

the exchange of goods for an agreed sum of money

From this reading But the tradition goes on unabashed; over a century old, it still guarantees best selling fame.

settingnounUS /ˈsetɪŋ/

the context and environment in which something is set

From this reading The setting is familiar: The old plantation; a great mansion; exquisitely gowned ladies and courtly gentlemen moving with easy grace upon the broad veranda behind stalwart columns; surrounding the yard an almost illimitable stretch of white cotton; darkies singingly at work in the fields, Negro quarters, off on one side, around which little pickaninnies tumbled in gay frolic.

sidenounUS /saɪd/

a place within a region identified relative to a center or reference location

From this reading The setting is familiar: The old plantation; a great mansion; exquisitely gowned ladies and courtly gentlemen moving with easy grace upon the broad veranda behind stalwart columns; surrounding the yard an almost illimitable stretch of white cotton; darkies singingly at work in the fields, Negro quarters, off on one side, around which little pickaninnies tumbled in gay frolic.

singingly

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The setting is familiar: The old plantation; a great mansion; exquisitely gowned ladies and courtly gentlemen moving with easy grace upon the broad veranda behind stalwart columns; surrounding the yard an almost illimitable stretch of white cotton; darkies singingly at work in the fields, Negro quarters, off on one side, around which little pickaninnies tumbled in gay frolic.

SouthernadjectiveUS /ˈsʌðərn/

in or characteristic of a region of the United States south of (approximately) the Mason-Dixon line

From this reading THE PLANTATION TRADITION: PRO-SLAVERY FICTION _The Plantation Tradition._ The growth and accuracy of the plantation tradition have been excellently studied in _The Southern Plantation_ (1925) by Francis Pendleton Gaines.

spitenounUS /spaɪt/

feeling a need to see others suffer

From this reading Gaines attributes the tradition’s hold on America to a love of feudalism,(in spite of our profession of democracy), the charm of the Negro characters as “native” literary material, and a romantic wish for an Arcadian past.

stalwartadjectiveUS /ˈstɔːlwərt/

having rugged physical strength; inured to fatigue or hardships

From this reading The setting is familiar: The old plantation; a great mansion; exquisitely gowned ladies and courtly gentlemen moving with easy grace upon the broad veranda behind stalwart columns; surrounding the yard an almost illimitable stretch of white cotton; darkies singingly at work in the fields, Negro quarters, off on one side, around which little pickaninnies tumbled in gay frolic.

stilladjectiveUS /stɪl/

not in physical motion

From this reading But the tradition goes on unabashed; over a century old, it still guarantees best selling fame.

stretchverbUS /stretʃ/

occupy a large, elongated area

From this reading The setting is familiar: The old plantation; a great mansion; exquisitely gowned ladies and courtly gentlemen moving with easy grace upon the broad veranda behind stalwart columns; surrounding the yard an almost illimitable stretch of white cotton; darkies singingly at work in the fields, Negro quarters, off on one side, around which little pickaninnies tumbled in gay frolic.

studiedadjectiveUS /ˈstʌdid/

produced or marked by conscious design or premeditation

From this reading THE PLANTATION TRADITION: PRO-SLAVERY FICTION _The Plantation Tradition._ The growth and accuracy of the plantation tradition have been excellently studied in _The Southern Plantation_ (1925) by Francis Pendleton Gaines.

surroundingadjectiveUS /sərˈaʊndɪŋ/

closely encircling

From this reading The setting is familiar: The old plantation; a great mansion; exquisitely gowned ladies and courtly gentlemen moving with easy grace upon the broad veranda behind stalwart columns; surrounding the yard an almost illimitable stretch of white cotton; darkies singingly at work in the fields, Negro quarters, off on one side, around which little pickaninnies tumbled in gay frolic.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading He proves that “the tradition omits much plantation truth and exaggerates freely certain attractive features of the old life.”

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE PLANTATION TRADITION: PRO-SLAVERY FICTION _The Plantation Tradition._ The growth and accuracy of the plantation tradition have been excellently studied in _The Southern Plantation_ (1925) by Francis Pendleton Gaines.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Gaines attributes the tradition’s hold on America to a love of feudalism,(in spite of our profession of democracy), the charm of the Negro characters as “native” literary material, and a romantic wish for an Arcadian past.

TRADITIONnounUS /trəˈdɪʃən/

an inherited pattern of thought or action

From this reading THE PLANTATION TRADITION: PRO-SLAVERY FICTION _The Plantation Tradition._ The growth and accuracy of the plantation tradition have been excellently studied in _The Southern Plantation_ (1925) by Francis Pendleton Gaines.

tradition's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Gaines attributes the tradition’s hold on America to a love of feudalism,(in spite of our profession of democracy), the charm of the Negro characters as “native” literary material, and a romantic wish for an Arcadian past.

truthnounUS /truːθ/

a fact that has been verified

From this reading He proves that “the tradition omits much plantation truth and exaggerates freely certain attractive features of the old life.”

tumbledverbUS /ˈtʌmbəld/

past form of “tumble” — fall down, as if collapsing

From this reading The setting is familiar: The old plantation; a great mansion; exquisitely gowned ladies and courtly gentlemen moving with easy grace upon the broad veranda behind stalwart columns; surrounding the yard an almost illimitable stretch of white cotton; darkies singingly at work in the fields, Negro quarters, off on one side, around which little pickaninnies tumbled in gay frolic.

unabashedadjectiveUS /ˌʌnəˈbæʃt/

not embarrassed

From this reading But the tradition goes on unabashed; over a century old, it still guarantees best selling fame.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading The setting is familiar: The old plantation; a great mansion; exquisitely gowned ladies and courtly gentlemen moving with easy grace upon the broad veranda behind stalwart columns; surrounding the yard an almost illimitable stretch of white cotton; darkies singingly at work in the fields, Negro quarters, off on one side, around which little pickaninnies tumbled in gay frolic.

verandanounUS /vərˈændə/

a porch along the outside of a building (sometimes partly enclosed)

From this reading The setting is familiar: The old plantation; a great mansion; exquisitely gowned ladies and courtly gentlemen moving with easy grace upon the broad veranda behind stalwart columns; surrounding the yard an almost illimitable stretch of white cotton; darkies singingly at work in the fields, Negro quarters, off on one side, around which little pickaninnies tumbled in gay frolic.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading The setting is familiar: The old plantation; a great mansion; exquisitely gowned ladies and courtly gentlemen moving with easy grace upon the broad veranda behind stalwart columns; surrounding the yard an almost illimitable stretch of white cotton; darkies singingly at work in the fields, Negro quarters, off on one side, around which little pickaninnies tumbled in gay frolic.

whitenounUS /waɪt/

a Caucasian

From this reading The setting is familiar: The old plantation; a great mansion; exquisitely gowned ladies and courtly gentlemen moving with easy grace upon the broad veranda behind stalwart columns; surrounding the yard an almost illimitable stretch of white cotton; darkies singingly at work in the fields, Negro quarters, off on one side, around which little pickaninnies tumbled in gay frolic.

wishverbUS /wɪʃ/

hope for; have a wish

From this reading Gaines attributes the tradition’s hold on America to a love of feudalism,(in spite of our profession of democracy), the charm of the Negro characters as “native” literary material, and a romantic wish for an Arcadian past.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading The setting is familiar: The old plantation; a great mansion; exquisitely gowned ladies and courtly gentlemen moving with easy grace upon the broad veranda behind stalwart columns; surrounding the yard an almost illimitable stretch of white cotton; darkies singingly at work in the fields, Negro quarters, off on one side, around which little pickaninnies tumbled in gay frolic.

workverbUS /wɜːrk/

exert oneself by doing mental or physical work for a purpose or out of necessity

From this reading The setting is familiar: The old plantation; a great mansion; exquisitely gowned ladies and courtly gentlemen moving with easy grace upon the broad veranda behind stalwart columns; surrounding the yard an almost illimitable stretch of white cotton; darkies singingly at work in the fields, Negro quarters, off on one side, around which little pickaninnies tumbled in gay frolic.

yardnounUS /jɑːrd/

a unit of length equal to 3 feet; defined as 91.44 centimeters; originally taken to be the average length of a stride

From this reading The setting is familiar: The old plantation; a great mansion; exquisitely gowned ladies and courtly gentlemen moving with easy grace upon the broad veranda behind stalwart columns; surrounding the yard an almost illimitable stretch of white cotton; darkies singingly at work in the fields, Negro quarters, off on one side, around which little pickaninnies tumbled in gay frolic.

Chapter 3 of The Negro in American fiction by Sterling A. Brown holds 189 sentences, grouped into 38 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 3 of The Negro in American fiction contain?

Chapter 3 holds 189 sentences of The Negro in American fiction, unabridged, divided into 38 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 3 of The Negro in American fiction by Sterling A. Brown exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 189 sentences, grouped into 38 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 3 of The Negro in American fiction?

Work through the 38 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 38 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

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Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 3 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

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Is this the complete text of The Negro in American fiction?

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Project Gutenberg eBook #71171, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

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About 258 minutes of reading across 620 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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Vocabulary met early in The Negro in American fiction

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Negro in American fiction, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Kennikat
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Negro in American fiction; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Press
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Negro in American fiction; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Washington
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Negro in American fiction; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Bronze
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Negro in American fiction; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.