used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one
From this reading BRUCE AND THE NILE: SONNINI, BROWNE, AND BONAPARTE At the beginning of the eighteenth century there was a decline in Muhammadan fanaticism which in the preceding centuries had so zealously guarded the portals of African discovery.
AfricanadjectiveUS /ˈæfrəkən/
of or relating to the nations of Africa or their peoples
From this reading BRUCE AND THE NILE: SONNINI, BROWNE, AND BONAPARTE At the beginning of the eighteenth century there was a decline in Muhammadan fanaticism which in the preceding centuries had so zealously guarded the portals of African discovery.
used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together
From this reading BRUCE AND THE NILE: SONNINI, BROWNE, AND BONAPARTE At the beginning of the eighteenth century there was a decline in Muhammadan fanaticism which in the preceding centuries had so zealously guarded the portals of African discovery.
one more of the same kind, or a different one
From this reading Another stimulus to friendly relations was the coffee trade.
in or near a particular place or position
From this reading BRUCE AND THE NILE: SONNINI, BROWNE, AND BONAPARTE At the beginning of the eighteenth century there was a decline in Muhammadan fanaticism which in the preceding centuries had so zealously guarded the portals of African discovery.
BarbarynounUS /ˈbɑːrbəri/
a region of northern Africa on the Mediterranean coast between Egypt and Gibraltar; was used as a base for pirates from the 16th to 19th centuries
From this reading Consuls were established to safeguard the interests of British merchants in the tributary Turkish states of Barbary and in Egypt.
beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/
the past participle of “be”
From this reading Coffee had been introduced from Turkey into Europe in the seventeenth century.
the event consisting of the start of something
From this reading BRUCE AND THE NILE: SONNINI, BROWNE, AND BONAPARTE At the beginning of the eighteenth century there was a decline in Muhammadan fanaticism which in the preceding centuries had so zealously guarded the portals of African discovery.
in the space, time, or range separating two things
From this reading This was partly due to the increase of friendliness and commercial relations between England and France on the one hand and the Turkish Empire on the other.
BONAPARTEnounUS /ˈboʊnəpɑːrt/
French general who became emperor of the French (1769-1821)
From this reading BRUCE AND THE NILE: SONNINI, BROWNE, AND BONAPARTE At the beginning of the eighteenth century there was a decline in Muhammadan fanaticism which in the preceding centuries had so zealously guarded the portals of African discovery.
the people of Great Britain
From this reading Consuls were established to safeguard the interests of British merchants in the tributary Turkish states of Barbary and in Egypt.
BROWNEnounUS /braʊn/
English illustrator of several of Dickens' novels (1815-1882)
From this reading BRUCE AND THE NILE: SONNINI, BROWNE, AND BONAPARTE At the beginning of the eighteenth century there was a decline in Muhammadan fanaticism which in the preceding centuries had so zealously guarded the portals of African discovery.
BRUCEnounUS /bruːs/
Australian physician and bacteriologist who described the bacterium that causes undulant fever or brucellosis (1855-1931)
From this reading BRUCE AND THE NILE: SONNINI, BROWNE, AND BONAPARTE At the beginning of the eighteenth century there was a decline in Muhammadan fanaticism which in the preceding centuries had so zealously guarded the portals of African discovery.
centuriesnounUS /ˈsentʃəriz/
plural of “century” — a period of 100 years
From this reading BRUCE AND THE NILE: SONNINI, BROWNE, AND BONAPARTE At the beginning of the eighteenth century there was a decline in Muhammadan fanaticism which in the preceding centuries had so zealously guarded the portals of African discovery.
a period of 100 years
From this reading BRUCE AND THE NILE: SONNINI, BROWNE, AND BONAPARTE At the beginning of the eighteenth century there was a decline in Muhammadan fanaticism which in the preceding centuries had so zealously guarded the portals of African discovery.
a beverage consisting of an infusion of ground coffee beans
From this reading Another stimulus to friendly relations was the coffee trade.
commercialadjectiveUS /kəˈmɜːrʃəl/
connected with or engaged in or sponsored by or used in commerce or commercial enterprises
From this reading This was partly due to the increase of friendliness and commercial relations between England and France on the one hand and the Turkish Empire on the other.
ConsulsnounUS /ˈkɑːnsəlz/
plural of “consul” — a diplomat appointed by a government to protect its commercial interests and help its citizens in a foreign country
From this reading Consuls were established to safeguard the interests of British merchants in the tributary Turkish states of Barbary and in Egypt.
declineverbUS /dɪˈklaɪn/
grow worse
From this reading BRUCE AND THE NILE: SONNINI, BROWNE, AND BONAPARTE At the beginning of the eighteenth century there was a decline in Muhammadan fanaticism which in the preceding centuries had so zealously guarded the portals of African discovery.
the act of discovering something
From this reading BRUCE AND THE NILE: SONNINI, BROWNE, AND BONAPARTE At the beginning of the eighteenth century there was a decline in Muhammadan fanaticism which in the preceding centuries had so zealously guarded the portals of African discovery.
owed and payable immediately or on demand
From this reading This was partly due to the increase of friendliness and commercial relations between England and France on the one hand and the Turkish Empire on the other.
EgyptnounUS /ˈiːdʒəpt/
a republic in northeastern Africa known as the United Arab Republic until 1971; site of an ancient civilization that flourished from 2600 to 30 BC
From this reading Consuls were established to safeguard the interests of British merchants in the tributary Turkish states of Barbary and in Egypt.
eighteenthadjectiveUS /eɪˈtiːnθ/
coming next after the seventeenth in position
From this reading BRUCE AND THE NILE: SONNINI, BROWNE, AND BONAPARTE At the beginning of the eighteenth century there was a decline in Muhammadan fanaticism which in the preceding centuries had so zealously guarded the portals of African discovery.
EmpirenounUS /ˈempaɪər/
the domain ruled by an emperor or empress; the region over which imperial dominion is exercised
From this reading This was partly due to the increase of friendliness and commercial relations between England and France on the one hand and the Turkish Empire on the other.
a division of the United Kingdom
From this reading This was partly due to the increase of friendliness and commercial relations between England and France on the one hand and the Turkish Empire on the other.
brought about or set up or accepted; especially long established
From this reading Consuls were established to safeguard the interests of British merchants in the tributary Turkish states of Barbary and in Egypt.
the 2nd smallest continent (actually a vast peninsula of Eurasia); the British use “Europe” to refer to all of the continent except the British Isles
From this reading Coffee had been introduced from Turkey into Europe in the seventeenth century.
fanaticismnounUS /fəˈnætəsɪzəm/
excessive intolerance of opposing views
From this reading BRUCE AND THE NILE: SONNINI, BROWNE, AND BONAPARTE At the beginning of the eighteenth century there was a decline in Muhammadan fanaticism which in the preceding centuries had so zealously guarded the portals of African discovery.
a republic in western Europe; the largest country wholly in Europe
From this reading This was partly due to the increase of friendliness and commercial relations between England and France on the one hand and the Turkish Empire on the other.
friendlinessnounUS /ˈfrendlinɪs/
a feeling of liking for another person; enjoyment in their company
From this reading This was partly due to the increase of friendliness and commercial relations between England and France on the one hand and the Turkish Empire on the other.
characteristic of or befitting a friend
From this reading Another stimulus to friendly relations was the coffee trade.
showing where something starts, or who sent it
From this reading Coffee had been introduced from Turkey into Europe in the seventeenth century.
guardedadjectiveUS /ˈɡɑːrdəd/
prudent
From this reading BRUCE AND THE NILE: SONNINI, BROWNE, AND BONAPARTE At the beginning of the eighteenth century there was a decline in Muhammadan fanaticism which in the preceding centuries had so zealously guarded the portals of African discovery.
hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/
the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect
From this reading BRUCE AND THE NILE: SONNINI, BROWNE, AND BONAPARTE At the beginning of the eighteenth century there was a decline in Muhammadan fanaticism which in the preceding centuries had so zealously guarded the portals of African discovery.
the (prehensile) extremity of the superior limb
From this reading This was partly due to the increase of friendliness and commercial relations between England and France on the one hand and the Turkish Empire on the other.
inside something, or within a place, period, or state
From this reading BRUCE AND THE NILE: SONNINI, BROWNE, AND BONAPARTE At the beginning of the eighteenth century there was a decline in Muhammadan fanaticism which in the preceding centuries had so zealously guarded the portals of African discovery.
increasenounUS /ˌɪnˈkriːs/
a quantity that is added
From this reading This was partly due to the increase of friendliness and commercial relations between England and France on the one hand and the Turkish Empire on the other.
plural of “interest” — a sense of concern with and curiosity about someone or something
From this reading Consuls were established to safeguard the interests of British merchants in the tributary Turkish states of Barbary and in Egypt.
intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/
moving to the inside of something
From this reading Coffee had been introduced from Turkey into Europe in the seventeenth century.
past form of “introduce” — cause to come to know personally
From this reading Coffee had been introduced from Turkey into Europe in the seventeenth century.
merchantsnounUS /ˈmɜːrtʃənts/
plural of “merchant” — a businessperson engaged in retail trade
From this reading Consuls were established to safeguard the interests of British merchants in the tributary Turkish states of Barbary and in Egypt.
Muhammadannoun
a follower of Mohammed
From this reading BRUCE AND THE NILE: SONNINI, BROWNE, AND BONAPARTE At the beginning of the eighteenth century there was a decline in Muhammadan fanaticism which in the preceding centuries had so zealously guarded the portals of African discovery.
NILEnounUS /naɪl/
the world's longest river (4150 miles); flows northward through eastern Africa into the Mediterranean; the Nile River valley in Egypt was the site of the world's first great civilization
From this reading BRUCE AND THE NILE: SONNINI, BROWNE, AND BONAPARTE At the beginning of the eighteenth century there was a decline in Muhammadan fanaticism which in the preceding centuries had so zealously guarded the portals of African discovery.
belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something
From this reading BRUCE AND THE NILE: SONNINI, BROWNE, AND BONAPARTE At the beginning of the eighteenth century there was a decline in Muhammadan fanaticism which in the preceding centuries had so zealously guarded the portals of African discovery.
touching and supported by a surface
From this reading This was partly due to the increase of friendliness and commercial relations between England and France on the one hand and the Turkish Empire on the other.
used to mean any person in general, including the speaker
From this reading This was partly due to the increase of friendliness and commercial relations between England and France on the one hand and the Turkish Empire on the other.
not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied
From this reading This was partly due to the increase of friendliness and commercial relations between England and France on the one hand and the Turkish Empire on the other.
to some extent; in some degree; not wholly
From this reading This was partly due to the increase of friendliness and commercial relations between England and France on the one hand and the Turkish Empire on the other.
portalsnounUS /ˈpɔːrtəlz/
plural of “portal” — a grand and imposing entrance (often extended metaphorically)
From this reading BRUCE AND THE NILE: SONNINI, BROWNE, AND BONAPARTE At the beginning of the eighteenth century there was a decline in Muhammadan fanaticism which in the preceding centuries had so zealously guarded the portals of African discovery.
precedingadjectiveUS /priˈsiːdɪŋ/
existing or coming before
From this reading BRUCE AND THE NILE: SONNINI, BROWNE, AND BONAPARTE At the beginning of the eighteenth century there was a decline in Muhammadan fanaticism which in the preceding centuries had so zealously guarded the portals of African discovery.
mutual dealings or connections or communications among persons or groups
From this reading This was partly due to the increase of friendliness and commercial relations between England and France on the one hand and the Turkish Empire on the other.
safeguardnounUS /ˈseɪfɡɑːrd/
a precautionary measure warding off impending danger or damage or injury etc.
From this reading Consuls were established to safeguard the interests of British merchants in the tributary Turkish states of Barbary and in Egypt.
seventeenthadjectiveUS /ˈsevənˈtiːnθ/
coming next after the sixteenth in position
From this reading Coffee had been introduced from Turkey into Europe in the seventeenth century.
for that reason; with the result that
From this reading BRUCE AND THE NILE: SONNINI, BROWNE, AND BONAPARTE At the beginning of the eighteenth century there was a decline in Muhammadan fanaticism which in the preceding centuries had so zealously guarded the portals of African discovery.
SONNINI
Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.
From this reading BRUCE AND THE NILE: SONNINI, BROWNE, AND BONAPARTE At the beginning of the eighteenth century there was a decline in Muhammadan fanaticism which in the preceding centuries had so zealously guarded the portals of African discovery.
plural of “state” — the territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation
From this reading Consuls were established to safeguard the interests of British merchants in the tributary Turkish states of Barbary and in Egypt.
stimulusnounUS /ˈstɪmjələs/
any stimulating information or event; acts to arouse action
From this reading Another stimulus to friendly relations was the coffee trade.
used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind
From this reading BRUCE AND THE NILE: SONNINI, BROWNE, AND BONAPARTE At the beginning of the eighteenth century there was a decline in Muhammadan fanaticism which in the preceding centuries had so zealously guarded the portals of African discovery.
in or at that place or location
From this reading BRUCE AND THE NILE: SONNINI, BROWNE, AND BONAPARTE At the beginning of the eighteenth century there was a decline in Muhammadan fanaticism which in the preceding centuries had so zealously guarded the portals of African discovery.
used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned
From this reading This was partly due to the increase of friendliness and commercial relations between England and France on the one hand and the Turkish Empire on the other.
used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive
From this reading This was partly due to the increase of friendliness and commercial relations between England and France on the one hand and the Turkish Empire on the other.
the commercial exchange (buying and selling on domestic or international markets) of goods and services
From this reading Another stimulus to friendly relations was the coffee trade.
tributaryadjectiveUS /ˈtrɪbjəteri/
(of a stream) flowing into a larger stream
From this reading Consuls were established to safeguard the interests of British merchants in the tributary Turkish states of Barbary and in Egypt.
TurkeynounUS /ˈtɜːrki/
large gallinaceous bird with fan-shaped tail; widely domesticated for food
From this reading Coffee had been introduced from Turkey into Europe in the seventeenth century.
TurkishadjectiveUS /ˈtɜːrkɪʃ/
of or relating to or characteristic of Turkey or its people or language
From this reading This was partly due to the increase of friendliness and commercial relations between England and France on the one hand and the Turkish Empire on the other.
wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/
the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun
From this reading BRUCE AND THE NILE: SONNINI, BROWNE, AND BONAPARTE At the beginning of the eighteenth century there was a decline in Muhammadan fanaticism which in the preceding centuries had so zealously guarded the portals of African discovery.
wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/
the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun
From this reading Consuls were established to safeguard the interests of British merchants in the tributary Turkish states of Barbary and in Egypt.
used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned
From this reading BRUCE AND THE NILE: SONNINI, BROWNE, AND BONAPARTE At the beginning of the eighteenth century there was a decline in Muhammadan fanaticism which in the preceding centuries had so zealously guarded the portals of African discovery.
zealouslyadverbUS /ˈziːləsli/
in a zealous manner
From this reading BRUCE AND THE NILE: SONNINI, BROWNE, AND BONAPARTE At the beginning of the eighteenth century there was a decline in Muhammadan fanaticism which in the preceding centuries had so zealously guarded the portals of African discovery.
