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The Old Countess
The Old Countess

Chapter XXXI

Chapter 31 of The Old Countess is here in full — 113 sentences across 23 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for The Old Countess
Context Illustration Reading 1/22 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
DOWN AMONG THE FERNS AGAIN.
Lady Carset had extended numerous invitations to her old friends, and it was understood that Lady Hope would represent the head of the house and do the honors.
This compliment was partly in atonement for the wrong that had been done Rachael Closs, and partly from the infirmities of extreme old age, which rendered it even dangerous for the old countess to entertain her guests in person.
For the first time in her life, Lady Hope was in her true element.
The weight of an intolerable restraint had been lifted from her.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Old Countess

Chapter XXXI

Chapter 31 of The Old Countess is here in full — 113 sentences across 23 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/22 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
DOWN AMONG THE FERNS AGAIN.
/daʊn əˈmʌŋ ðə fɜːrnz əˈɡen/
Line 2
Lady Carset had extended numerous invitations to her old friends, and it was understood that Lady Hope would represent the head of the house and do the honors.
Line 3
This compliment was partly in atonement for the wrong that had been done Rachael Closs, and partly from the infirmities of extreme old age, which rendered it even dangerous for the old countess to entertain her guests in person.
Line 4
For the first time in her life, Lady Hope was in her true element.
/fɔːr ðə fɜːrst taɪm ɪn hɜːr laɪf ˈleɪdi hoʊp wɑːz ɪn hɜːr truː ˈeləmənt/
Line 5
The weight of an intolerable restraint had been lifted from her.
/ðə weɪt ʌv æn ˌɪnˈtɑːlərəbəl rɪˈstreɪnt hæd bɪn ˈlɪftəd frʌm hɜːr/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

atonement noun US /əˈtoʊnmənt/

compensation for a wrong

From this reading “This compliment was partly in atonement for the wrong that had been done Rachael Closs, and partly from the infirmities of extreme old age, which rendered it even dangerous for the old countess to entertain her guests in person.”

entertain verb US /ˌentərˈteɪn/

provide entertainment for

From this reading “This compliment was partly in atonement for the wrong that had been done Rachael Closs, and partly from the infirmities of extreme old age, which rendered it even dangerous for the old countess to entertain her guests in person.”

ferns noun US /fɜːrnz/

plural of “fern” — any of numerous flowerless and seedless vascular plants having true roots from a rhizome and fronds that uncurl upward; reproduce by spores

From this reading “DOWN AMONG THE FERNS AGAIN.”

honors noun US /ˈɑːnərz/

plural of “honor” — a tangible symbol signifying approval or distinction

From this reading “Lady Carset had extended numerous invitations to her old friends, and it was understood that Lady Hope would represent the head of the house and do the honors.”

infirmities noun US /ɪnˈfɜːrmɪtiz/

plural of “infirmity” — the state of being weak in health or body (especially from old age)

From this reading “This compliment was partly in atonement for the wrong that had been done Rachael Closs, and partly from the infirmities of extreme old age, which rendered it even dangerous for the old countess to entertain her guests in person.”

intolerable adjective US /ˌɪnˈtɑːlərəbəl/

incapable of being tolerated or endured

From this reading “The weight of an intolerable restraint had been lifted from her.”

invitations noun US /ˌɪnvɪˈteɪʃənz/

plural of “invitation” — a request (spoken or written) to participate or be present or take part in something

From this reading “Lady Carset had extended numerous invitations to her old friends, and it was understood that Lady Hope would represent the head of the house and do the honors.”

restraint noun US /rɪˈstreɪnt/

the act of controlling by restraining someone or something

From this reading “The weight of an intolerable restraint had been lifted from her.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

AMONG THE FERNS preposition + article + noun counted as “among … fern”

In this reading “DOWN AMONG THE FERNS AGAIN.”

old age adjective + noun

a late time of life

In this reading “This compliment was partly in atonement for the wrong that had been done Rachael Closs, and partly from the infirmities of extreme old age, which rendered it even dangerous for the old countess to entertain her guests in person.”

first time adjective + noun

In this reading “For the first time in her life, Lady Hope was in her true element.”

old friends adjective + noun counted as “old friend”

In this reading “Lady Carset had extended numerous invitations to her old friends, and it was understood that Lady Hope would represent the head of the house and do the honors.”

All words in this reading · 61

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

AGAINadverbUS /əˈɡen/

anew

From this reading DOWN AMONG THE FERNS AGAIN.

agenounUS /eɪdʒ/

how long something has existed

From this reading This compliment was partly in atonement for the wrong that had been done Rachael Closs, and partly from the infirmities of extreme old age, which rendered it even dangerous for the old countess to entertain her guests in person.

AMONGprepositionUS /əˈmʌŋ/

surrounded by; in the middle of a group

From this reading DOWN AMONG THE FERNS AGAIN.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading The weight of an intolerable restraint had been lifted from her.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Lady Carset had extended numerous invitations to her old friends, and it was understood that Lady Hope would represent the head of the house and do the honors.

atonementnounUS /əˈtoʊnmənt/

compensation for a wrong

From this reading This compliment was partly in atonement for the wrong that had been done Rachael Closs, and partly from the infirmities of extreme old age, which rendered it even dangerous for the old countess to entertain her guests in person.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading This compliment was partly in atonement for the wrong that had been done Rachael Closs, and partly from the infirmities of extreme old age, which rendered it even dangerous for the old countess to entertain her guests in person.

Carset

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Lady Carset had extended numerous invitations to her old friends, and it was understood that Lady Hope would represent the head of the house and do the honors.

Closs

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading This compliment was partly in atonement for the wrong that had been done Rachael Closs, and partly from the infirmities of extreme old age, which rendered it even dangerous for the old countess to entertain her guests in person.

complimentverbUS /ˈkɑːmpləment/

say something to someone that expresses praise

From this reading This compliment was partly in atonement for the wrong that had been done Rachael Closs, and partly from the infirmities of extreme old age, which rendered it even dangerous for the old countess to entertain her guests in person.

countessnounUS /ˈkaʊntəs/

female equivalent of a count or earl

From this reading This compliment was partly in atonement for the wrong that had been done Rachael Closs, and partly from the infirmities of extreme old age, which rendered it even dangerous for the old countess to entertain her guests in person.

dangerousadjectiveUS /ˈdeɪndʒərəs/

involving or causing danger or risk; liable to hurt or harm

From this reading This compliment was partly in atonement for the wrong that had been done Rachael Closs, and partly from the infirmities of extreme old age, which rendered it even dangerous for the old countess to entertain her guests in person.

doauxiliary verbUS /duː/

used to form questions and negatives, and to give emphasis

From this reading Lady Carset had extended numerous invitations to her old friends, and it was understood that Lady Hope would represent the head of the house and do the honors.

doneadjectiveUS /dʌn/

having finished or arrived at completion

From this reading This compliment was partly in atonement for the wrong that had been done Rachael Closs, and partly from the infirmities of extreme old age, which rendered it even dangerous for the old countess to entertain her guests in person.

DOWNadjectiveUS /daʊn/

being or moving lower in position or less in some value

From this reading DOWN AMONG THE FERNS AGAIN.

elementnounUS /ˈeləmənt/

an abstract part of something

From this reading For the first time in her life, Lady Hope was in her true element.

entertainverbUS /ˌentərˈteɪn/

provide entertainment for

From this reading This compliment was partly in atonement for the wrong that had been done Rachael Closs, and partly from the infirmities of extreme old age, which rendered it even dangerous for the old countess to entertain her guests in person.

evenadjectiveUS /ˈiːvɪn/

divisible by two

From this reading This compliment was partly in atonement for the wrong that had been done Rachael Closs, and partly from the infirmities of extreme old age, which rendered it even dangerous for the old countess to entertain her guests in person.

extendedadjectiveUS /ɪkˈstendəd/

relatively long in duration; tediously protracted

From this reading Lady Carset had extended numerous invitations to her old friends, and it was understood that Lady Hope would represent the head of the house and do the honors.

extremeadjectiveUS /ekˈstriːm/

of the greatest possible degree or extent or intensity

From this reading This compliment was partly in atonement for the wrong that had been done Rachael Closs, and partly from the infirmities of extreme old age, which rendered it even dangerous for the old countess to entertain her guests in person.

FERNSnounUS /fɜːrnz/

plural of “fern” — any of numerous flowerless and seedless vascular plants having true roots from a rhizome and fronds that uncurl upward; reproduce by spores

From this reading DOWN AMONG THE FERNS AGAIN.

firstadjectiveUS /fɜːrst/

preceding all others in time or space or degree

From this reading For the first time in her life, Lady Hope was in her true element.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading This compliment was partly in atonement for the wrong that had been done Rachael Closs, and partly from the infirmities of extreme old age, which rendered it even dangerous for the old countess to entertain her guests in person.

friendsnounUS /frendz/

plural of “friend” — a person you know well and regard with affection and trust

From this reading Lady Carset had extended numerous invitations to her old friends, and it was understood that Lady Hope would represent the head of the house and do the honors.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading This compliment was partly in atonement for the wrong that had been done Rachael Closs, and partly from the infirmities of extreme old age, which rendered it even dangerous for the old countess to entertain her guests in person.

guestsnounUS /ɡests/

plural of “guest” — a visitor to whom hospitality is extended

From this reading This compliment was partly in atonement for the wrong that had been done Rachael Closs, and partly from the infirmities of extreme old age, which rendered it even dangerous for the old countess to entertain her guests in person.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading Lady Carset had extended numerous invitations to her old friends, and it was understood that Lady Hope would represent the head of the house and do the honors.

headnounUS /hed/

the upper part of the human body or the front part of the body in animals; contains the face and brains

From this reading Lady Carset had extended numerous invitations to her old friends, and it was understood that Lady Hope would represent the head of the house and do the honors.

herdeterminerUS /hɜːr/

belonging to a woman, girl, or female animal already mentioned

From this reading Lady Carset had extended numerous invitations to her old friends, and it was understood that Lady Hope would represent the head of the house and do the honors.

honorsnounUS /ˈɑːnərz/

plural of “honor” — a tangible symbol signifying approval or distinction

From this reading Lady Carset had extended numerous invitations to her old friends, and it was understood that Lady Hope would represent the head of the house and do the honors.

HopenounUS /hoʊp/

a specific instance of feeling hopeful

From this reading Lady Carset had extended numerous invitations to her old friends, and it was understood that Lady Hope would represent the head of the house and do the honors.

housenounUS /haʊs/

a dwelling that serves as living quarters for one or more families

From this reading Lady Carset had extended numerous invitations to her old friends, and it was understood that Lady Hope would represent the head of the house and do the honors.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading This compliment was partly in atonement for the wrong that had been done Rachael Closs, and partly from the infirmities of extreme old age, which rendered it even dangerous for the old countess to entertain her guests in person.

infirmitiesnounUS /ɪnˈfɜːrmɪtiz/

plural of “infirmity” — the state of being weak in health or body (especially from old age)

From this reading This compliment was partly in atonement for the wrong that had been done Rachael Closs, and partly from the infirmities of extreme old age, which rendered it even dangerous for the old countess to entertain her guests in person.

intolerableadjectiveUS /ˌɪnˈtɑːlərəbəl/

incapable of being tolerated or endured

From this reading The weight of an intolerable restraint had been lifted from her.

invitationsnounUS /ˌɪnvɪˈteɪʃənz/

plural of “invitation” — a request (spoken or written) to participate or be present or take part in something

From this reading Lady Carset had extended numerous invitations to her old friends, and it was understood that Lady Hope would represent the head of the house and do the honors.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading Lady Carset had extended numerous invitations to her old friends, and it was understood that Lady Hope would represent the head of the house and do the honors.

LadynounUS /ˈleɪdi/

a polite name for any woman

From this reading Lady Carset had extended numerous invitations to her old friends, and it was understood that Lady Hope would represent the head of the house and do the honors.

lifenounUS /laɪf/

a characteristic state or mode of living

From this reading For the first time in her life, Lady Hope was in her true element.

liftedadjectiveUS /ˈlɪftəd/

held up in the air

From this reading The weight of an intolerable restraint had been lifted from her.

numerousadjectiveUS /ˈnuːmərəs/

amounting to a large indefinite number

From this reading Lady Carset had extended numerous invitations to her old friends, and it was understood that Lady Hope would represent the head of the house and do the honors.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Lady Carset had extended numerous invitations to her old friends, and it was understood that Lady Hope would represent the head of the house and do the honors.

oldadjectiveUS /oʊld/

(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading Lady Carset had extended numerous invitations to her old friends, and it was understood that Lady Hope would represent the head of the house and do the honors.

partlyadverbUS /ˈpɑːrtli/

to some extent; in some degree; not wholly

From this reading This compliment was partly in atonement for the wrong that had been done Rachael Closs, and partly from the infirmities of extreme old age, which rendered it even dangerous for the old countess to entertain her guests in person.

personnounUS /ˈpɜːrsən/

a human being

From this reading This compliment was partly in atonement for the wrong that had been done Rachael Closs, and partly from the infirmities of extreme old age, which rendered it even dangerous for the old countess to entertain her guests in person.

Rachael

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading This compliment was partly in atonement for the wrong that had been done Rachael Closs, and partly from the infirmities of extreme old age, which rendered it even dangerous for the old countess to entertain her guests in person.

renderedverbUS /ˈrendərd/

past form of “render” — cause to become

From this reading This compliment was partly in atonement for the wrong that had been done Rachael Closs, and partly from the infirmities of extreme old age, which rendered it even dangerous for the old countess to entertain her guests in person.

representverbUS /ˌreprɪˈzent/

take the place of or be parallel or equivalent to

From this reading Lady Carset had extended numerous invitations to her old friends, and it was understood that Lady Hope would represent the head of the house and do the honors.

restraintnounUS /rɪˈstreɪnt/

the act of controlling by restraining someone or something

From this reading The weight of an intolerable restraint had been lifted from her.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading Lady Carset had extended numerous invitations to her old friends, and it was understood that Lady Hope would represent the head of the house and do the honors.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading DOWN AMONG THE FERNS AGAIN.

ThisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading This compliment was partly in atonement for the wrong that had been done Rachael Closs, and partly from the infirmities of extreme old age, which rendered it even dangerous for the old countess to entertain her guests in person.

timenounUS /taɪm/

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading For the first time in her life, Lady Hope was in her true element.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Lady Carset had extended numerous invitations to her old friends, and it was understood that Lady Hope would represent the head of the house and do the honors.

trueadjectiveUS /truː/

consistent with fact or reality; not false

From this reading For the first time in her life, Lady Hope was in her true element.

understoodadjectiveUS /ˌʌndərˈstʊd/

fully apprehended as to purport or meaning or explanation

From this reading Lady Carset had extended numerous invitations to her old friends, and it was understood that Lady Hope would represent the head of the house and do the honors.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Lady Carset had extended numerous invitations to her old friends, and it was understood that Lady Hope would represent the head of the house and do the honors.

weightnounUS /weɪt/

the vertical force exerted by a mass as a result of gravity

From this reading The weight of an intolerable restraint had been lifted from her.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading This compliment was partly in atonement for the wrong that had been done Rachael Closs, and partly from the infirmities of extreme old age, which rendered it even dangerous for the old countess to entertain her guests in person.

wouldmodal verbUS /wʊd/

used for something imagined, polite, or habitual in the past

From this reading Lady Carset had extended numerous invitations to her old friends, and it was understood that Lady Hope would represent the head of the house and do the honors.

wrongadjectiveUS /rɔːŋ/

not correct; not in conformity with fact or truth

From this reading This compliment was partly in atonement for the wrong that had been done Rachael Closs, and partly from the infirmities of extreme old age, which rendered it even dangerous for the old countess to entertain her guests in person.

Chapter 31 of The Old Countess by Ann S. (Ann Sophia) Stephens holds 113 sentences, grouped into 23 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 31 of The Old Countess contain?

Chapter 31 holds 113 sentences of The Old Countess, unabridged, divided into 23 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 31 of The Old Countess by Ann S. (Ann Sophia) Stephens exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 113 sentences, grouped into 23 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 31 of The Old Countess?

Work through the 23 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 23 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 31 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 31 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The Old Countess

Common questions about reading The Old Countess by Ann S. (Ann Sophia) Stephens on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The Old Countess?

Yes. All 5179 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #29862 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The Old Countess is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #29862, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The Old Countess take to read?

About 431 minutes of reading across 1036 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read The Old Countess section by section

How to work through The Old Countess section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 37 chapters of The Old Countess to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in The Old Countess

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Old Countess, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Countess
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Old Countess; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Proposals
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Old Countess; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Stephens
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Old Countess; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Author
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Old Countess; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.