Chapter X

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading FREIGHTING THE EAST INDIAMEN The joint stock arrangement, as distinct from the separate voyages, which had been instituted in 1613 worked very well: and after the Restoration the practice of buying and selling shares became common, the system approximating to that of modern times.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In the year 1649 the Commissioners of the Navy constrained the East India Company to lend them £4000.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It was in the year 1654 that Cromwell, by means of his treaty with the Portuguese, obtained the right of English ships to trade with any Portuguese possessions in the East Indies.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In the year 1649 the Commissioners of the Navy constrained the East India Company to lend them £4000.

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Now this meant a very handsome additional benefit to the East India Company’s ships.

further or added

From this reading Now this meant a very handsome additional benefit to the East India Company’s ships.

later than; following

From this reading FREIGHTING THE EAST INDIAMEN The joint stock arrangement, as distinct from the separate voyages, which had been instituted in 1613 worked very well: and after the Restoration the practice of buying and selling shares became common, the system approximating to that of modern times.

anew

From this reading The Company’s ships were continuing to bring back much wealth to the shareholders, but again covetous desires had to be appeased.

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading FREIGHTING THE EAST INDIAMEN The joint stock arrangement, as distinct from the separate voyages, which had been instituted in 1613 worked very well: and after the Restoration the practice of buying and selling shares became common, the system approximating to that of modern times.

one or some or every or all without specification

From this reading It was in the year 1654 that Cromwell, by means of his treaty with the Portuguese, obtained the right of English ships to trade with any Portuguese possessions in the East Indies.

past form of “appease” — cause to be more favorably inclined; gain the good will of

From this reading The Company’s ships were continuing to bring back much wealth to the shareholders, but again covetous desires had to be appeased.

-ing form of “approximate” — be close or similar

From this reading FREIGHTING THE EAST INDIAMEN The joint stock arrangement, as distinct from the separate voyages, which had been instituted in 1613 worked very well: and after the Restoration the practice of buying and selling shares became common, the system approximating to that of modern times.

the thing arranged or agreed to

From this reading FREIGHTING THE EAST INDIAMEN The joint stock arrangement, as distinct from the separate voyages, which had been instituted in 1613 worked very well: and after the Restoration the practice of buying and selling shares became common, the system approximating to that of modern times.

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading FREIGHTING THE EAST INDIAMEN The joint stock arrangement, as distinct from the separate voyages, which had been instituted in 1613 worked very well: and after the Restoration the practice of buying and selling shares became common, the system approximating to that of modern times.

in or to or toward a former location

From this reading The Company’s ships were continuing to bring back much wealth to the shareholders, but again covetous desires had to be appeased.

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading The Company’s ships were continuing to bring back much wealth to the shareholders, but again covetous desires had to be appeased.

inflected form of “become” — enter or assume a certain state or condition

From this reading FREIGHTING THE EAST INDIAMEN The joint stock arrangement, as distinct from the separate voyages, which had been instituted in 1613 worked very well: and after the Restoration the practice of buying and selling shares became common, the system approximating to that of modern times.

the past participle of “be”

From this reading FREIGHTING THE EAST INDIAMEN The joint stock arrangement, as distinct from the separate voyages, which had been instituted in 1613 worked very well: and after the Restoration the practice of buying and selling shares became common, the system approximating to that of modern times.

financial assistance in time of need

From this reading Now this meant a very handsome additional benefit to the East India Company’s ships.

take something or somebody with oneself somewhere

From this reading The Company’s ships were continuing to bring back much wealth to the shareholders, but again covetous desires had to be appeased.

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading The Company’s ships were continuing to bring back much wealth to the shareholders, but again covetous desires had to be appeased.

the act of buying

From this reading FREIGHTING THE EAST INDIAMEN The joint stock arrangement, as distinct from the separate voyages, which had been instituted in 1613 worked very well: and after the Restoration the practice of buying and selling shares became common, the system approximating to that of modern times.

showing who or what does the action

From this reading It was in the year 1654 that Cromwell, by means of his treaty with the Portuguese, obtained the right of English ships to trade with any Portuguese possessions in the East Indies.

plural of “commissioner” — a government administrator

From this reading In the year 1649 the Commissioners of the Navy constrained the East India Company to lend them £4000.

belonging to or participated in by a community as a whole; public

From this reading FREIGHTING THE EAST INDIAMEN The joint stock arrangement, as distinct from the separate voyages, which had been instituted in 1613 worked very well: and after the Restoration the practice of buying and selling shares became common, the system approximating to that of modern times.

an institution created to conduct business

From this reading In the year 1649 the Commissioners of the Navy constrained the East India Company to lend them £4000.

possessive form of “company” — an institution created to conduct business

From this reading The Company’s ships were continuing to bring back much wealth to the shareholders, but again covetous desires had to be appeased.

lacking spontaneity; not natural

From this reading In the year 1649 the Commissioners of the Navy constrained the East India Company to lend them £4000.

remaining in force or being carried on without letup

From this reading The Company’s ships were continuing to bring back much wealth to the shareholders, but again covetous desires had to be appeased.

showing extreme cupidity; painfully desirous of another's advantages

From this reading The Company’s ships were continuing to bring back much wealth to the shareholders, but again covetous desires had to be appeased.

English general and statesman who led the parliamentary army in the English Civil War (1599-1658)

From this reading It was in the year 1654 that Cromwell, by means of his treaty with the Portuguese, obtained the right of English ships to trade with any Portuguese possessions in the East Indies.

plural of “desire” — the feeling that accompanies an unsatisfied state

From this reading The Company’s ships were continuing to bring back much wealth to the shareholders, but again covetous desires had to be appeased.

(often followed by “from”) not alike; different in nature or quality

From this reading FREIGHTING THE EAST INDIAMEN The joint stock arrangement, as distinct from the separate voyages, which had been instituted in 1613 worked very well: and after the Restoration the practice of buying and selling shares became common, the system approximating to that of modern times.

the cardinal compass point that is at 90 degrees

From this reading FREIGHTING THE EAST INDIAMEN The joint stock arrangement, as distinct from the separate voyages, which had been instituted in 1613 worked very well: and after the Restoration the practice of buying and selling shares became common, the system approximating to that of modern times.

an Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch; the official language of Britain and the United States and most of the commonwealth countries

From this reading It was in the year 1654 that Cromwell, by means of his treaty with the Portuguese, obtained the right of English ships to trade with any Portuguese possessions in the East Indies.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading FREIGHTING THE EAST INDIAMEN The joint stock arrangement, as distinct from the separate voyages, which had been instituted in 1613 worked very well: and after the Restoration the practice of buying and selling shares became common, the system approximating to that of modern times.

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading FREIGHTING THE EAST INDIAMEN The joint stock arrangement, as distinct from the separate voyages, which had been instituted in 1613 worked very well: and after the Restoration the practice of buying and selling shares became common, the system approximating to that of modern times.

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading FREIGHTING THE EAST INDIAMEN The joint stock arrangement, as distinct from the separate voyages, which had been instituted in 1613 worked very well: and after the Restoration the practice of buying and selling shares became common, the system approximating to that of modern times.

pleasing in appearance especially by reason of conformity to ideals of form and proportion

From this reading Now this meant a very handsome additional benefit to the East India Company’s ships.

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading It was in the year 1654 that Cromwell, by means of his treaty with the Portuguese, obtained the right of English ships to trade with any Portuguese possessions in the East Indies.

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading FREIGHTING THE EAST INDIAMEN The joint stock arrangement, as distinct from the separate voyages, which had been instituted in 1613 worked very well: and after the Restoration the practice of buying and selling shares became common, the system approximating to that of modern times.

a republic in the Asian subcontinent in southern Asia; second most populous country in the world; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1947

From this reading In the year 1649 the Commissioners of the Navy constrained the East India Company to lend them £4000.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading FREIGHTING THE EAST INDIAMEN The joint stock arrangement, as distinct from the separate voyages, which had been instituted in 1613 worked very well: and after the Restoration the practice of buying and selling shares became common, the system approximating to that of modern times.

plural of “indie” — a pop group not affiliated with a major record company

From this reading It was in the year 1654 that Cromwell, by means of his treaty with the Portuguese, obtained the right of English ships to trade with any Portuguese possessions in the East Indies.

past form of “institute” — set up or lay the groundwork for

From this reading FREIGHTING THE EAST INDIAMEN The joint stock arrangement, as distinct from the separate voyages, which had been instituted in 1613 worked very well: and after the Restoration the practice of buying and selling shares became common, the system approximating to that of modern times.

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading It was in the year 1654 that Cromwell, by means of his treaty with the Portuguese, obtained the right of English ships to trade with any Portuguese possessions in the East Indies.

(anatomy) the point of connection between two bones or elements of a skeleton (especially if it allows motion)

From this reading FREIGHTING THE EAST INDIAMEN The joint stock arrangement, as distinct from the separate voyages, which had been instituted in 1613 worked very well: and after the Restoration the practice of buying and selling shares became common, the system approximating to that of modern times.

bestow a quality on

From this reading In the year 1649 the Commissioners of the Navy constrained the East India Company to lend them £4000.

thing or person that acts to produce a particular effect or achieve an end

From this reading It was in the year 1654 that Cromwell, by means of his treaty with the Portuguese, obtained the right of English ships to trade with any Portuguese possessions in the East Indies.

inflected form of “mean” — mean or intend to express or convey

From this reading Now this meant a very handsome additional benefit to the East India Company’s ships.

belonging to the modern era; since the Middle Ages

From this reading FREIGHTING THE EAST INDIAMEN The joint stock arrangement, as distinct from the separate voyages, which had been instituted in 1613 worked very well: and after the Restoration the practice of buying and selling shares became common, the system approximating to that of modern times.

to a great degree or extent

From this reading The Company’s ships were continuing to bring back much wealth to the shareholders, but again covetous desires had to be appeased.

an organization of military vessels belonging to a country and available for sea warfare

From this reading In the year 1649 the Commissioners of the Navy constrained the East India Company to lend them £4000.

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading Now this meant a very handsome additional benefit to the East India Company’s ships.

past form of “obtain” — come into possession of

From this reading It was in the year 1654 that Cromwell, by means of his treaty with the Portuguese, obtained the right of English ships to trade with any Portuguese possessions in the East Indies.

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading FREIGHTING THE EAST INDIAMEN The joint stock arrangement, as distinct from the separate voyages, which had been instituted in 1613 worked very well: and after the Restoration the practice of buying and selling shares became common, the system approximating to that of modern times.

the Romance language spoken in Portugal and Brazil

From this reading It was in the year 1654 that Cromwell, by means of his treaty with the Portuguese, obtained the right of English ships to trade with any Portuguese possessions in the East Indies.

plural of “possession” — the act of having and controlling property

From this reading It was in the year 1654 that Cromwell, by means of his treaty with the Portuguese, obtained the right of English ships to trade with any Portuguese possessions in the East Indies.

a customary way of operation or behavior

From this reading FREIGHTING THE EAST INDIAMEN The joint stock arrangement, as distinct from the separate voyages, which had been instituted in 1613 worked very well: and after the Restoration the practice of buying and selling shares became common, the system approximating to that of modern times.

the reign of Charles II in England; 1660-1685

From this reading FREIGHTING THE EAST INDIAMEN The joint stock arrangement, as distinct from the separate voyages, which had been instituted in 1613 worked very well: and after the Restoration the practice of buying and selling shares became common, the system approximating to that of modern times.

precisely, exactly

From this reading It was in the year 1654 that Cromwell, by means of his treaty with the Portuguese, obtained the right of English ships to trade with any Portuguese possessions in the East Indies.

the exchange of goods for an agreed sum of money

From this reading FREIGHTING THE EAST INDIAMEN The joint stock arrangement, as distinct from the separate voyages, which had been instituted in 1613 worked very well: and after the Restoration the practice of buying and selling shares became common, the system approximating to that of modern times.

act as a barrier between; stand between

From this reading FREIGHTING THE EAST INDIAMEN The joint stock arrangement, as distinct from the separate voyages, which had been instituted in 1613 worked very well: and after the Restoration the practice of buying and selling shares became common, the system approximating to that of modern times.

plural of “shareholder” — someone who holds shares of stock in a corporation

From this reading The Company’s ships were continuing to bring back much wealth to the shareholders, but again covetous desires had to be appeased.

plural of “share” — assets belonging to or due to or contributed by an individual person or group

From this reading FREIGHTING THE EAST INDIAMEN The joint stock arrangement, as distinct from the separate voyages, which had been instituted in 1613 worked very well: and after the Restoration the practice of buying and selling shares became common, the system approximating to that of modern times.

plural of “ship” — a vessel that carries passengers or freight

From this reading The Company’s ships were continuing to bring back much wealth to the shareholders, but again covetous desires had to be appeased.

the capital raised by a corporation through the issue of shares entitling holders to an ownership interest

From this reading FREIGHTING THE EAST INDIAMEN The joint stock arrangement, as distinct from the separate voyages, which had been instituted in 1613 worked very well: and after the Restoration the practice of buying and selling shares became common, the system approximating to that of modern times.

instrumentality that combines interrelated interacting artifacts designed to work as a coherent entity

From this reading FREIGHTING THE EAST INDIAMEN The joint stock arrangement, as distinct from the separate voyages, which had been instituted in 1613 worked very well: and after the Restoration the practice of buying and selling shares became common, the system approximating to that of modern times.

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading FREIGHTING THE EAST INDIAMEN The joint stock arrangement, as distinct from the separate voyages, which had been instituted in 1613 worked very well: and after the Restoration the practice of buying and selling shares became common, the system approximating to that of modern times.

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading FREIGHTING THE EAST INDIAMEN The joint stock arrangement, as distinct from the separate voyages, which had been instituted in 1613 worked very well: and after the Restoration the practice of buying and selling shares became common, the system approximating to that of modern times.

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading In the year 1649 the Commissioners of the Navy constrained the East India Company to lend them £4000.

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading Now this meant a very handsome additional benefit to the East India Company’s ships.

a more or less definite period of time now or previously present

From this reading FREIGHTING THE EAST INDIAMEN The joint stock arrangement, as distinct from the separate voyages, which had been instituted in 1613 worked very well: and after the Restoration the practice of buying and selling shares became common, the system approximating to that of modern times.

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading FREIGHTING THE EAST INDIAMEN The joint stock arrangement, as distinct from the separate voyages, which had been instituted in 1613 worked very well: and after the Restoration the practice of buying and selling shares became common, the system approximating to that of modern times.

the commercial exchange (buying and selling on domestic or international markets) of goods and services

From this reading It was in the year 1654 that Cromwell, by means of his treaty with the Portuguese, obtained the right of English ships to trade with any Portuguese possessions in the East Indies.

a written agreement between two states or sovereigns

From this reading It was in the year 1654 that Cromwell, by means of his treaty with the Portuguese, obtained the right of English ships to trade with any Portuguese possessions in the East Indies.

precisely as stated

From this reading FREIGHTING THE EAST INDIAMEN The joint stock arrangement, as distinct from the separate voyages, which had been instituted in 1613 worked very well: and after the Restoration the practice of buying and selling shares became common, the system approximating to that of modern times.

plural of “voyage” — an act of traveling by water

From this reading FREIGHTING THE EAST INDIAMEN The joint stock arrangement, as distinct from the separate voyages, which had been instituted in 1613 worked very well: and after the Restoration the practice of buying and selling shares became common, the system approximating to that of modern times.

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading It was in the year 1654 that Cromwell, by means of his treaty with the Portuguese, obtained the right of English ships to trade with any Portuguese possessions in the East Indies.

the state of being rich and affluent; having a plentiful supply of material goods and money

From this reading The Company’s ships were continuing to bring back much wealth to the shareholders, but again covetous desires had to be appeased.

(often used as a combining form) in a good or proper or satisfactory manner or to a high standard (“good” is a nonstandard dialectal variant for “well”)

From this reading FREIGHTING THE EAST INDIAMEN The joint stock arrangement, as distinct from the separate voyages, which had been instituted in 1613 worked very well: and after the Restoration the practice of buying and selling shares became common, the system approximating to that of modern times.

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading The Company’s ships were continuing to bring back much wealth to the shareholders, but again covetous desires had to be appeased.

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading FREIGHTING THE EAST INDIAMEN The joint stock arrangement, as distinct from the separate voyages, which had been instituted in 1613 worked very well: and after the Restoration the practice of buying and selling shares became common, the system approximating to that of modern times.

in the company of; together with

From this reading It was in the year 1654 that Cromwell, by means of his treaty with the Portuguese, obtained the right of English ships to trade with any Portuguese possessions in the East Indies.

past form of “work” — exert oneself by doing mental or physical work for a purpose or out of necessity

From this reading FREIGHTING THE EAST INDIAMEN The joint stock arrangement, as distinct from the separate voyages, which had been instituted in 1613 worked very well: and after the Restoration the practice of buying and selling shares became common, the system approximating to that of modern times.

a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days

From this reading In the year 1649 the Commissioners of the Navy constrained the East India Company to lend them £4000.