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The Oxford Book of American Essays
The Oxford Book of American Essays

Chapter VIII

Chapter 8 of The Oxford Book of American Essays is here in full — 397 sentences across 80 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/79 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
In one respect, however, this desultory activity is an advantage: it makes men look in a variety of directions for a standard.
As each sect in religion helps to protect us from some other sect, so every mental tendency is the limitation of some other.
We need the English culture, but we do not need it more evidently than we need the German, the French, the Greek, the Oriental.
In prose literature, for instance, the English contemporary models are not enough.
There is an admirable vigor and heartiness, a direct and manly tone; King Richard still lives; but Saladin also had his fine sword-play; let us see him.
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The Oxford Book of American Essays

Chapter VIII

Chapter 8 of The Oxford Book of American Essays is here in full — 397 sentences across 80 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/79 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
In one respect, however, this desultory activity is an advantage: it makes men look in a variety of directions for a standard.
/ɪn wʌn rɪˈspekt ˌhaʊˈevər ðɪs ˈdesəltɔːri ækˈtɪvəti ɪz æn ædˈvæntɪdʒ ɪt meɪks men lʊk ɪn ə vərˈaɪəti ʌv dərˈekʃənz fɔːr ə ˈstændərd/
Line 2
As each sect in religion helps to protect us from some other sect, so every mental tendency is the limitation of some other.
/æz iːtʃ sekt ɪn rɪˈlɪdʒən helps tuː prəˈtekt ʌs frʌm sʌm ˈʌðər sekt soʊ ˈevəri ˈmentəl ˈtendənsi ɪz ðə ˌlɪmɪˈteɪʃən ʌv sʌm ˈʌðər/
Line 3
We need the English culture, but we do not need it more evidently than we need the German, the French, the Greek, the Oriental.
/wiː niːd ðə ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ ˈkʌltʃər bʌt wiː duː nɑːt niːd ɪt mɔːr ˈevədəntli ðæn wiː niːd ðə ˈdʒɜːrmən ðə frentʃ ðə ɡriːk ðə ˌɔːriˈentəl/
Line 4
In prose literature, for instance, the English contemporary models are not enough.
/ɪn proʊz ˈlɪtərətʃər fɔːr ˈɪnstəns ðə ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ kənˈtempəreri ˈmɑːdəlz ɑːr nɑːt ɪˈnʌf/
Line 5
There is an admirable vigor and heartiness, a direct and manly tone; King Richard still lives; but Saladin also had his fine sword-play; let us see him.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

contemporary adjective US /kənˈtempəreri/

characteristic of the present

From this reading “In prose literature, for instance, the English contemporary models are not enough.”

desultory adjective US /ˈdesəltɔːri/

marked by lack of definite plan or regularity or purpose; jumping from one thing to another

From this reading “In one respect, however, this desultory activity is an advantage: it makes men look in a variety of directions for a standard.”

helps noun US /helps/

plural of “help” — the activity of contributing to the fulfillment of a need or furtherance of an effort or purpose

From this reading “As each sect in religion helps to protect us from some other sect, so every mental tendency is the limitation of some other.”

limitation noun US /ˌlɪmɪˈteɪʃən/

a principle that limits the extent of something

From this reading “As each sect in religion helps to protect us from some other sect, so every mental tendency is the limitation of some other.”

models noun US /ˈmɑːdəlz/

plural of “model” — a hypothetical description of a complex entity or process

From this reading “In prose literature, for instance, the English contemporary models are not enough.”

Saladin noun US /ˈsælədɪn/

sultan of Syria and Egypt; reconquered Jerusalem from the Christians in 1187 but was defeated by Richard Coeur de Lion in 1191 (1137-1193)

From this reading “There is an admirable vigor and heartiness, a direct and manly tone; King Richard still lives; but Saladin also had his fine sword-play; let us see him.”

sect noun US /sekt/

a subdivision of a larger religious group

From this reading “As each sect in religion helps to protect us from some other sect, so every mental tendency is the limitation of some other.”

vigor noun US /ˈvɪɡər/

forceful exertion

From this reading “There is an admirable vigor and heartiness, a direct and manly tone; King Richard still lives; but Saladin also had his fine sword-play; let us see him.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

for instance preposition + noun

as an example

In this reading “In prose literature, for instance, the English contemporary models are not enough.”

In prose preposition + noun

In this reading “In prose literature, for instance, the English contemporary models are not enough.”

All words in this reading · 79

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading In one respect, however, this desultory activity is an advantage: it makes men look in a variety of directions for a standard.

activitynounUS /ækˈtɪvəti/

any specific behavior

From this reading In one respect, however, this desultory activity is an advantage: it makes men look in a variety of directions for a standard.

admirableadjectiveUS /ˈædmərəbəl/

deserving of the highest esteem or admiration

From this reading There is an admirable vigor and heartiness, a direct and manly tone; King Richard still lives; but Saladin also had his fine sword-play; let us see him.

advantagenounUS /ædˈvæntɪdʒ/

the quality of having a superior or more favorable position

From this reading In one respect, however, this desultory activity is an advantage: it makes men look in a variety of directions for a standard.

alsoadverbUS /ˈɔːlsoʊ/

in addition

From this reading There is an admirable vigor and heartiness, a direct and manly tone; King Richard still lives; but Saladin also had his fine sword-play; let us see him.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading In one respect, however, this desultory activity is an advantage: it makes men look in a variety of directions for a standard.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading There is an admirable vigor and heartiness, a direct and manly tone; King Richard still lives; but Saladin also had his fine sword-play; let us see him.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading In prose literature, for instance, the English contemporary models are not enough.

AsconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading As each sect in religion helps to protect us from some other sect, so every mental tendency is the limitation of some other.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading We need the English culture, but we do not need it more evidently than we need the German, the French, the Greek, the Oriental.

contemporaryadjectiveUS /kənˈtempəreri/

characteristic of the present

From this reading In prose literature, for instance, the English contemporary models are not enough.

culturenounUS /ˈkʌltʃər/

a particular society at a particular time and place

From this reading We need the English culture, but we do not need it more evidently than we need the German, the French, the Greek, the Oriental.

desultoryadjectiveUS /ˈdesəltɔːri/

marked by lack of definite plan or regularity or purpose; jumping from one thing to another

From this reading In one respect, however, this desultory activity is an advantage: it makes men look in a variety of directions for a standard.

directverbUS /dərˈekt/

command with authority

From this reading There is an admirable vigor and heartiness, a direct and manly tone; King Richard still lives; but Saladin also had his fine sword-play; let us see him.

directionsnounUS /dərˈekʃənz/

plural of “direction” — a line leading to a place or point

From this reading In one respect, however, this desultory activity is an advantage: it makes men look in a variety of directions for a standard.

doauxiliary verbUS /duː/

used to form questions and negatives, and to give emphasis

From this reading We need the English culture, but we do not need it more evidently than we need the German, the French, the Greek, the Oriental.

eachdeterminerUS /iːtʃ/

every one of two or more people or things, taken separately

From this reading As each sect in religion helps to protect us from some other sect, so every mental tendency is the limitation of some other.

EnglishnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/

an Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch; the official language of Britain and the United States and most of the commonwealth countries

From this reading We need the English culture, but we do not need it more evidently than we need the German, the French, the Greek, the Oriental.

enoughnounUS /ɪˈnʌf/

an adequate quantity; a quantity that is large enough to achieve a purpose

From this reading In prose literature, for instance, the English contemporary models are not enough.

everydeterminerUS /ˈevəri/

all the members of a group, with none left out

From this reading As each sect in religion helps to protect us from some other sect, so every mental tendency is the limitation of some other.

evidentlyadverbUS /ˈevədəntli/

unmistakably (“plain” is often used informally for “plainly”)

From this reading We need the English culture, but we do not need it more evidently than we need the German, the French, the Greek, the Oriental.

fineadjectiveUS /faɪn/

being satisfactory or in satisfactory condition

From this reading There is an admirable vigor and heartiness, a direct and manly tone; King Richard still lives; but Saladin also had his fine sword-play; let us see him.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading In one respect, however, this desultory activity is an advantage: it makes men look in a variety of directions for a standard.

FrenchnounUS /frentʃ/

the Romance language spoken in France and in countries colonized by France

From this reading We need the English culture, but we do not need it more evidently than we need the German, the French, the Greek, the Oriental.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading As each sect in religion helps to protect us from some other sect, so every mental tendency is the limitation of some other.

GermannounUS /ˈdʒɜːrmən/

a person of German nationality

From this reading We need the English culture, but we do not need it more evidently than we need the German, the French, the Greek, the Oriental.

GreeknounUS /ɡriːk/

the Hellenic branch of the Indo-European family of languages

From this reading We need the English culture, but we do not need it more evidently than we need the German, the French, the Greek, the Oriental.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading There is an admirable vigor and heartiness, a direct and manly tone; King Richard still lives; but Saladin also had his fine sword-play; let us see him.

heartinessnoun

active strength of body or mind

From this reading There is an admirable vigor and heartiness, a direct and manly tone; King Richard still lives; but Saladin also had his fine sword-play; let us see him.

helpsnounUS /helps/

plural of “help” — the activity of contributing to the fulfillment of a need or furtherance of an effort or purpose

From this reading As each sect in religion helps to protect us from some other sect, so every mental tendency is the limitation of some other.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading There is an admirable vigor and heartiness, a direct and manly tone; King Richard still lives; but Saladin also had his fine sword-play; let us see him.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading There is an admirable vigor and heartiness, a direct and manly tone; King Richard still lives; but Saladin also had his fine sword-play; let us see him.

howeveradverbUS /ˌhaʊˈevər/

used to add a contrasting statement

From this reading In one respect, however, this desultory activity is an advantage: it makes men look in a variety of directions for a standard.

InprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading In one respect, however, this desultory activity is an advantage: it makes men look in a variety of directions for a standard.

instancenounUS /ˈɪnstəns/

an occurrence of something

From this reading In prose literature, for instance, the English contemporary models are not enough.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading In one respect, however, this desultory activity is an advantage: it makes men look in a variety of directions for a standard.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading In one respect, however, this desultory activity is an advantage: it makes men look in a variety of directions for a standard.

KingnounUS /kɪŋ/

a male sovereign; ruler of a kingdom

From this reading There is an admirable vigor and heartiness, a direct and manly tone; King Richard still lives; but Saladin also had his fine sword-play; let us see him.

letauxiliary verbUS /let/

used to make a suggestion or a command including the speaker

From this reading There is an admirable vigor and heartiness, a direct and manly tone; King Richard still lives; but Saladin also had his fine sword-play; let us see him.

limitationnounUS /ˌlɪmɪˈteɪʃən/

a principle that limits the extent of something

From this reading As each sect in religion helps to protect us from some other sect, so every mental tendency is the limitation of some other.

literaturenounUS /ˈlɪtərətʃər/

creative writing of recognized artistic value

From this reading In prose literature, for instance, the English contemporary models are not enough.

livesnounUS /lɪvz/

plural of “life” — a characteristic state or mode of living

From this reading There is an admirable vigor and heartiness, a direct and manly tone; King Richard still lives; but Saladin also had his fine sword-play; let us see him.

lookverbUS /lʊk/

perceive with attention; direct one's gaze towards

From this reading In one respect, however, this desultory activity is an advantage: it makes men look in a variety of directions for a standard.

makesnounUS /meɪks/

plural of “make” — a recognizable kind

From this reading In one respect, however, this desultory activity is an advantage: it makes men look in a variety of directions for a standard.

manlyadjectiveUS /ˈmænli/

possessing qualities befitting a man

From this reading There is an admirable vigor and heartiness, a direct and manly tone; King Richard still lives; but Saladin also had his fine sword-play; let us see him.

mennounUS /men/

the force of workers available

From this reading In one respect, however, this desultory activity is an advantage: it makes men look in a variety of directions for a standard.

mentaladjectiveUS /ˈmentəl/

involving the mind or an intellectual process

From this reading As each sect in religion helps to protect us from some other sect, so every mental tendency is the limitation of some other.

modelsnounUS /ˈmɑːdəlz/

plural of “model” — a hypothetical description of a complex entity or process

From this reading In prose literature, for instance, the English contemporary models are not enough.

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading We need the English culture, but we do not need it more evidently than we need the German, the French, the Greek, the Oriental.

neednounUS /niːd/

a condition requiring relief

From this reading We need the English culture, but we do not need it more evidently than we need the German, the French, the Greek, the Oriental.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading We need the English culture, but we do not need it more evidently than we need the German, the French, the Greek, the Oriental.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading In one respect, however, this desultory activity is an advantage: it makes men look in a variety of directions for a standard.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading In one respect, however, this desultory activity is an advantage: it makes men look in a variety of directions for a standard.

OrientaladjectiveUS /ˌɔːriˈentəl/

denoting or characteristic of countries of the Far East

From this reading We need the English culture, but we do not need it more evidently than we need the German, the French, the Greek, the Oriental.

otheradjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading As each sect in religion helps to protect us from some other sect, so every mental tendency is the limitation of some other.

prosenounUS /proʊz/

ordinary writing as distinguished from verse

From this reading In prose literature, for instance, the English contemporary models are not enough.

protectverbUS /prəˈtekt/

shield from danger, injury, destruction, or damage

From this reading As each sect in religion helps to protect us from some other sect, so every mental tendency is the limitation of some other.

religionnounUS /rɪˈlɪdʒən/

a strong belief in a supernatural power or powers that control human destiny

From this reading As each sect in religion helps to protect us from some other sect, so every mental tendency is the limitation of some other.

respectnounUS /rɪˈspekt/

(usually preceded by “in”) a detail or point

From this reading In one respect, however, this desultory activity is an advantage: it makes men look in a variety of directions for a standard.

Richard

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading There is an admirable vigor and heartiness, a direct and manly tone; King Richard still lives; but Saladin also had his fine sword-play; let us see him.

SaladinnounUS /ˈsælədɪn/

sultan of Syria and Egypt; reconquered Jerusalem from the Christians in 1187 but was defeated by Richard Coeur de Lion in 1191 (1137-1193)

From this reading There is an admirable vigor and heartiness, a direct and manly tone; King Richard still lives; but Saladin also had his fine sword-play; let us see him.

sectnounUS /sekt/

a subdivision of a larger religious group

From this reading As each sect in religion helps to protect us from some other sect, so every mental tendency is the limitation of some other.

seeverbUS /siː/

perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight

From this reading There is an admirable vigor and heartiness, a direct and manly tone; King Richard still lives; but Saladin also had his fine sword-play; let us see him.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading As each sect in religion helps to protect us from some other sect, so every mental tendency is the limitation of some other.

someadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading As each sect in religion helps to protect us from some other sect, so every mental tendency is the limitation of some other.

standardadjectiveUS /ˈstændərd/

conforming to or constituting a standard of measurement or value; or of the usual or regularized or accepted kind

From this reading In one respect, however, this desultory activity is an advantage: it makes men look in a variety of directions for a standard.

stilladjectiveUS /stɪl/

not in physical motion

From this reading There is an admirable vigor and heartiness, a direct and manly tone; King Richard still lives; but Saladin also had his fine sword-play; let us see him.

sword-play

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading There is an admirable vigor and heartiness, a direct and manly tone; King Richard still lives; but Saladin also had his fine sword-play; let us see him.

tendencynounUS /ˈtendənsi/

an attitude of mind especially one that favors one alternative over others

From this reading As each sect in religion helps to protect us from some other sect, so every mental tendency is the limitation of some other.

thanconjunctionUS /ðæn/

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading We need the English culture, but we do not need it more evidently than we need the German, the French, the Greek, the Oriental.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading As each sect in religion helps to protect us from some other sect, so every mental tendency is the limitation of some other.

ThereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading There is an admirable vigor and heartiness, a direct and manly tone; King Richard still lives; but Saladin also had his fine sword-play; let us see him.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading In one respect, however, this desultory activity is an advantage: it makes men look in a variety of directions for a standard.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading As each sect in religion helps to protect us from some other sect, so every mental tendency is the limitation of some other.

tonenounUS /toʊn/

the quality of a person's voice

From this reading There is an admirable vigor and heartiness, a direct and manly tone; King Richard still lives; but Saladin also had his fine sword-play; let us see him.

uspronounUS /ʌs/

the speaker and others, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading As each sect in religion helps to protect us from some other sect, so every mental tendency is the limitation of some other.

varietynounUS /vərˈaɪəti/

a collection containing a variety of sorts of things

From this reading In one respect, however, this desultory activity is an advantage: it makes men look in a variety of directions for a standard.

vigornounUS /ˈvɪɡər/

forceful exertion

From this reading There is an admirable vigor and heartiness, a direct and manly tone; King Richard still lives; but Saladin also had his fine sword-play; let us see him.

WepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading We need the English culture, but we do not need it more evidently than we need the German, the French, the Greek, the Oriental.

Chapter 8 of The Oxford Book of American Essays by Brander [Editor] Matthews holds 397 sentences, grouped into 80 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 8 of The Oxford Book of American Essays contain?

Chapter 8 holds 397 sentences of The Oxford Book of American Essays, unabridged, divided into 80 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 8 of The Oxford Book of American Essays by Brander [Editor] Matthews exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 397 sentences, grouped into 80 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 8 of The Oxford Book of American Essays?

Work through the 80 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 80 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 8 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 8 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The Oxford Book of American Essays

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Yes. All 6383 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #40196 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

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Project Gutenberg eBook #40196, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

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Vocabulary met early in The Oxford Book of American Essays

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Oxford Book of American Essays, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Professor
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Oxford Book of American Essays; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Columbia
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Oxford Book of American Essays; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
University
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Oxford Book of American Essays; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Member
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Oxford Book of American Essays; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.