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The Pagan's Progress
The Pagan's Progress

Chapter XX

Chapter 20 of The Pagan's Progress is here in full — 54 sentences across 11 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/10 · 5 lines
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SUNRISE DIGS A CAVE Sunrise went to the cave of Fish Catcha young man a few years older than himself, who was so ugly that no woman would have him, and who therefore lived alone.
Fish Catch was busy with a net.
Fish Catch,” said Sunrise, may I live with you until spring?
I will see that you do not lack for food.”
Now in winter when the rivers were frozen people did not have very much use for nets, and Fish Catch consequently was often hard put to it for food.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Pagan's Progress

Chapter XX

Chapter 20 of The Pagan's Progress is here in full — 54 sentences across 11 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/10 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
SUNRISE DIGS A CAVE Sunrise went to the cave of Fish Catcha young man a few years older than himself, who was so ugly that no woman would have him, and who therefore lived alone.
Line 2
Fish Catch was busy with a net.
/fɪʃ kætʃ wɑːz ˈbɪzi wɪð ə net/
Line 3
Fish Catch,” said Sunrise, “may I live with you until spring?
/fɪʃ kætʃ sed ˈsʌnraɪz meɪ aɪ laɪv wɪð juː ənˈtɪl sprɪŋ/
Line 4
I will see that you do not lack for food.”
/aɪ wɪl siː ðæt juː duː nɑːt læk fɔːr fuːd/
Line 5
Now in winter when the rivers were frozen people did not have very much use for nets, and Fish Catch consequently was often hard put to it for food.
/naʊ ɪn ˈwɪntər wen ðə ˈrɪvərz wɜːr ˈfroʊzən ˈpiːpəl dɪd nɑːt hæv ˈveri mʌtʃ juːs fɔːr nets ənd fɪʃ kætʃ ˈkɑːnsəkwəntli wɑːz ˈɔːfən hɑːrd pʊt tuː ɪt fɔːr fuːd/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

consequently adverb US /ˈkɑːnsəkwəntli/

(sentence connectors) because of the reason given

From this reading “Now in winter when the rivers were frozen people did not have very much use for nets, and Fish Catch consequently was often hard put to it for food.”

digs noun US /dɪɡz/

an excavation for ore or precious stones or for archaeology

From this reading “SUNRISE DIGS A CAVE Sunrise went to the cave of Fish Catch—a young man a few years older than himself, who was so ugly that no woman would have him, and who therefore lived alone.”

frozen adjective US /ˈfroʊzən/

turned into ice; affected by freezing or by long and severe cold

From this reading “Now in winter when the rivers were frozen people did not have very much use for nets, and Fish Catch consequently was often hard put to it for food.”

lack noun US /læk/

the state of needing something that is absent or unavailable

From this reading “I will see that you do not lack for food.””

net noun US /net/

a computer network consisting of a worldwide network of computer networks that use the TCP/IP network protocols to facilitate data transmission and exchange

From this reading “Fish Catch was busy with a net.”

nets noun US /nets/

plural of “net” — a computer network consisting of a worldwide network of computer networks that use the TCP/IP network protocols to facilitate data transmission and exchange

From this reading “Now in winter when the rivers were frozen people did not have very much use for nets, and Fish Catch consequently was often hard put to it for food.”

rivers noun US /ˈrɪvərz/

plural of “river” — a large natural stream of water (larger than a creek)

From this reading “Now in winter when the rivers were frozen people did not have very much use for nets, and Fish Catch consequently was often hard put to it for food.”

sunrise noun US /ˈsʌnraɪz/

the first light of day

From this reading “SUNRISE DIGS A CAVE Sunrise went to the cave of Fish Catch—a young man a few years older than himself, who was so ugly that no woman would have him, and who therefore lived alone.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

young man adjective + noun

a teenager or a young adult male

In this reading “SUNRISE DIGS A CAVE Sunrise went to the cave of Fish Catch—a young man a few years older than himself, who was so ugly that no woman would have him, and who therefore lived alone.”

few years adjective + noun

In this reading “SUNRISE DIGS A CAVE Sunrise went to the cave of Fish Catch—a young man a few years older than himself, who was so ugly that no woman would have him, and who therefore lived alone.”

lived alone verb + adjective counted as “live alone”

In this reading “SUNRISE DIGS A CAVE Sunrise went to the cave of Fish Catch—a young man a few years older than himself, who was so ugly that no woman would have him, and who therefore lived alone.”

busy with verb + particle

In this reading “Fish Catch was busy with a net.”

for food preposition + noun

In this reading “I will see that you do not lack for food.””

live with verb + particle

tolerate or accommodate oneself to

In this reading ““Fish Catch,” said Sunrise, “may I live with you until spring?”

All words in this reading · 66

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

AdeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading SUNRISE DIGS A CAVE Sunrise went to the cave of Fish Catch—a young man a few years older than himself, who was so ugly that no woman would have him, and who therefore lived alone.

aloneadjectiveUS /əˈloʊn/

Having no one else present.

From this reading SUNRISE DIGS A CAVE Sunrise went to the cave of Fish Catch—a young man a few years older than himself, who was so ugly that no woman would have him, and who therefore lived alone.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading SUNRISE DIGS A CAVE Sunrise went to the cave of Fish Catch—a young man a few years older than himself, who was so ugly that no woman would have him, and who therefore lived alone.

busyadjectiveUS /ˈbɪzi/

actively or fully engaged or occupied

From this reading Fish Catch was busy with a net.

CatchverbUS /kætʃ/

discover or come upon accidentally, suddenly, or unexpectedly; catch somebody doing something or in a certain state

From this reading SUNRISE DIGS A CAVE Sunrise went to the cave of Fish Catch—a young man a few years older than himself, who was so ugly that no woman would have him, and who therefore lived alone.

CAVEnounUS /keɪv/

a geological formation consisting of an underground enclosure with access from the surface of the ground or from the sea

From this reading SUNRISE DIGS A CAVE Sunrise went to the cave of Fish Catch—a young man a few years older than himself, who was so ugly that no woman would have him, and who therefore lived alone.

consequentlyadverbUS /ˈkɑːnsəkwəntli/

(sentence connectors) because of the reason given

From this reading Now in winter when the rivers were frozen people did not have very much use for nets, and Fish Catch consequently was often hard put to it for food.

didauxiliary verbUS /dɪd/

the past form of “do”, used in questions and negatives

From this reading Now in winter when the rivers were frozen people did not have very much use for nets, and Fish Catch consequently was often hard put to it for food.

DIGSnounUS /dɪɡz/

an excavation for ore or precious stones or for archaeology

From this reading SUNRISE DIGS A CAVE Sunrise went to the cave of Fish Catch—a young man a few years older than himself, who was so ugly that no woman would have him, and who therefore lived alone.

doauxiliary verbUS /duː/

used to form questions and negatives, and to give emphasis

From this reading I will see that you do not lack for food.”

fewadjectiveUS /fjuː/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “a”; a small but indefinite number

From this reading SUNRISE DIGS A CAVE Sunrise went to the cave of Fish Catch—a young man a few years older than himself, who was so ugly that no woman would have him, and who therefore lived alone.

FishnounUS /fɪʃ/

any of various mostly cold-blooded aquatic vertebrates usually having scales and breathing through gills

From this reading SUNRISE DIGS A CAVE Sunrise went to the cave of Fish Catch—a young man a few years older than himself, who was so ugly that no woman would have him, and who therefore lived alone.

foodnounUS /fuːd/

any substance that can be metabolized by an animal to give energy and build tissue

From this reading I will see that you do not lack for food.”

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading I will see that you do not lack for food.”

frozenadjectiveUS /ˈfroʊzən/

turned into ice; affected by freezing or by long and severe cold

From this reading Now in winter when the rivers were frozen people did not have very much use for nets, and Fish Catch consequently was often hard put to it for food.

hardadjectiveUS /hɑːrd/

not easy; requiring great physical or mental effort to accomplish or comprehend or endure

From this reading Now in winter when the rivers were frozen people did not have very much use for nets, and Fish Catch consequently was often hard put to it for food.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading SUNRISE DIGS A CAVE Sunrise went to the cave of Fish Catch—a young man a few years older than himself, who was so ugly that no woman would have him, and who therefore lived alone.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading SUNRISE DIGS A CAVE Sunrise went to the cave of Fish Catch—a young man a few years older than himself, who was so ugly that no woman would have him, and who therefore lived alone.

himselfpronounUS /hɪmˈself/

used when the man or boy doing the action is also its object

From this reading SUNRISE DIGS A CAVE Sunrise went to the cave of Fish Catch—a young man a few years older than himself, who was so ugly that no woman would have him, and who therefore lived alone.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading “Fish Catch,” said Sunrise, “may I live with you until spring?

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Now in winter when the rivers were frozen people did not have very much use for nets, and Fish Catch consequently was often hard put to it for food.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading Now in winter when the rivers were frozen people did not have very much use for nets, and Fish Catch consequently was often hard put to it for food.

lacknounUS /læk/

the state of needing something that is absent or unavailable

From this reading I will see that you do not lack for food.”

liveverbUS /laɪv/

be an inhabitant of or reside in

From this reading “Fish Catch,” said Sunrise, “may I live with you until spring?

livedverbUS /lɪvd/

past form of “live” — be an inhabitant of or reside in

From this reading SUNRISE DIGS A CAVE Sunrise went to the cave of Fish Catch—a young man a few years older than himself, who was so ugly that no woman would have him, and who therefore lived alone.

mannounUS /mæn/

an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)

From this reading SUNRISE DIGS A CAVE Sunrise went to the cave of Fish Catch—a young man a few years older than himself, who was so ugly that no woman would have him, and who therefore lived alone.

maymodal verbUS /meɪ/

used to say something is possible, or to give permission

From this reading “Fish Catch,” said Sunrise, “may I live with you until spring?

muchadverbUS /mʌtʃ/

to a great degree or extent

From this reading Now in winter when the rivers were frozen people did not have very much use for nets, and Fish Catch consequently was often hard put to it for food.

netnounUS /net/

a computer network consisting of a worldwide network of computer networks that use the TCP/IP network protocols to facilitate data transmission and exchange

From this reading Fish Catch was busy with a net.

netsnounUS /nets/

plural of “net” — a computer network consisting of a worldwide network of computer networks that use the TCP/IP network protocols to facilitate data transmission and exchange

From this reading Now in winter when the rivers were frozen people did not have very much use for nets, and Fish Catch consequently was often hard put to it for food.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading SUNRISE DIGS A CAVE Sunrise went to the cave of Fish Catch—a young man a few years older than himself, who was so ugly that no woman would have him, and who therefore lived alone.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading I will see that you do not lack for food.”

NowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading Now in winter when the rivers were frozen people did not have very much use for nets, and Fish Catch consequently was often hard put to it for food.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading SUNRISE DIGS A CAVE Sunrise went to the cave of Fish Catch—a young man a few years older than himself, who was so ugly that no woman would have him, and who therefore lived alone.

oftenadverbUS /ˈɔːfən/

many times at short intervals

From this reading Now in winter when the rivers were frozen people did not have very much use for nets, and Fish Catch consequently was often hard put to it for food.

olderadjectiveUS /ˈoʊldər/

advanced in years; (“aged” is pronounced as two syllables)

From this reading SUNRISE DIGS A CAVE Sunrise went to the cave of Fish Catch—a young man a few years older than himself, who was so ugly that no woman would have him, and who therefore lived alone.

peoplenounUS /ˈpiːpəl/

(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively

From this reading Now in winter when the rivers were frozen people did not have very much use for nets, and Fish Catch consequently was often hard put to it for food.

putverbUS /pʊt/

put into a certain place or abstract location

From this reading Now in winter when the rivers were frozen people did not have very much use for nets, and Fish Catch consequently was often hard put to it for food.

riversnounUS /ˈrɪvərz/

plural of “river” — a large natural stream of water (larger than a creek)

From this reading Now in winter when the rivers were frozen people did not have very much use for nets, and Fish Catch consequently was often hard put to it for food.

saidadjectiveUS /sed/

being the one previously mentioned or spoken of

From this reading “Fish Catch,” said Sunrise, “may I live with you until spring?

seeverbUS /siː/

perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight

From this reading I will see that you do not lack for food.”

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading SUNRISE DIGS A CAVE Sunrise went to the cave of Fish Catch—a young man a few years older than himself, who was so ugly that no woman would have him, and who therefore lived alone.

springnounUS /sprɪŋ/

the season of growth

From this reading “Fish Catch,” said Sunrise, “may I live with you until spring?

SUNRISEnounUS /ˈsʌnraɪz/

the first light of day

From this reading SUNRISE DIGS A CAVE Sunrise went to the cave of Fish Catch—a young man a few years older than himself, who was so ugly that no woman would have him, and who therefore lived alone.

thanconjunctionUS /ðæn/

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading SUNRISE DIGS A CAVE Sunrise went to the cave of Fish Catch—a young man a few years older than himself, who was so ugly that no woman would have him, and who therefore lived alone.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading SUNRISE DIGS A CAVE Sunrise went to the cave of Fish Catch—a young man a few years older than himself, who was so ugly that no woman would have him, and who therefore lived alone.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading SUNRISE DIGS A CAVE Sunrise went to the cave of Fish Catch—a young man a few years older than himself, who was so ugly that no woman would have him, and who therefore lived alone.

thereforeadverbUS /ˈðerfɔːr/

for that reason; as a result

From this reading SUNRISE DIGS A CAVE Sunrise went to the cave of Fish Catch—a young man a few years older than himself, who was so ugly that no woman would have him, and who therefore lived alone.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading SUNRISE DIGS A CAVE Sunrise went to the cave of Fish Catch—a young man a few years older than himself, who was so ugly that no woman would have him, and who therefore lived alone.

uglyadjectiveUS /ˈʌɡli/

displeasing to the senses

From this reading SUNRISE DIGS A CAVE Sunrise went to the cave of Fish Catch—a young man a few years older than himself, who was so ugly that no woman would have him, and who therefore lived alone.

untilprepositionUS /ənˈtɪl/

up to a particular time

From this reading “Fish Catch,” said Sunrise, “may I live with you until spring?

usenounUS /juːs/

the act of using

From this reading Now in winter when the rivers were frozen people did not have very much use for nets, and Fish Catch consequently was often hard put to it for food.

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading Now in winter when the rivers were frozen people did not have very much use for nets, and Fish Catch consequently was often hard put to it for food.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading SUNRISE DIGS A CAVE Sunrise went to the cave of Fish Catch—a young man a few years older than himself, who was so ugly that no woman would have him, and who therefore lived alone.

wentverbUS /went/

inflected form of “go” — change location; move, travel, or proceed, also metaphorically

From this reading SUNRISE DIGS A CAVE Sunrise went to the cave of Fish Catch—a young man a few years older than himself, who was so ugly that no woman would have him, and who therefore lived alone.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Now in winter when the rivers were frozen people did not have very much use for nets, and Fish Catch consequently was often hard put to it for food.

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading Now in winter when the rivers were frozen people did not have very much use for nets, and Fish Catch consequently was often hard put to it for food.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading SUNRISE DIGS A CAVE Sunrise went to the cave of Fish Catch—a young man a few years older than himself, who was so ugly that no woman would have him, and who therefore lived alone.

willmodal verbUS /wɪl/

used to talk about the future, or about willingness

From this reading I will see that you do not lack for food.”

winternounUS /ˈwɪntər/

the coldest season of the year; in the northern hemisphere it extends from the winter solstice to the vernal equinox

From this reading Now in winter when the rivers were frozen people did not have very much use for nets, and Fish Catch consequently was often hard put to it for food.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading Fish Catch was busy with a net.

womannounUS /ˈwʊmən/

an adult female person (as opposed to a man)

From this reading SUNRISE DIGS A CAVE Sunrise went to the cave of Fish Catch—a young man a few years older than himself, who was so ugly that no woman would have him, and who therefore lived alone.

wouldmodal verbUS /wʊd/

used for something imagined, polite, or habitual in the past

From this reading SUNRISE DIGS A CAVE Sunrise went to the cave of Fish Catch—a young man a few years older than himself, who was so ugly that no woman would have him, and who therefore lived alone.

yearsnounUS /jɪrz/

a late time of life

From this reading SUNRISE DIGS A CAVE Sunrise went to the cave of Fish Catch—a young man a few years older than himself, who was so ugly that no woman would have him, and who therefore lived alone.

youpronounUS /juː/

the person or people being spoken to

From this reading “Fish Catch,” said Sunrise, “may I live with you until spring?

youngadjectiveUS /jʌŋ/

(used of living things especially persons) in an early period of life or development or growth

From this reading SUNRISE DIGS A CAVE Sunrise went to the cave of Fish Catch—a young man a few years older than himself, who was so ugly that no woman would have him, and who therefore lived alone.

Chapter 20 of The Pagan's Progress by Gouverneur Morris holds 54 sentences, grouped into 11 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 20 of The Pagan's Progress contain?

Chapter 20 holds 54 sentences of The Pagan's Progress, unabridged, divided into 11 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 20 of The Pagan's Progress by Gouverneur Morris exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 54 sentences, grouped into 11 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 20 of The Pagan's Progress?

Work through the 11 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 11 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 20 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 20 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

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Vocabulary met early in The Pagan's Progress

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Chapter 1
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Chapter 2
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Chapter 3
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