Chapter I · Chapter 1

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

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in addition

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used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Word-initial “u” and medial “v” are in the original.

one or some or every or all without specification

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give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect

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the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading In the primary text, possible errors are noted but not changed.

at the same time that; because; in the way that

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Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading See end of text for full explanation of [brackets], {braces}, (parentheses) and *asterisks*.]

an appliance that corrects dental irregularities

From this reading See end of text for full explanation of [brackets], {braces}, (parentheses) and *asterisks*.]

plural of “bracket” — a category falling within certain defined limits

From this reading See end of text for full explanation of [brackets], {braces}, (parentheses) and *asterisks*.]

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

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cause to change; make different; cause a transformation

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made or become different in nature or form

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an imaginary person represented in a work of fiction (play or film or story)

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plural of “character” — an imaginary person represented in a work of fiction (play or film or story)

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loss due to not showing up

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something intended to communicate a particular impression

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used to form questions and negatives, and to give emphasis

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Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

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the activity of converting data or information into code

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either extremity of something that has length

From this reading See end of text for full explanation of [brackets], {braces}, (parentheses) and *asterisks*.]

plural of “error” — a wrong action attributable to bad judgment or ignorance or inattention

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a statement that makes something comprehensible by describing the relevant structure or operation or circumstances etc.

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record in a public office or in a court of law

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a specific size and style of type within a type family

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intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

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containing as much or as many as is possible or normal

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food that is discarded (as from a kitchen)

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on condition that; in the event that

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inside something, or within a place, period, or state

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third-person singular of “include” — have as a part, be made up out of

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the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

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engage in

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English businessman who created a retail chain (1888-1964)

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used to say something is possible, or to give permission

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dividing an animal into right and left halves

From this reading Word-initial “u” and medial “v” are in the original.

a condition requiring relief

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used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

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widely known and esteemed

From this reading In the primary text, possible errors are noted but not changed.

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

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and nothing more

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used to join alternatives or possibilities

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preceding all others in time or being as first made or performed

From this reading Word-initial “u” and medial “v” are in the original.

one of several distinct subdivisions of a text intended to separate ideas; the beginning is usually marked by a new indented line

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plural of “parenthesis” — either of two punctuation marks (or) used to enclose textual material

From this reading See end of text for full explanation of [brackets], {braces}, (parentheses) and *asterisks*.]

capable of happening or existing

From this reading In the primary text, possible errors are noted but not changed.

of first rank or importance or value; direct and immediate rather than secondary

From this reading In the primary text, possible errors are noted but not changed.

in the right manner; correctly; suitably

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a short note recognizing a source of information or of a quoted passage

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possessive form of “reader” — a person who enjoys reading

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plural of “reader” — a person who enjoys reading

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perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight

From this reading See end of text for full explanation of [brackets], {braces}, (parentheses) and *asterisks*.]

put into a certain place or abstract location

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having or feeling no doubt or uncertainty; confident and assured

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the words of something written

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used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

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used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

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the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

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used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

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used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

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a base containing nitrogen that is found in RNA (but not in DNA) and derived from pyrimidine; pairs with adenine

From this reading Word-initial “u” and medial “v” are in the original.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

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Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

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a unit of potential equal to the potential difference between two points on a conductor carrying a current of 1 ampere when the power dissipated between the two points is 1 watt

From this reading Word-initial “u” and medial “v” are in the original.

used to talk about the future, or about willingness

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Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Word-initial “u” and medial “v” are in the original.

the person or people being spoken to

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belonging to the person or people being spoken to

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Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

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Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading This e-text includes characters that will only display in UTF-8 (Unicode) text readers: Œ œ ẽ ‡ If any of these characters do not display properly, or if the quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8).