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The Pioneers
The Pioneers

Chapter VIII · Chapter 8

Chapter 8 of The Pioneers is here in full — 90 sentences across 18 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/18 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
For here the exile met from every clime, And spoke, in friendship, every distant tongue.”
--Campbell.
We have made our readers acquainted with some variety in character and nations, in introducing the most important personages of this legend to their notice; but, in order to establish the fidelity of our narrative, we shall briefly attempt to explain the reason why we have been obliged to present so motley a dramatis personae.
Europe, at the period of our tale, was in the commencement of that commotion which afterward shook her political institutions to the centre.
Louis the Sixteenth had been beheaded, and a nation once esteemed the most refined among the civilized people of the world was changing its character, and substituting cruelty for mercy, and subtlety and ferocity for magnanimity and courage.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Pioneers

Chapter VIII · Chapter 8

Chapter 8 of The Pioneers is here in full — 90 sentences across 18 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/18 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
For here the exile met from every clime, And spoke, in friendship, every distant tongue.”
Line 2
--Campbell.
/ˈkæmbəl/
Line 3
We have made our readers acquainted with some variety in character and nations, in introducing the most important personages of this legend to their notice; but, in order to establish the fidelity of our narrative, we shall briefly attempt to explain the reason why we have been obliged to present so motley a dramatis personae.
Line 4
Europe, at the period of our tale, was in the commencement of that commotion which afterward shook her political institutions to the centre.
/ˈjʊrəp æt ðə ˈpɪriəd ʌv ˈaʊər teɪl wɑːz ɪn ðə kəˈmensmənt ʌv ðæt kəˈmoʊʃən wɪtʃ ˈæftərwərd ʃʊk hɜːr pəˈlɪtəkəl ˌɪnstɪˈtuːʃənz tuː ðə ˈsentər/
Line 5
Louis the Sixteenth had been beheaded, and a nation once esteemed the most refined among the civilized people of the world was changing its character, and substituting cruelty for mercy, and subtlety and ferocity for magnanimity and courage.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

beheaded adjective US /bɪˈhedɪd/

having had the head cut off

From this reading “Louis the Sixteenth had been beheaded, and a nation once esteemed the most refined among the civilized people of the world was changing its character, and substituting cruelty for mercy, and subtlety and ferocity for magnanimity and courage.”

Campbell noun US /ˈkæmbəl/

United States mythologist (1904-1987)

From this reading “--Campbell.”

ferocity noun US /fərˈɑːsəti/

the property of being wild or turbulent

From this reading “Louis the Sixteenth had been beheaded, and a nation once esteemed the most refined among the civilized people of the world was changing its character, and substituting cruelty for mercy, and subtlety and ferocity for magnanimity and courage.”

introducing verb US /ˌɪntrəˈduːsɪŋ/

-ing form of “introduce” — cause to come to know personally

From this reading “We have made our readers acquainted with some variety in character and nations, in introducing the most important personages of this legend to their notice; but, in order to establish the fidelity of our narrative, we shall briefly attempt to explain the reason why we have been obliged to present so motley a dramatis personae.”

personae noun US /pərˈsoʊneɪ/

plural of “persona” — an actor's portrayal of someone in a play

From this reading “We have made our readers acquainted with some variety in character and nations, in introducing the most important personages of this legend to their notice; but, in order to establish the fidelity of our narrative, we shall briefly attempt to explain the reason why we have been obliged to present so motley a dramatis personae.”

Sixteenth adjective US /sɪkˈstiːnθ/

coming next after the fifteenth in position

From this reading “Louis the Sixteenth had been beheaded, and a nation once esteemed the most refined among the civilized people of the world was changing its character, and substituting cruelty for mercy, and subtlety and ferocity for magnanimity and courage.”

substituting noun US /ˈsʌbstɪtuːtɪŋ/

working as a substitute for someone who is ill or on leave of absence

From this reading “Louis the Sixteenth had been beheaded, and a nation once esteemed the most refined among the civilized people of the world was changing its character, and substituting cruelty for mercy, and subtlety and ferocity for magnanimity and courage.”

subtlety noun US /ˈsʌtəlti/

a subtle difference in meaning or opinion or attitude

From this reading “Louis the Sixteenth had been beheaded, and a nation once esteemed the most refined among the civilized people of the world was changing its character, and substituting cruelty for mercy, and subtlety and ferocity for magnanimity and courage.”

All words in this reading · 91

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading We have made our readers acquainted with some variety in character and nations, in introducing the most important personages of this legend to their notice; but, in order to establish the fidelity of our narrative, we shall briefly attempt to explain the reason why we have been obliged to present so motley a dramatis personae.

acquaintedadjectiveUS /əˈkweɪntɪd/

having fair knowledge of

From this reading We have made our readers acquainted with some variety in character and nations, in introducing the most important personages of this legend to their notice; but, in order to establish the fidelity of our narrative, we shall briefly attempt to explain the reason why we have been obliged to present so motley a dramatis personae.

afterwardadverbUS /ˈæftərwərd/

happening at a time subsequent to a reference time

From this reading Europe, at the period of our tale, was in the commencement of that commotion which afterward shook her political institutions to the centre.

amongprepositionUS /əˈmʌŋ/

surrounded by; in the middle of a group

From this reading Louis the Sixteenth had been beheaded, and a nation once esteemed the most refined among the civilized people of the world was changing its character, and substituting cruelty for mercy, and subtlety and ferocity for magnanimity and courage.

AndconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading “For here the exile met from every clime, And spoke, in friendship, every distant tongue.”

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading Europe, at the period of our tale, was in the commencement of that commotion which afterward shook her political institutions to the centre.

attemptnounUS /əˈtempt/

earnest and conscientious activity intended to do or accomplish something

From this reading We have made our readers acquainted with some variety in character and nations, in introducing the most important personages of this legend to their notice; but, in order to establish the fidelity of our narrative, we shall briefly attempt to explain the reason why we have been obliged to present so motley a dramatis personae.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading We have made our readers acquainted with some variety in character and nations, in introducing the most important personages of this legend to their notice; but, in order to establish the fidelity of our narrative, we shall briefly attempt to explain the reason why we have been obliged to present so motley a dramatis personae.

beheadedadjectiveUS /bɪˈhedɪd/

having had the head cut off

From this reading Louis the Sixteenth had been beheaded, and a nation once esteemed the most refined among the civilized people of the world was changing its character, and substituting cruelty for mercy, and subtlety and ferocity for magnanimity and courage.

brieflyadverbUS /ˈbriːfli/

for a short time

From this reading We have made our readers acquainted with some variety in character and nations, in introducing the most important personages of this legend to their notice; but, in order to establish the fidelity of our narrative, we shall briefly attempt to explain the reason why we have been obliged to present so motley a dramatis personae.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading We have made our readers acquainted with some variety in character and nations, in introducing the most important personages of this legend to their notice; but, in order to establish the fidelity of our narrative, we shall briefly attempt to explain the reason why we have been obliged to present so motley a dramatis personae.

CampbellnounUS /ˈkæmbəl/

United States mythologist (1904-1987)

From this reading --Campbell.

centrenounUS /ˈsentər/

a low-lying region in central France

From this reading Europe, at the period of our tale, was in the commencement of that commotion which afterward shook her political institutions to the centre.

changingadjectiveUS /ˈtʃeɪndʒɪŋ/

marked by continuous change or effective action

From this reading Louis the Sixteenth had been beheaded, and a nation once esteemed the most refined among the civilized people of the world was changing its character, and substituting cruelty for mercy, and subtlety and ferocity for magnanimity and courage.

characternounUS /ˈkerɪktər/

an imaginary person represented in a work of fiction (play or film or story)

From this reading We have made our readers acquainted with some variety in character and nations, in introducing the most important personages of this legend to their notice; but, in order to establish the fidelity of our narrative, we shall briefly attempt to explain the reason why we have been obliged to present so motley a dramatis personae.

civilizedadjectiveUS /ˈsɪvəlaɪzd/

having a high state of culture and development both social and technological

From this reading Louis the Sixteenth had been beheaded, and a nation once esteemed the most refined among the civilized people of the world was changing its character, and substituting cruelty for mercy, and subtlety and ferocity for magnanimity and courage.

climenoun

the weather in some location averaged over some long period of time

From this reading “For here the exile met from every clime, And spoke, in friendship, every distant tongue.”

commencementnounUS /kəˈmensmənt/

the time at which something is supposed to begin

From this reading Europe, at the period of our tale, was in the commencement of that commotion which afterward shook her political institutions to the centre.

commotionnounUS /kəˈmoʊʃən/

a disorderly outburst or tumult

From this reading Europe, at the period of our tale, was in the commencement of that commotion which afterward shook her political institutions to the centre.

couragenounUS /ˈkɜːrədʒ/

a quality of spirit that enables you to face danger or pain without showing fear

From this reading Louis the Sixteenth had been beheaded, and a nation once esteemed the most refined among the civilized people of the world was changing its character, and substituting cruelty for mercy, and subtlety and ferocity for magnanimity and courage.

crueltynounUS /ˈkruːlti/

a cruel act; a deliberate infliction of pain and suffering

From this reading Louis the Sixteenth had been beheaded, and a nation once esteemed the most refined among the civilized people of the world was changing its character, and substituting cruelty for mercy, and subtlety and ferocity for magnanimity and courage.

distantadjectiveUS /ˈdɪstənt/

separated in space or coming from or going to a distance

From this reading “For here the exile met from every clime, And spoke, in friendship, every distant tongue.”

dramatis

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading We have made our readers acquainted with some variety in character and nations, in introducing the most important personages of this legend to their notice; but, in order to establish the fidelity of our narrative, we shall briefly attempt to explain the reason why we have been obliged to present so motley a dramatis personae.

establishverbUS /ɪˈstæblɪʃ/

set up or found

From this reading We have made our readers acquainted with some variety in character and nations, in introducing the most important personages of this legend to their notice; but, in order to establish the fidelity of our narrative, we shall briefly attempt to explain the reason why we have been obliged to present so motley a dramatis personae.

esteemedadjectiveUS /ɪˈstiːmd/

having an illustrious reputation; respected

From this reading Louis the Sixteenth had been beheaded, and a nation once esteemed the most refined among the civilized people of the world was changing its character, and substituting cruelty for mercy, and subtlety and ferocity for magnanimity and courage.

EuropenounUS /ˈjʊrəp/

the 2nd smallest continent (actually a vast peninsula of Eurasia); the British use “Europe” to refer to all of the continent except the British Isles

From this reading Europe, at the period of our tale, was in the commencement of that commotion which afterward shook her political institutions to the centre.

everydeterminerUS /ˈevəri/

all the members of a group, with none left out

From this reading “For here the exile met from every clime, And spoke, in friendship, every distant tongue.”

exileverbUS /ˈeɡzaɪl/

expel from a country

From this reading “For here the exile met from every clime, And spoke, in friendship, every distant tongue.”

explainverbUS /ɪkˈspleɪn/

make plain and comprehensible

From this reading We have made our readers acquainted with some variety in character and nations, in introducing the most important personages of this legend to their notice; but, in order to establish the fidelity of our narrative, we shall briefly attempt to explain the reason why we have been obliged to present so motley a dramatis personae.

ferocitynounUS /fərˈɑːsəti/

the property of being wild or turbulent

From this reading Louis the Sixteenth had been beheaded, and a nation once esteemed the most refined among the civilized people of the world was changing its character, and substituting cruelty for mercy, and subtlety and ferocity for magnanimity and courage.

fidelitynounUS /fəˈdeləti/

accuracy with which an electronic system reproduces the sound or image of its input signal

From this reading We have made our readers acquainted with some variety in character and nations, in introducing the most important personages of this legend to their notice; but, in order to establish the fidelity of our narrative, we shall briefly attempt to explain the reason why we have been obliged to present so motley a dramatis personae.

ForprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading “For here the exile met from every clime, And spoke, in friendship, every distant tongue.”

friendshipnounUS /ˈfrendʃɪp/

the state of being friends (or friendly)

From this reading “For here the exile met from every clime, And spoke, in friendship, every distant tongue.”

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading “For here the exile met from every clime, And spoke, in friendship, every distant tongue.”

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading Louis the Sixteenth had been beheaded, and a nation once esteemed the most refined among the civilized people of the world was changing its character, and substituting cruelty for mercy, and subtlety and ferocity for magnanimity and courage.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading We have made our readers acquainted with some variety in character and nations, in introducing the most important personages of this legend to their notice; but, in order to establish the fidelity of our narrative, we shall briefly attempt to explain the reason why we have been obliged to present so motley a dramatis personae.

herdeterminerUS /hɜːr/

belonging to a woman, girl, or female animal already mentioned

From this reading Europe, at the period of our tale, was in the commencement of that commotion which afterward shook her political institutions to the centre.

hereadverbUS /hiːr/

in or at this place; where the speaker or writer is

From this reading “For here the exile met from every clime, And spoke, in friendship, every distant tongue.”

importantadjectiveUS /ˌɪmˈpɔːrtənt/

of great significance or value

From this reading We have made our readers acquainted with some variety in character and nations, in introducing the most important personages of this legend to their notice; but, in order to establish the fidelity of our narrative, we shall briefly attempt to explain the reason why we have been obliged to present so motley a dramatis personae.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading “For here the exile met from every clime, And spoke, in friendship, every distant tongue.”

institutionsnounUS /ˌɪnstɪˈtuːʃənz/

plural of “institution” — an organization founded and united for a specific purpose

From this reading Europe, at the period of our tale, was in the commencement of that commotion which afterward shook her political institutions to the centre.

introducingverbUS /ˌɪntrəˈduːsɪŋ/

-ing form of “introduce” — cause to come to know personally

From this reading We have made our readers acquainted with some variety in character and nations, in introducing the most important personages of this legend to their notice; but, in order to establish the fidelity of our narrative, we shall briefly attempt to explain the reason why we have been obliged to present so motley a dramatis personae.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading Louis the Sixteenth had been beheaded, and a nation once esteemed the most refined among the civilized people of the world was changing its character, and substituting cruelty for mercy, and subtlety and ferocity for magnanimity and courage.

legendnounUS /ˈledʒənd/

a story about mythical or supernatural beings or events

From this reading We have made our readers acquainted with some variety in character and nations, in introducing the most important personages of this legend to their notice; but, in order to establish the fidelity of our narrative, we shall briefly attempt to explain the reason why we have been obliged to present so motley a dramatis personae.

LouisnounUS /ˈluːɪs/

United States prizefighter who was world heavyweight champion for 12 years (1914-1981)

From this reading Louis the Sixteenth had been beheaded, and a nation once esteemed the most refined among the civilized people of the world was changing its character, and substituting cruelty for mercy, and subtlety and ferocity for magnanimity and courage.

madeadjectiveUS /meɪd/

produced by a manufacturing process

From this reading We have made our readers acquainted with some variety in character and nations, in introducing the most important personages of this legend to their notice; but, in order to establish the fidelity of our narrative, we shall briefly attempt to explain the reason why we have been obliged to present so motley a dramatis personae.

magnanimitynoun

liberality in bestowing gifts; extremely liberal and generous of spirit

From this reading Louis the Sixteenth had been beheaded, and a nation once esteemed the most refined among the civilized people of the world was changing its character, and substituting cruelty for mercy, and subtlety and ferocity for magnanimity and courage.

mercynounUS /ˈmɜːrsi/

leniency and compassion shown toward offenders by a person or agency charged with administering justice

From this reading Louis the Sixteenth had been beheaded, and a nation once esteemed the most refined among the civilized people of the world was changing its character, and substituting cruelty for mercy, and subtlety and ferocity for magnanimity and courage.

metverbUS /met/

inflected form of “meet” — come together

From this reading “For here the exile met from every clime, And spoke, in friendship, every distant tongue.”

mostadverbUS /moʊst/

used to form the superlative

From this reading We have made our readers acquainted with some variety in character and nations, in introducing the most important personages of this legend to their notice; but, in order to establish the fidelity of our narrative, we shall briefly attempt to explain the reason why we have been obliged to present so motley a dramatis personae.

motleynounUS /ˈmɑːtli/

a collection containing a variety of sorts of things

From this reading We have made our readers acquainted with some variety in character and nations, in introducing the most important personages of this legend to their notice; but, in order to establish the fidelity of our narrative, we shall briefly attempt to explain the reason why we have been obliged to present so motley a dramatis personae.

narrativenounUS /ˈnærətɪv/

a message that tells the particulars of an act or occurrence or course of events; presented in writing or drama or cinema or as a radio or television program

From this reading We have made our readers acquainted with some variety in character and nations, in introducing the most important personages of this legend to their notice; but, in order to establish the fidelity of our narrative, we shall briefly attempt to explain the reason why we have been obliged to present so motley a dramatis personae.

nationnounUS /ˈneɪʃən/

a politically organized body of people under a single government

From this reading Louis the Sixteenth had been beheaded, and a nation once esteemed the most refined among the civilized people of the world was changing its character, and substituting cruelty for mercy, and subtlety and ferocity for magnanimity and courage.

nationsnounUS /ˈneɪʃənz/

plural of “nation” — a politically organized body of people under a single government

From this reading We have made our readers acquainted with some variety in character and nations, in introducing the most important personages of this legend to their notice; but, in order to establish the fidelity of our narrative, we shall briefly attempt to explain the reason why we have been obliged to present so motley a dramatis personae.

noticenounUS /ˈnoʊtəs/

an announcement containing information about an event

From this reading We have made our readers acquainted with some variety in character and nations, in introducing the most important personages of this legend to their notice; but, in order to establish the fidelity of our narrative, we shall briefly attempt to explain the reason why we have been obliged to present so motley a dramatis personae.

obligedadjectiveUS /əˈblaɪdʒd/

under a moral obligation to do something

From this reading We have made our readers acquainted with some variety in character and nations, in introducing the most important personages of this legend to their notice; but, in order to establish the fidelity of our narrative, we shall briefly attempt to explain the reason why we have been obliged to present so motley a dramatis personae.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading We have made our readers acquainted with some variety in character and nations, in introducing the most important personages of this legend to their notice; but, in order to establish the fidelity of our narrative, we shall briefly attempt to explain the reason why we have been obliged to present so motley a dramatis personae.

onceadverbUS /wʌns/

on one occasion

From this reading Louis the Sixteenth had been beheaded, and a nation once esteemed the most refined among the civilized people of the world was changing its character, and substituting cruelty for mercy, and subtlety and ferocity for magnanimity and courage.

ordernounUS /ˈɔːrdər/

(often plural) a command given by a superior (e.g., a military or law enforcement officer) that must be obeyed

From this reading We have made our readers acquainted with some variety in character and nations, in introducing the most important personages of this legend to their notice; but, in order to establish the fidelity of our narrative, we shall briefly attempt to explain the reason why we have been obliged to present so motley a dramatis personae.

ourdeterminerUS /ˈaʊər/

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading We have made our readers acquainted with some variety in character and nations, in introducing the most important personages of this legend to their notice; but, in order to establish the fidelity of our narrative, we shall briefly attempt to explain the reason why we have been obliged to present so motley a dramatis personae.

peoplenounUS /ˈpiːpəl/

(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively

From this reading Louis the Sixteenth had been beheaded, and a nation once esteemed the most refined among the civilized people of the world was changing its character, and substituting cruelty for mercy, and subtlety and ferocity for magnanimity and courage.

periodnounUS /ˈpɪriəd/

an amount of time

From this reading Europe, at the period of our tale, was in the commencement of that commotion which afterward shook her political institutions to the centre.

personaenounUS /pərˈsoʊneɪ/

plural of “persona” — an actor's portrayal of someone in a play

From this reading We have made our readers acquainted with some variety in character and nations, in introducing the most important personages of this legend to their notice; but, in order to establish the fidelity of our narrative, we shall briefly attempt to explain the reason why we have been obliged to present so motley a dramatis personae.

personages

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading We have made our readers acquainted with some variety in character and nations, in introducing the most important personages of this legend to their notice; but, in order to establish the fidelity of our narrative, we shall briefly attempt to explain the reason why we have been obliged to present so motley a dramatis personae.

politicaladjectiveUS /pəˈlɪtəkəl/

involving or characteristic of politics or parties or politicians

From this reading Europe, at the period of our tale, was in the commencement of that commotion which afterward shook her political institutions to the centre.

presentverbUS /ˈprezənt/

give an exhibition of to an interested audience

From this reading We have made our readers acquainted with some variety in character and nations, in introducing the most important personages of this legend to their notice; but, in order to establish the fidelity of our narrative, we shall briefly attempt to explain the reason why we have been obliged to present so motley a dramatis personae.

readersnounUS /ˈriːdərz/

plural of “reader” — a person who enjoys reading

From this reading We have made our readers acquainted with some variety in character and nations, in introducing the most important personages of this legend to their notice; but, in order to establish the fidelity of our narrative, we shall briefly attempt to explain the reason why we have been obliged to present so motley a dramatis personae.

reasonnounUS /ˈriːzən/

a rational motive for a belief or action

From this reading We have made our readers acquainted with some variety in character and nations, in introducing the most important personages of this legend to their notice; but, in order to establish the fidelity of our narrative, we shall briefly attempt to explain the reason why we have been obliged to present so motley a dramatis personae.

refinedadjectiveUS /rəˈfaɪnd/

(used of persons and their behavior) cultivated and genteel

From this reading Louis the Sixteenth had been beheaded, and a nation once esteemed the most refined among the civilized people of the world was changing its character, and substituting cruelty for mercy, and subtlety and ferocity for magnanimity and courage.

shallmodal verbUS /ʃæl/

used with I and we for the future, or to offer and suggest

From this reading We have made our readers acquainted with some variety in character and nations, in introducing the most important personages of this legend to their notice; but, in order to establish the fidelity of our narrative, we shall briefly attempt to explain the reason why we have been obliged to present so motley a dramatis personae.

shooknounUS /ʃʊk/

a disassembled barrel; the parts packed for storage or shipment

From this reading Europe, at the period of our tale, was in the commencement of that commotion which afterward shook her political institutions to the centre.

SixteenthadjectiveUS /sɪkˈstiːnθ/

coming next after the fifteenth in position

From this reading Louis the Sixteenth had been beheaded, and a nation once esteemed the most refined among the civilized people of the world was changing its character, and substituting cruelty for mercy, and subtlety and ferocity for magnanimity and courage.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading We have made our readers acquainted with some variety in character and nations, in introducing the most important personages of this legend to their notice; but, in order to establish the fidelity of our narrative, we shall briefly attempt to explain the reason why we have been obliged to present so motley a dramatis personae.

someadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading We have made our readers acquainted with some variety in character and nations, in introducing the most important personages of this legend to their notice; but, in order to establish the fidelity of our narrative, we shall briefly attempt to explain the reason why we have been obliged to present so motley a dramatis personae.

spokenounUS /spoʊk/

support consisting of a radial member of a wheel joining the hub to the rim

From this reading “For here the exile met from every clime, And spoke, in friendship, every distant tongue.”

substitutingnounUS /ˈsʌbstɪtuːtɪŋ/

working as a substitute for someone who is ill or on leave of absence

From this reading Louis the Sixteenth had been beheaded, and a nation once esteemed the most refined among the civilized people of the world was changing its character, and substituting cruelty for mercy, and subtlety and ferocity for magnanimity and courage.

subtletynounUS /ˈsʌtəlti/

a subtle difference in meaning or opinion or attitude

From this reading Louis the Sixteenth had been beheaded, and a nation once esteemed the most refined among the civilized people of the world was changing its character, and substituting cruelty for mercy, and subtlety and ferocity for magnanimity and courage.

talenounUS /teɪl/

a message that tells the particulars of an act or occurrence or course of events; presented in writing or drama or cinema or as a radio or television program

From this reading Europe, at the period of our tale, was in the commencement of that commotion which afterward shook her political institutions to the centre.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading Europe, at the period of our tale, was in the commencement of that commotion which afterward shook her political institutions to the centre.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading “For here the exile met from every clime, And spoke, in friendship, every distant tongue.”

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading We have made our readers acquainted with some variety in character and nations, in introducing the most important personages of this legend to their notice; but, in order to establish the fidelity of our narrative, we shall briefly attempt to explain the reason why we have been obliged to present so motley a dramatis personae.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading We have made our readers acquainted with some variety in character and nations, in introducing the most important personages of this legend to their notice; but, in order to establish the fidelity of our narrative, we shall briefly attempt to explain the reason why we have been obliged to present so motley a dramatis personae.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading We have made our readers acquainted with some variety in character and nations, in introducing the most important personages of this legend to their notice; but, in order to establish the fidelity of our narrative, we shall briefly attempt to explain the reason why we have been obliged to present so motley a dramatis personae.

tonguenounUS /tʌŋ/

a mobile mass of muscular tissue covered with mucous membrane and located in the oral cavity

From this reading “For here the exile met from every clime, And spoke, in friendship, every distant tongue.”

varietynounUS /vərˈaɪəti/

a collection containing a variety of sorts of things

From this reading We have made our readers acquainted with some variety in character and nations, in introducing the most important personages of this legend to their notice; but, in order to establish the fidelity of our narrative, we shall briefly attempt to explain the reason why we have been obliged to present so motley a dramatis personae.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Europe, at the period of our tale, was in the commencement of that commotion which afterward shook her political institutions to the centre.

WepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading We have made our readers acquainted with some variety in character and nations, in introducing the most important personages of this legend to their notice; but, in order to establish the fidelity of our narrative, we shall briefly attempt to explain the reason why we have been obliged to present so motley a dramatis personae.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading Europe, at the period of our tale, was in the commencement of that commotion which afterward shook her political institutions to the centre.

whynounUS /waɪ/

the cause or intention underlying an action or situation, especially in the phrase “the whys and wherefores”

From this reading We have made our readers acquainted with some variety in character and nations, in introducing the most important personages of this legend to their notice; but, in order to establish the fidelity of our narrative, we shall briefly attempt to explain the reason why we have been obliged to present so motley a dramatis personae.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading We have made our readers acquainted with some variety in character and nations, in introducing the most important personages of this legend to their notice; but, in order to establish the fidelity of our narrative, we shall briefly attempt to explain the reason why we have been obliged to present so motley a dramatis personae.

worldnounUS /wɜːrld/

everything that exists anywhere

From this reading Louis the Sixteenth had been beheaded, and a nation once esteemed the most refined among the civilized people of the world was changing its character, and substituting cruelty for mercy, and subtlety and ferocity for magnanimity and courage.

Chapter 8 of The Pioneers by James Fenimore Cooper holds 90 sentences, grouped into 18 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the public-domain source, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 8 of The Pioneers contain?

Chapter 8 holds 90 sentences of The Pioneers, unabridged, divided into 18 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 8 of The Pioneers by James Fenimore Cooper exactly as it stands in the public-domain source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 90 sentences, grouped into 18 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 8 of The Pioneers?

Work through the 18 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 18 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 8 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 8 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The Pioneers

Common questions about reading The Pioneers by James Fenimore Cooper on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The Pioneers?

Yes. All 6089 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #2275 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The Pioneers is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #2275, a public-domain edition. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The Pioneers take to read?

About 507 minutes of reading across 1218 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read The Pioneers section by section

How to work through The Pioneers section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 40 chapters of The Pioneers to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in The Pioneers

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Pioneers, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Winter
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Pioneers; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Comes
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Pioneers; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Varied
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Pioneers; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Years
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Pioneers; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.