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The Planet Mars and Its Inhabitants, a
The Planet Mars and Its Inhabitants, a

Chapter VIII · Chapter 8

Chapter 8 of The Planet Mars and Its Inhabitants, a is here in full — 17 sentences across 4 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for The Planet Mars and Its Inhabitants, a
Context Illustration Reading 1/3 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
DISTRIBUTION OF COMMODITIES Barter and trade are unknown on Mars.
The entire race of Martians is cooperative, and the production of all necessities is based on the needs of the Commonwealth.
Specialization in different branches of industrial activity is centralized, as is the case of your Earth.
That is, some particular parts of the planet, owing to climatic and other conditions, are better adapted for the production of some special kind of raw material used in the manufacture of clothes or other necessities of life, or the production of some particular foodstuff.
But in every case the incentive for industrial activity is not material profit.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Planet Mars and Its Inhabitants, a

Chapter VIII · Chapter 8

Chapter 8 of The Planet Mars and Its Inhabitants, a is here in full — 17 sentences across 4 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/3 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
DISTRIBUTION OF COMMODITIES Barter and trade are unknown on Mars.
/ˌdɪstrəˈbjuːʃən ʌv kəˈmɑːdətiz ˈbɑːrtər ənd treɪd ɑːr ənˈnoʊn ɑːn mɑːrz/
Line 2
The entire race of Martians is cooperative, and the production of all necessities is based on the needs of the Commonwealth.
/ðə ɪnˈtaɪər reɪs ʌv ˈmɑːrʃənz ɪz koʊˈɑːpəreɪtɪv ənd ðə prəˈdʌkʃən ʌv ɔːl nəˈsesɪtiz ɪz beɪst ɑːn ðə niːdz ʌv ðə ˈkɑːmənwelθ/
Line 3
Specialization in different branches of industrial activity is centralized, as is the case of your Earth.
/ˌspeʃələˈzeɪʃən ɪn ˈdɪfərənt ˈbræntʃəz ʌv ˌɪnˈdʌstriəl ækˈtɪvəti ɪz ˈsentrəlaɪzd æz ɪz ðə keɪs ʌv jɔːr ɜːrθ/
Line 4
That is, some particular parts of the planet, owing to climatic and other conditions, are better adapted for the production of some special kind of raw material used in the manufacture of clothes or other necessities of life, or the production of some particular foodstuff.
/ðæt ɪz sʌm pərˈtɪkjələr pɑːrts ʌv ðə ˈplænət ˈoʊɪŋ tuː klaɪˈmætɪk ənd ˈʌðər kənˈdɪʃənz ɑːr ˈbetər əˈdæptɪd fɔːr ðə prəˈdʌkʃən ʌv sʌm ˈspeʃəl kaɪnd ʌv rɑː məˈtɪriəl juːzd ɪn ðə ˌmænjəˈfæktʃər ʌv kloʊðz ɔːr ˈʌðər nəˈsesɪtiz ʌv laɪf ɔːr ðə prəˈdʌkʃən ʌv sʌm pərˈtɪkjələr ˈfuːdstʌf/
Line 5
But in every case the incentive for industrial activity is not material profit.
/bʌt ɪn ˈevəri keɪs ðə ˌɪnˈsentɪv fɔːr ˌɪnˈdʌstriəl ækˈtɪvəti ɪz nɑːt məˈtɪriəl ˈprɑːfət/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

centralized adjective US /ˈsentrəlaɪzd/

drawn toward a center or brought under the control of a central authority

From this reading “Specialization in different branches of industrial activity is centralized, as is the case of your Earth.”

climatic adjective US /klaɪˈmætɪk/

of or relating to a climate

From this reading “That is, some particular parts of the planet, owing to climatic and other conditions, are better adapted for the production of some special kind of raw material used in the manufacture of clothes or other necessities of life, or the production of some particular foodstuff.”

commodities noun US /kəˈmɑːdətiz/

plural of “commodity” — articles of commerce

From this reading “DISTRIBUTION OF COMMODITIES Barter and trade are unknown on Mars.”

cooperative adjective US /koʊˈɑːpəreɪtɪv/

involving the joint activity of two or more

From this reading “The entire race of Martians is cooperative, and the production of all necessities is based on the needs of the Commonwealth.”

foodstuff noun US /ˈfuːdstʌf/

(usually plural) consumer goods sold by a grocer

From this reading “That is, some particular parts of the planet, owing to climatic and other conditions, are better adapted for the production of some special kind of raw material used in the manufacture of clothes or other necessities of life, or the production of some particular foodstuff.”

incentive noun US /ˌɪnˈsentɪv/

a positive motivational influence

From this reading “But in every case the incentive for industrial activity is not material profit.”

Martians noun US /ˈmɑːrʃənz/

plural of “martian” — imaginary people who live on the planet Mars

From this reading “The entire race of Martians is cooperative, and the production of all necessities is based on the needs of the Commonwealth.”

Specialization noun US /ˌspeʃələˈzeɪʃən/

the act of specializing; making something suitable for a special purpose

From this reading “Specialization in different branches of industrial activity is centralized, as is the case of your Earth.”

All words in this reading · 61

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

activitynounUS /ækˈtɪvəti/

any specific behavior

From this reading Specialization in different branches of industrial activity is centralized, as is the case of your Earth.

adaptedadjectiveUS /əˈdæptɪd/

changed in order to improve or made more fit for a particular purpose

From this reading That is, some particular parts of the planet, owing to climatic and other conditions, are better adapted for the production of some special kind of raw material used in the manufacture of clothes or other necessities of life, or the production of some particular foodstuff.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading The entire race of Martians is cooperative, and the production of all necessities is based on the needs of the Commonwealth.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading DISTRIBUTION OF COMMODITIES Barter and trade are unknown on Mars.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading DISTRIBUTION OF COMMODITIES Barter and trade are unknown on Mars.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading Specialization in different branches of industrial activity is centralized, as is the case of your Earth.

BarternounUS /ˈbɑːrtər/

an equal exchange

From this reading DISTRIBUTION OF COMMODITIES Barter and trade are unknown on Mars.

basedadjectiveUS /beɪst/

having a base

From this reading The entire race of Martians is cooperative, and the production of all necessities is based on the needs of the Commonwealth.

betteradjectiveUS /ˈbetər/

(comparative of “good”) superior to another (of the same class or set or kind) in excellence or quality or desirability or suitability; more highly skilled than another

From this reading That is, some particular parts of the planet, owing to climatic and other conditions, are better adapted for the production of some special kind of raw material used in the manufacture of clothes or other necessities of life, or the production of some particular foodstuff.

branchesnounUS /ˈbræntʃəz/

plural of “branch” — a division of some larger or more complex organization

From this reading Specialization in different branches of industrial activity is centralized, as is the case of your Earth.

ButconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading But in every case the incentive for industrial activity is not material profit.

casenounUS /keɪs/

an occurrence of something

From this reading Specialization in different branches of industrial activity is centralized, as is the case of your Earth.

centralizedadjectiveUS /ˈsentrəlaɪzd/

drawn toward a center or brought under the control of a central authority

From this reading Specialization in different branches of industrial activity is centralized, as is the case of your Earth.

climaticadjectiveUS /klaɪˈmætɪk/

of or relating to a climate

From this reading That is, some particular parts of the planet, owing to climatic and other conditions, are better adapted for the production of some special kind of raw material used in the manufacture of clothes or other necessities of life, or the production of some particular foodstuff.

clothesnounUS /kloʊðz/

clothing in general

From this reading That is, some particular parts of the planet, owing to climatic and other conditions, are better adapted for the production of some special kind of raw material used in the manufacture of clothes or other necessities of life, or the production of some particular foodstuff.

COMMODITIESnounUS /kəˈmɑːdətiz/

plural of “commodity” — articles of commerce

From this reading DISTRIBUTION OF COMMODITIES Barter and trade are unknown on Mars.

CommonwealthnounUS /ˈkɑːmənwelθ/

the official name of some states in the United States (Massachusetts and Pennsylvania and Virginia and Kentucky) and associated territories (Puerto Rico)

From this reading The entire race of Martians is cooperative, and the production of all necessities is based on the needs of the Commonwealth.

conditionsnounUS /kənˈdɪʃənz/

the prevailing context that influences the performance or the outcome of a process

From this reading That is, some particular parts of the planet, owing to climatic and other conditions, are better adapted for the production of some special kind of raw material used in the manufacture of clothes or other necessities of life, or the production of some particular foodstuff.

cooperativeadjectiveUS /koʊˈɑːpəreɪtɪv/

involving the joint activity of two or more

From this reading The entire race of Martians is cooperative, and the production of all necessities is based on the needs of the Commonwealth.

differentadjectiveUS /ˈdɪfərənt/

unlike in nature or quality or form or degree

From this reading Specialization in different branches of industrial activity is centralized, as is the case of your Earth.

DISTRIBUTIONnounUS /ˌdɪstrəˈbjuːʃən/

(statistics) an arrangement of values of a variable showing their observed or theoretical frequency of occurrence

From this reading DISTRIBUTION OF COMMODITIES Barter and trade are unknown on Mars.

EarthnounUS /ɜːrθ/

the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on

From this reading Specialization in different branches of industrial activity is centralized, as is the case of your Earth.

entireadjectiveUS /ɪnˈtaɪər/

constituting the full quantity or extent; complete

From this reading The entire race of Martians is cooperative, and the production of all necessities is based on the needs of the Commonwealth.

everydeterminerUS /ˈevəri/

all the members of a group, with none left out

From this reading But in every case the incentive for industrial activity is not material profit.

foodstuffnounUS /ˈfuːdstʌf/

(usually plural) consumer goods sold by a grocer

From this reading That is, some particular parts of the planet, owing to climatic and other conditions, are better adapted for the production of some special kind of raw material used in the manufacture of clothes or other necessities of life, or the production of some particular foodstuff.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading That is, some particular parts of the planet, owing to climatic and other conditions, are better adapted for the production of some special kind of raw material used in the manufacture of clothes or other necessities of life, or the production of some particular foodstuff.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Specialization in different branches of industrial activity is centralized, as is the case of your Earth.

incentivenounUS /ˌɪnˈsentɪv/

a positive motivational influence

From this reading But in every case the incentive for industrial activity is not material profit.

industrialadjectiveUS /ˌɪnˈdʌstriəl/

of or relating to or resulting from industry

From this reading Specialization in different branches of industrial activity is centralized, as is the case of your Earth.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The entire race of Martians is cooperative, and the production of all necessities is based on the needs of the Commonwealth.

kindadjectiveUS /kaɪnd/

having or showing a tender and considerate and helpful nature; used especially of persons and their behavior

From this reading That is, some particular parts of the planet, owing to climatic and other conditions, are better adapted for the production of some special kind of raw material used in the manufacture of clothes or other necessities of life, or the production of some particular foodstuff.

lifenounUS /laɪf/

a characteristic state or mode of living

From this reading That is, some particular parts of the planet, owing to climatic and other conditions, are better adapted for the production of some special kind of raw material used in the manufacture of clothes or other necessities of life, or the production of some particular foodstuff.

manufactureverbUS /ˌmænjəˈfæktʃər/

put together out of artificial or natural components or parts

From this reading That is, some particular parts of the planet, owing to climatic and other conditions, are better adapted for the production of some special kind of raw material used in the manufacture of clothes or other necessities of life, or the production of some particular foodstuff.

MarsnounUS /mɑːrz/

a small reddish planet that is the 4th from the sun and is periodically visible to the naked eye; minerals rich in iron cover its surface and are responsible for its characteristic color

From this reading DISTRIBUTION OF COMMODITIES Barter and trade are unknown on Mars.

MartiansnounUS /ˈmɑːrʃənz/

plural of “martian” — imaginary people who live on the planet Mars

From this reading The entire race of Martians is cooperative, and the production of all necessities is based on the needs of the Commonwealth.

materialadjectiveUS /məˈtɪriəl/

concerned with worldly rather than spiritual interests

From this reading That is, some particular parts of the planet, owing to climatic and other conditions, are better adapted for the production of some special kind of raw material used in the manufacture of clothes or other necessities of life, or the production of some particular foodstuff.

necessitiesnounUS /nəˈsesɪtiz/

plural of “necessity” — the condition of being essential or indispensable

From this reading The entire race of Martians is cooperative, and the production of all necessities is based on the needs of the Commonwealth.

needsadverbUS /niːdz/

in such a manner as could not be otherwise

From this reading The entire race of Martians is cooperative, and the production of all necessities is based on the needs of the Commonwealth.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading But in every case the incentive for industrial activity is not material profit.

OFprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading DISTRIBUTION OF COMMODITIES Barter and trade are unknown on Mars.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading DISTRIBUTION OF COMMODITIES Barter and trade are unknown on Mars.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading That is, some particular parts of the planet, owing to climatic and other conditions, are better adapted for the production of some special kind of raw material used in the manufacture of clothes or other necessities of life, or the production of some particular foodstuff.

otheradjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading That is, some particular parts of the planet, owing to climatic and other conditions, are better adapted for the production of some special kind of raw material used in the manufacture of clothes or other necessities of life, or the production of some particular foodstuff.

owingadjectiveUS /ˈoʊɪŋ/

owed as a debt

From this reading That is, some particular parts of the planet, owing to climatic and other conditions, are better adapted for the production of some special kind of raw material used in the manufacture of clothes or other necessities of life, or the production of some particular foodstuff.

particularadjectiveUS /pərˈtɪkjələr/

unique or specific to a person or thing or category

From this reading That is, some particular parts of the planet, owing to climatic and other conditions, are better adapted for the production of some special kind of raw material used in the manufacture of clothes or other necessities of life, or the production of some particular foodstuff.

partsnounUS /pɑːrts/

the local environment

From this reading That is, some particular parts of the planet, owing to climatic and other conditions, are better adapted for the production of some special kind of raw material used in the manufacture of clothes or other necessities of life, or the production of some particular foodstuff.

planetnounUS /ˈplænət/

(astronomy) any of the nine large celestial bodies in the solar system that revolve around the sun and shine by reflected light

From this reading That is, some particular parts of the planet, owing to climatic and other conditions, are better adapted for the production of some special kind of raw material used in the manufacture of clothes or other necessities of life, or the production of some particular foodstuff.

productionnounUS /prəˈdʌkʃən/

the act or process of producing something

From this reading The entire race of Martians is cooperative, and the production of all necessities is based on the needs of the Commonwealth.

profitnounUS /ˈprɑːfət/

the excess of revenues over outlays in a given period of time (including depreciation and other non-cash expenses)

From this reading But in every case the incentive for industrial activity is not material profit.

racenounUS /reɪs/

any competition

From this reading The entire race of Martians is cooperative, and the production of all necessities is based on the needs of the Commonwealth.

rawadjectiveUS /rɑː/

(used especially of commodities) being unprocessed or manufactured using only simple or minimal processes

From this reading That is, some particular parts of the planet, owing to climatic and other conditions, are better adapted for the production of some special kind of raw material used in the manufacture of clothes or other necessities of life, or the production of some particular foodstuff.

someadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading That is, some particular parts of the planet, owing to climatic and other conditions, are better adapted for the production of some special kind of raw material used in the manufacture of clothes or other necessities of life, or the production of some particular foodstuff.

specialadjectiveUS /ˈspeʃəl/

unique or specific to a person or thing or category

From this reading That is, some particular parts of the planet, owing to climatic and other conditions, are better adapted for the production of some special kind of raw material used in the manufacture of clothes or other necessities of life, or the production of some particular foodstuff.

SpecializationnounUS /ˌspeʃələˈzeɪʃən/

the act of specializing; making something suitable for a special purpose

From this reading Specialization in different branches of industrial activity is centralized, as is the case of your Earth.

ThatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading That is, some particular parts of the planet, owing to climatic and other conditions, are better adapted for the production of some special kind of raw material used in the manufacture of clothes or other necessities of life, or the production of some particular foodstuff.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading The entire race of Martians is cooperative, and the production of all necessities is based on the needs of the Commonwealth.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading That is, some particular parts of the planet, owing to climatic and other conditions, are better adapted for the production of some special kind of raw material used in the manufacture of clothes or other necessities of life, or the production of some particular foodstuff.

tradenounUS /treɪd/

the commercial exchange (buying and selling on domestic or international markets) of goods and services

From this reading DISTRIBUTION OF COMMODITIES Barter and trade are unknown on Mars.

unknownadjectiveUS /ənˈnoʊn/

not known

From this reading DISTRIBUTION OF COMMODITIES Barter and trade are unknown on Mars.

usedadjectiveUS /juːzd/

employed in accomplishing something

From this reading That is, some particular parts of the planet, owing to climatic and other conditions, are better adapted for the production of some special kind of raw material used in the manufacture of clothes or other necessities of life, or the production of some particular foodstuff.

yourdeterminerUS /jɔːr/

belonging to the person or people being spoken to

From this reading Specialization in different branches of industrial activity is centralized, as is the case of your Earth.

Chapter 8 of The Planet Mars and Its Inhabitants, a by J. L. Kennon holds 17 sentences, grouped into 4 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the public-domain source, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 8 of The Planet Mars and Its Inhabitants, a contain?

Chapter 8 holds 17 sentences of The Planet Mars and Its Inhabitants, a, unabridged, divided into 4 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 8 of The Planet Mars and Its Inhabitants, a by J. L. Kennon exactly as it stands in the public-domain source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 17 sentences, grouped into 4 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 8 of The Planet Mars and Its Inhabitants, a?

Work through the 4 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 4 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 8 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 8 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The Planet Mars and Its Inhabitants, a

Common questions about reading The Planet Mars and Its Inhabitants, a by J. L. Kennon on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The Planet Mars and Its Inhabitants, a?

Yes. All 911 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #563 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The Planet Mars and Its Inhabitants, a is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #563, a public-domain edition. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The Planet Mars and Its Inhabitants, a take to read?

About 75 minutes of reading across 183 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read The Planet Mars and Its Inhabitants, a section by section

How to work through The Planet Mars and Its Inhabitants, a section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 22 chapters of The Planet Mars and Its Inhabitants, a to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in The Planet Mars and Its Inhabitants, a

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Planet Mars and Its Inhabitants, a, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Jupiter
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Planet Mars and Its Inhabitants, a; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Enveloped
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Planet Mars and Its Inhabitants, a; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Gloom
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Planet Mars and Its Inhabitants, a; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Darkness
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Planet Mars and Its Inhabitants, a; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.