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The Pleasures of England Lectures given
The Pleasures of England Lectures given

Chapter II · Chapter 2

Chapter 2 of The Pleasures of England Lectures given is here in full — 378 sentences across 76 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/75 · 5 lines
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"As soon as they were established on the soil, these barbarians became the most hardy and active builders.
Within the space of a century and a half, they had covered the country on which they had definitely landed, with religious, monastic, and civil edifices, of an extent and richness then little common.
It is difficult to suppose that they had brought from Norway the elements of art,[13] but they were possessed by a persisting and penetrating spirit; their brutal force did not want for grandeur.
Conquerors, they raised castles to assure their domination; they soon recognized the Moral force of the clergy, and endowed it richly.
Eager always to attain their end, when once they saw it, they _never left one of their enterprises unfinished_, and in that they differed completely from the Southern inhabitants of Gaul.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Pleasures of England Lectures given

Chapter II · Chapter 2

Chapter 2 of The Pleasures of England Lectures given is here in full — 378 sentences across 76 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/75 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
"As soon as they were established on the soil, these barbarians became the most hardy and active builders.
/æz suːn æz ðeɪ wɜːr ɪˈstæblɪʃt ɑːn ðə sɔɪl ðiːz bɑːrˈberiənz bɪˈkeɪm ðə moʊst ˈhɑːrdi ənd ˈæktɪv ˈbɪldərz/
Line 2
Within the space of a century and a half, they had covered the country on which they had definitely landed, with religious, monastic, and civil edifices, of an extent and richness then little common.
Line 3
It is difficult to suppose that they had brought from Norway the elements of art,[13] but they were possessed by a persisting and penetrating spirit; their brutal force did not want for grandeur.
Line 4
Conquerors, they raised castles to assure their domination; they soon recognized the Moral force of the clergy, and endowed it richly.
/ˈkɑːŋkərərz ðeɪ reɪzd ˈkæsəlz tuː əˈʃʊr ðer ˌdɑːməˈneɪʃən ðeɪ suːn ˈrekəɡnaɪzd ðə ˈmɔːrəl fɔːrs ʌv ðə ˈklɜːrdʒi ənd enˈdaʊd ɪt ˈrɪtʃli/
Line 5
Eager always to attain their end, when once they saw it, they _never left one of their enterprises unfinished_, and in that they differed completely from the Southern inhabitants of Gaul.
/ˈiːɡər ˈɔːlweɪz tuː əˈteɪn ðer end wen wʌns ðeɪ sɔː ɪt ðeɪ ˈnevər left wʌn ʌv ðer ˈentərpraɪzɪz ənˈfɪnɪʃt ənd ɪn ðæt ðeɪ ˈdɪfərd kəmˈpliːtli frʌm ðə ˈsʌðərn ɪnˈhæbətənts ʌv ɡɔːl/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

builders noun US /ˈbɪldərz/

plural of “builder” — a substance added to soaps or detergents to increase their cleansing action

From this reading “"As soon as they were established on the soil, these barbarians became the most hardy and active builders.”

Conquerors noun US /ˈkɑːŋkərərz/

plural of “conqueror” — someone who is victorious by force of arms

From this reading “Conquerors, they raised castles to assure their domination; they soon recognized the Moral force of the clergy, and endowed it richly.”

domination noun US /ˌdɑːməˈneɪʃən/

social control by dominating

From this reading “Conquerors, they raised castles to assure their domination; they soon recognized the Moral force of the clergy, and endowed it richly.”

Gaul noun US /ɡɔːl/

a person of French descent

From this reading “Eager always to attain their end, when once they saw it, they _never left one of their enterprises unfinished_, and in that they differed completely from the Southern inhabitants of Gaul.”

monastic adjective US /məˈnæstɪk/

of communal life sequestered from the world under religious vows

From this reading “Within the space of a century and a half, they had covered the country on which they had definitely landed, with religious, monastic, and civil edifices, of an extent and richness then little common.”

Norway noun US /ˈnɔːrweɪ/

a constitutional monarchy in northern Europe on the western side of the Scandinavian Peninsula; achieved independence from Sweden in 1905

From this reading “It is difficult to suppose that they had brought from Norway the elements of art,[13] but they were possessed by a persisting and penetrating spirit; their brutal force did not want for grandeur.”

persisting adjective US /pərˈsɪstɪŋ/

relentless and indefatigable in pursuit or as if in pursuit

From this reading “It is difficult to suppose that they had brought from Norway the elements of art,[13] but they were possessed by a persisting and penetrating spirit; their brutal force did not want for grandeur.”

richness noun US /ˈrɪtʃnəs/

the property of being extremely abundant

From this reading “Within the space of a century and a half, they had covered the country on which they had definitely landed, with religious, monastic, and civil edifices, of an extent and richness then little common.”

All words in this reading · 93

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

13

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It is difficult to suppose that they had brought from Norway the elements of art,[13] but they were possessed by a persisting and penetrating spirit; their brutal force did not want for grandeur.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Within the space of a century and a half, they had covered the country on which they had definitely landed, with religious, monastic, and civil edifices, of an extent and richness then little common.

activeadjectiveUS /ˈæktɪv/

tending to become more severe or wider in scope

From this reading "As soon as they were established on the soil, these barbarians became the most hardy and active builders.

alwaysadverbUS /ˈɔːlweɪz/

at all times; all the time and on every occasion

From this reading Eager always to attain their end, when once they saw it, they _never left one of their enterprises unfinished_, and in that they differed completely from the Southern inhabitants of Gaul.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading Within the space of a century and a half, they had covered the country on which they had definitely landed, with religious, monastic, and civil edifices, of an extent and richness then little common.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading "As soon as they were established on the soil, these barbarians became the most hardy and active builders.

artauxiliary verbUS /ɑːrt/

an old form of “are”, used with “thou”

From this reading It is difficult to suppose that they had brought from Norway the elements of art,[13] but they were possessed by a persisting and penetrating spirit; their brutal force did not want for grandeur.

AsconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading "As soon as they were established on the soil, these barbarians became the most hardy and active builders.

assureverbUS /əˈʃʊr/

make certain of

From this reading Conquerors, they raised castles to assure their domination; they soon recognized the Moral force of the clergy, and endowed it richly.

attainverbUS /əˈteɪn/

to gain with effort

From this reading Eager always to attain their end, when once they saw it, they _never left one of their enterprises unfinished_, and in that they differed completely from the Southern inhabitants of Gaul.

barbariansnounUS /bɑːrˈberiənz/

plural of “barbarian” — a member of an uncivilized people

From this reading "As soon as they were established on the soil, these barbarians became the most hardy and active builders.

becameverbUS /bɪˈkeɪm/

inflected form of “become” — enter or assume a certain state or condition

From this reading "As soon as they were established on the soil, these barbarians became the most hardy and active builders.

broughtverbUS /brɔːt/

inflected form of “bring” — take something or somebody with oneself somewhere

From this reading It is difficult to suppose that they had brought from Norway the elements of art,[13] but they were possessed by a persisting and penetrating spirit; their brutal force did not want for grandeur.

brutaladjectiveUS /ˈbruːtəl/

(of persons or their actions) able or disposed to inflict pain or suffering

From this reading It is difficult to suppose that they had brought from Norway the elements of art,[13] but they were possessed by a persisting and penetrating spirit; their brutal force did not want for grandeur.

buildersnounUS /ˈbɪldərz/

plural of “builder” — a substance added to soaps or detergents to increase their cleansing action

From this reading "As soon as they were established on the soil, these barbarians became the most hardy and active builders.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading It is difficult to suppose that they had brought from Norway the elements of art,[13] but they were possessed by a persisting and penetrating spirit; their brutal force did not want for grandeur.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading It is difficult to suppose that they had brought from Norway the elements of art,[13] but they were possessed by a persisting and penetrating spirit; their brutal force did not want for grandeur.

castlesnounUS /ˈkæsəlz/

plural of “castle” — a large and stately mansion

From this reading Conquerors, they raised castles to assure their domination; they soon recognized the Moral force of the clergy, and endowed it richly.

centurynounUS /ˈsentʃəri/

a period of 100 years

From this reading Within the space of a century and a half, they had covered the country on which they had definitely landed, with religious, monastic, and civil edifices, of an extent and richness then little common.

civiladjectiveUS /ˈsɪvəl/

applying to ordinary citizens as contrasted with the military

From this reading Within the space of a century and a half, they had covered the country on which they had definitely landed, with religious, monastic, and civil edifices, of an extent and richness then little common.

clergynounUS /ˈklɜːrdʒi/

in Christianity, clergymen collectively (as distinguished from the laity)

From this reading Conquerors, they raised castles to assure their domination; they soon recognized the Moral force of the clergy, and endowed it richly.

commonadjectiveUS /ˈkɑːmən/

belonging to or participated in by a community as a whole; public

From this reading Within the space of a century and a half, they had covered the country on which they had definitely landed, with religious, monastic, and civil edifices, of an extent and richness then little common.

completelyadverbUS /kəmˈpliːtli/

to a complete degree or to the full or entire extent (“whole” is often used informally for “wholly”)

From this reading Eager always to attain their end, when once they saw it, they _never left one of their enterprises unfinished_, and in that they differed completely from the Southern inhabitants of Gaul.

ConquerorsnounUS /ˈkɑːŋkərərz/

plural of “conqueror” — someone who is victorious by force of arms

From this reading Conquerors, they raised castles to assure their domination; they soon recognized the Moral force of the clergy, and endowed it richly.

countrynounUS /ˈkʌntri/

a politically organized body of people under a single government

From this reading Within the space of a century and a half, they had covered the country on which they had definitely landed, with religious, monastic, and civil edifices, of an extent and richness then little common.

coveredadjectiveUS /ˈkʌvərd/

overlaid or spread or topped with or enclosed within something; sometimes used as a combining form

From this reading Within the space of a century and a half, they had covered the country on which they had definitely landed, with religious, monastic, and civil edifices, of an extent and richness then little common.

definitelyadverbUS /ˈdefənətli/

without question and beyond doubt

From this reading Within the space of a century and a half, they had covered the country on which they had definitely landed, with religious, monastic, and civil edifices, of an extent and richness then little common.

didauxiliary verbUS /dɪd/

the past form of “do”, used in questions and negatives

From this reading It is difficult to suppose that they had brought from Norway the elements of art,[13] but they were possessed by a persisting and penetrating spirit; their brutal force did not want for grandeur.

differedverbUS /ˈdɪfərd/

past form of “differ” — be different

From this reading Eager always to attain their end, when once they saw it, they _never left one of their enterprises unfinished_, and in that they differed completely from the Southern inhabitants of Gaul.

difficultadjectiveUS /ˈdɪfəkəlt/

not easy; requiring great physical or mental effort to accomplish or comprehend or endure

From this reading It is difficult to suppose that they had brought from Norway the elements of art,[13] but they were possessed by a persisting and penetrating spirit; their brutal force did not want for grandeur.

dominationnounUS /ˌdɑːməˈneɪʃən/

social control by dominating

From this reading Conquerors, they raised castles to assure their domination; they soon recognized the Moral force of the clergy, and endowed it richly.

EageradjectiveUS /ˈiːɡər/

having or showing keen interest or intense desire or impatient expectancy

From this reading Eager always to attain their end, when once they saw it, they _never left one of their enterprises unfinished_, and in that they differed completely from the Southern inhabitants of Gaul.

edifices

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Within the space of a century and a half, they had covered the country on which they had definitely landed, with religious, monastic, and civil edifices, of an extent and richness then little common.

elementsnounUS /ˈeləmənts/

violent or severe weather (viewed as caused by the action of the four elements)

From this reading It is difficult to suppose that they had brought from Norway the elements of art,[13] but they were possessed by a persisting and penetrating spirit; their brutal force did not want for grandeur.

endnounUS /end/

either extremity of something that has length

From this reading Eager always to attain their end, when once they saw it, they _never left one of their enterprises unfinished_, and in that they differed completely from the Southern inhabitants of Gaul.

endowedadjectiveUS /enˈdaʊd/

provided or supplied or equipped with (especially as by inheritance or nature)

From this reading Conquerors, they raised castles to assure their domination; they soon recognized the Moral force of the clergy, and endowed it richly.

enterprisesnounUS /ˈentərpraɪzɪz/

plural of “enterprise” — a purposeful or industrious undertaking (especially one that requires effort or boldness)

From this reading Eager always to attain their end, when once they saw it, they _never left one of their enterprises unfinished_, and in that they differed completely from the Southern inhabitants of Gaul.

establishedadjectiveUS /ɪˈstæblɪʃt/

brought about or set up or accepted; especially long established

From this reading "As soon as they were established on the soil, these barbarians became the most hardy and active builders.

extentnounUS /ɪkˈstent/

the point or degree to which something extends

From this reading Within the space of a century and a half, they had covered the country on which they had definitely landed, with religious, monastic, and civil edifices, of an extent and richness then little common.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading It is difficult to suppose that they had brought from Norway the elements of art,[13] but they were possessed by a persisting and penetrating spirit; their brutal force did not want for grandeur.

forcenounUS /fɔːrs/

a powerful effect or influence

From this reading It is difficult to suppose that they had brought from Norway the elements of art,[13] but they were possessed by a persisting and penetrating spirit; their brutal force did not want for grandeur.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading It is difficult to suppose that they had brought from Norway the elements of art,[13] but they were possessed by a persisting and penetrating spirit; their brutal force did not want for grandeur.

GaulnounUS /ɡɔːl/

a person of French descent

From this reading Eager always to attain their end, when once they saw it, they _never left one of their enterprises unfinished_, and in that they differed completely from the Southern inhabitants of Gaul.

grandeurnounUS /ɡrænˈduːr/

the quality of being magnificent or splendid or grand

From this reading It is difficult to suppose that they had brought from Norway the elements of art,[13] but they were possessed by a persisting and penetrating spirit; their brutal force did not want for grandeur.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading Within the space of a century and a half, they had covered the country on which they had definitely landed, with religious, monastic, and civil edifices, of an extent and richness then little common.

halfadjectiveUS /hæf/

consisting of one of two equivalent parts in value or quantity

From this reading Within the space of a century and a half, they had covered the country on which they had definitely landed, with religious, monastic, and civil edifices, of an extent and richness then little common.

hardyadjectiveUS /ˈhɑːrdi/

having rugged physical strength; inured to fatigue or hardships

From this reading "As soon as they were established on the soil, these barbarians became the most hardy and active builders.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Eager always to attain their end, when once they saw it, they _never left one of their enterprises unfinished_, and in that they differed completely from the Southern inhabitants of Gaul.

inhabitantsnounUS /ɪnˈhæbətənts/

plural of “inhabitant” — a person who inhabits a particular place

From this reading Eager always to attain their end, when once they saw it, they _never left one of their enterprises unfinished_, and in that they differed completely from the Southern inhabitants of Gaul.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading It is difficult to suppose that they had brought from Norway the elements of art,[13] but they were possessed by a persisting and penetrating spirit; their brutal force did not want for grandeur.

ItpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading It is difficult to suppose that they had brought from Norway the elements of art,[13] but they were possessed by a persisting and penetrating spirit; their brutal force did not want for grandeur.

landedadjectiveUS /ˈlændəd/

owning or consisting of land or real estate

From this reading Within the space of a century and a half, they had covered the country on which they had definitely landed, with religious, monastic, and civil edifices, of an extent and richness then little common.

leftnounUS /left/

location near or direction toward the left side; i.e. the side to the north when a person or object faces east

From this reading Eager always to attain their end, when once they saw it, they _never left one of their enterprises unfinished_, and in that they differed completely from the Southern inhabitants of Gaul.

littleadjectiveUS /ˈlɪtəl/

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading Within the space of a century and a half, they had covered the country on which they had definitely landed, with religious, monastic, and civil edifices, of an extent and richness then little common.

monasticadjectiveUS /məˈnæstɪk/

of communal life sequestered from the world under religious vows

From this reading Within the space of a century and a half, they had covered the country on which they had definitely landed, with religious, monastic, and civil edifices, of an extent and richness then little common.

MoraladjectiveUS /ˈmɔːrəl/

concerned with principles of right and wrong or conforming to standards of behavior and character based on those principles

From this reading Conquerors, they raised castles to assure their domination; they soon recognized the Moral force of the clergy, and endowed it richly.

mostadverbUS /moʊst/

used to form the superlative

From this reading "As soon as they were established on the soil, these barbarians became the most hardy and active builders.

neveradverbUS /ˈnevər/

not ever; at no time in the past or future

From this reading Eager always to attain their end, when once they saw it, they _never left one of their enterprises unfinished_, and in that they differed completely from the Southern inhabitants of Gaul.

NorwaynounUS /ˈnɔːrweɪ/

a constitutional monarchy in northern Europe on the western side of the Scandinavian Peninsula; achieved independence from Sweden in 1905

From this reading It is difficult to suppose that they had brought from Norway the elements of art,[13] but they were possessed by a persisting and penetrating spirit; their brutal force did not want for grandeur.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading It is difficult to suppose that they had brought from Norway the elements of art,[13] but they were possessed by a persisting and penetrating spirit; their brutal force did not want for grandeur.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Within the space of a century and a half, they had covered the country on which they had definitely landed, with religious, monastic, and civil edifices, of an extent and richness then little common.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading "As soon as they were established on the soil, these barbarians became the most hardy and active builders.

onceadverbUS /wʌns/

on one occasion

From this reading Eager always to attain their end, when once they saw it, they _never left one of their enterprises unfinished_, and in that they differed completely from the Southern inhabitants of Gaul.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading Eager always to attain their end, when once they saw it, they _never left one of their enterprises unfinished_, and in that they differed completely from the Southern inhabitants of Gaul.

penetratingadjectiveUS /ˈpenətreɪtɪŋ/

having or demonstrating ability to recognize or draw fine distinctions

From this reading It is difficult to suppose that they had brought from Norway the elements of art,[13] but they were possessed by a persisting and penetrating spirit; their brutal force did not want for grandeur.

persistingadjectiveUS /pərˈsɪstɪŋ/

relentless and indefatigable in pursuit or as if in pursuit

From this reading It is difficult to suppose that they had brought from Norway the elements of art,[13] but they were possessed by a persisting and penetrating spirit; their brutal force did not want for grandeur.

possessedadjectiveUS /pəˈzest/

influenced or controlled by a powerful force such as a strong emotion

From this reading It is difficult to suppose that they had brought from Norway the elements of art,[13] but they were possessed by a persisting and penetrating spirit; their brutal force did not want for grandeur.

raisedadjectiveUS /reɪzd/

located or moved above the surround or above the normal position

From this reading Conquerors, they raised castles to assure their domination; they soon recognized the Moral force of the clergy, and endowed it richly.

recognizedadjectiveUS /ˈrekəɡnaɪzd/

generally approved or compelling recognition

From this reading Conquerors, they raised castles to assure their domination; they soon recognized the Moral force of the clergy, and endowed it richly.

religiousadjectiveUS /rɪˈlɪdʒəs/

concerned with sacred matters or religion or the church

From this reading Within the space of a century and a half, they had covered the country on which they had definitely landed, with religious, monastic, and civil edifices, of an extent and richness then little common.

richlyadverbUS /ˈrɪtʃli/

to an ample degree or in an ample manner

From this reading Conquerors, they raised castles to assure their domination; they soon recognized the Moral force of the clergy, and endowed it richly.

richnessnounUS /ˈrɪtʃnəs/

the property of being extremely abundant

From this reading Within the space of a century and a half, they had covered the country on which they had definitely landed, with religious, monastic, and civil edifices, of an extent and richness then little common.

sawverbUS /sɔː/

cut with a saw

From this reading Eager always to attain their end, when once they saw it, they _never left one of their enterprises unfinished_, and in that they differed completely from the Southern inhabitants of Gaul.

soilnounUS /sɔɪl/

the state of being covered with unclean things

From this reading "As soon as they were established on the soil, these barbarians became the most hardy and active builders.

soonadverbUS /suːn/

in the near future

From this reading "As soon as they were established on the soil, these barbarians became the most hardy and active builders.

SouthernadjectiveUS /ˈsʌðərn/

in or characteristic of a region of the United States south of (approximately) the Mason-Dixon line

From this reading Eager always to attain their end, when once they saw it, they _never left one of their enterprises unfinished_, and in that they differed completely from the Southern inhabitants of Gaul.

spacenounUS /speɪs/

the unlimited expanse in which everything is located

From this reading Within the space of a century and a half, they had covered the country on which they had definitely landed, with religious, monastic, and civil edifices, of an extent and richness then little common.

spiritnounUS /ˈspɪrət/

the vital principle or animating force within living things

From this reading It is difficult to suppose that they had brought from Norway the elements of art,[13] but they were possessed by a persisting and penetrating spirit; their brutal force did not want for grandeur.

supposeverbUS /səˈpoʊz/

express a supposition

From this reading It is difficult to suppose that they had brought from Norway the elements of art,[13] but they were possessed by a persisting and penetrating spirit; their brutal force did not want for grandeur.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading It is difficult to suppose that they had brought from Norway the elements of art,[13] but they were possessed by a persisting and penetrating spirit; their brutal force did not want for grandeur.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading "As soon as they were established on the soil, these barbarians became the most hardy and active builders.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading It is difficult to suppose that they had brought from Norway the elements of art,[13] but they were possessed by a persisting and penetrating spirit; their brutal force did not want for grandeur.

thenadverbUS /ðen/

subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors)

From this reading Within the space of a century and a half, they had covered the country on which they had definitely landed, with religious, monastic, and civil edifices, of an extent and richness then little common.

thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading "As soon as they were established on the soil, these barbarians became the most hardy and active builders.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading "As soon as they were established on the soil, these barbarians became the most hardy and active builders.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading It is difficult to suppose that they had brought from Norway the elements of art,[13] but they were possessed by a persisting and penetrating spirit; their brutal force did not want for grandeur.

unfinishedadjectiveUS /ənˈfɪnɪʃt/

not brought to the desired final state

From this reading Eager always to attain their end, when once they saw it, they _never left one of their enterprises unfinished_, and in that they differed completely from the Southern inhabitants of Gaul.

wantverbUS /wɑːnt/

feel or have a desire for; want strongly

From this reading It is difficult to suppose that they had brought from Norway the elements of art,[13] but they were possessed by a persisting and penetrating spirit; their brutal force did not want for grandeur.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading "As soon as they were established on the soil, these barbarians became the most hardy and active builders.

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading Eager always to attain their end, when once they saw it, they _never left one of their enterprises unfinished_, and in that they differed completely from the Southern inhabitants of Gaul.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading Within the space of a century and a half, they had covered the country on which they had definitely landed, with religious, monastic, and civil edifices, of an extent and richness then little common.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading Within the space of a century and a half, they had covered the country on which they had definitely landed, with religious, monastic, and civil edifices, of an extent and richness then little common.

WithinprepositionUS /wɪˈðɪn/

inside; before a period of time has passed

From this reading Within the space of a century and a half, they had covered the country on which they had definitely landed, with religious, monastic, and civil edifices, of an extent and richness then little common.

Chapter 2 of The Pleasures of England Lectures given by John Ruskin holds 378 sentences, grouped into 76 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 2 of The Pleasures of England Lectures given contain?

Chapter 2 holds 378 sentences of The Pleasures of England Lectures given, unabridged, divided into 76 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 2 of The Pleasures of England Lectures given by John Ruskin exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 378 sentences, grouped into 76 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 2 of The Pleasures of England Lectures given?

Work through the 76 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 76 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 2 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 2 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The Pleasures of England Lectures given

Common questions about reading The Pleasures of England Lectures given by John Ruskin on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The Pleasures of England Lectures given?

Yes. All 783 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #15947 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The Pleasures of England Lectures given is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #15947, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The Pleasures of England Lectures given take to read?

About 65 minutes of reading across 157 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read The Pleasures of England Lectures given section by section

How to work through The Pleasures of England Lectures given section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 2 chapters of The Pleasures of England Lectures given to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in The Pleasures of England Lectures given

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Pleasures of England Lectures given, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Pleasures
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Pleasures of England Lectures given; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
England
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Pleasures of England Lectures given; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Lectures
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Pleasures of England Lectures given; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Given
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Pleasures of England Lectures given; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.