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The Poniard's Hilt
The Poniard's Hilt

Chapter XXI

Chapter 21 of The Poniard's Hilt is here in full — 160 sentences across 32 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for The Poniard's Hilt
Context Illustration Reading 1/32 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
IN THE ERGASTULA.
When, more than five hundred years ago, the Romans conquered and owned, though they could not subjugate, Gaul they constructed their _ergastulas_--slave pens--of solid, lasting material.
There they locked up their chained Gallic slaves at night.
Such a cave was an adjunct also to the old Roman camp on which now stood the burg of Neroweg.
The bricks and cement were still so closely joined that they jointly constituted a body more solid than marble itself.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Poniard's Hilt

Chapter XXI

Chapter 21 of The Poniard's Hilt is here in full — 160 sentences across 32 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/32 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
IN THE ERGASTULA.
Line 2
When, more than five hundred years ago, the Romans conquered and owned, though they could not subjugate, Gaul they constructed their _ergastulas_--slave pens--of solid, lasting material.
Line 3
There they locked up their chained Gallic slaves at night.
/ðer ðeɪ lɑːkt ʌp ðer tʃeɪnd ˈɡælɪk sleɪvz æt naɪt/
Line 4
Such a cave was an adjunct also to the old Roman camp on which now stood the burg of Neroweg.
Line 5
The bricks and cement were still so closely joined that they jointly constituted a body more solid than marble itself.
/ðə brɪks ənd səˈment wɜːr stɪl soʊ ˈkloʊsli dʒɔɪnd ðæt ðeɪ ˈdʒɔɪntli ˈkɑːnstətuːtəd ə ˈbɑːdi mɔːr ˈsɑːləd ðæn ˈmɑːrbəl ˌɪtˈself/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

adjunct noun US /ˈædʒʌŋkt/

something added to another thing but not an essential part of it

From this reading “Such a cave was an adjunct also to the old Roman camp on which now stood the burg of Neroweg.”

burg noun US /bɜːrɡ/

colloquial American term for a town

From this reading “Such a cave was an adjunct also to the old Roman camp on which now stood the burg of Neroweg.”

cement noun US /səˈment/

concrete pavement is sometimes referred to as cement

From this reading “The bricks and cement were still so closely joined that they jointly constituted a body more solid than marble itself.”

Gallic adjective US /ˈɡælɪk/

of or pertaining to Gaul or the Gauls

From this reading “There they locked up their chained Gallic slaves at night.”

Gaul noun US /ɡɔːl/

a person of French descent

From this reading “When, more than five hundred years ago, the Romans conquered and owned, though they could not subjugate, Gaul they constructed their _ergastulas_--slave pens--of solid, lasting material.”

jointly adverb US /ˈdʒɔɪntli/

in collaboration or cooperation

From this reading “The bricks and cement were still so closely joined that they jointly constituted a body more solid than marble itself.”

pens noun US /penz/

plural of “pen” — a writing implement with a point from which ink flows

From this reading “When, more than five hundred years ago, the Romans conquered and owned, though they could not subjugate, Gaul they constructed their _ergastulas_--slave pens--of solid, lasting material.”

subjugate verb US /ˈsʌbdʒəɡeɪt/

put down by force or intimidation

From this reading “When, more than five hundred years ago, the Romans conquered and owned, though they could not subjugate, Gaul they constructed their _ergastulas_--slave pens--of solid, lasting material.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

five hundred noun + noun

the cardinal number that is the product of one hundred and five

In this reading “When, more than five hundred years ago, the Romans conquered and owned, though they could not subjugate, Gaul they constructed their _ergastulas_--slave pens--of solid, lasting material.”

hundred years noun + noun

In this reading “When, more than five hundred years ago, the Romans conquered and owned, though they could not subjugate, Gaul they constructed their _ergastulas_--slave pens--of solid, lasting material.”

locked up verb + adjective counted as “lock up”

secure by locking

In this reading “There they locked up their chained Gallic slaves at night.”

at night preposition + noun

In this reading “There they locked up their chained Gallic slaves at night.”

All words in this reading · 67

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Such a cave was an adjunct also to the old Roman camp on which now stood the burg of Neroweg.

adjunctnounUS /ˈædʒʌŋkt/

something added to another thing but not an essential part of it

From this reading Such a cave was an adjunct also to the old Roman camp on which now stood the burg of Neroweg.

agoadverbUS /əˈɡoʊ/

in the past

From this reading When, more than five hundred years ago, the Romans conquered and owned, though they could not subjugate, Gaul they constructed their _ergastulas_--slave pens--of solid, lasting material.

alsoadverbUS /ˈɔːlsoʊ/

in addition

From this reading Such a cave was an adjunct also to the old Roman camp on which now stood the burg of Neroweg.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading Such a cave was an adjunct also to the old Roman camp on which now stood the burg of Neroweg.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading When, more than five hundred years ago, the Romans conquered and owned, though they could not subjugate, Gaul they constructed their _ergastulas_--slave pens--of solid, lasting material.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading There they locked up their chained Gallic slaves at night.

bodynounUS /ˈbɑːdi/

the entire physical structure of an organism (an animal, plant, or human being)

From this reading The bricks and cement were still so closely joined that they jointly constituted a body more solid than marble itself.

bricksnounUS /brɪks/

plural of “brick” — rectangular block of clay baked by the sun or in a kiln; used as a building or paving material

From this reading The bricks and cement were still so closely joined that they jointly constituted a body more solid than marble itself.

burgnounUS /bɜːrɡ/

colloquial American term for a town

From this reading Such a cave was an adjunct also to the old Roman camp on which now stood the burg of Neroweg.

campnounUS /kæmp/

temporary living quarters specially built by the army for soldiers

From this reading Such a cave was an adjunct also to the old Roman camp on which now stood the burg of Neroweg.

cavenounUS /keɪv/

a geological formation consisting of an underground enclosure with access from the surface of the ground or from the sea

From this reading Such a cave was an adjunct also to the old Roman camp on which now stood the burg of Neroweg.

cementnounUS /səˈment/

concrete pavement is sometimes referred to as cement

From this reading The bricks and cement were still so closely joined that they jointly constituted a body more solid than marble itself.

chainedadjectiveUS /tʃeɪnd/

bound with chains

From this reading There they locked up their chained Gallic slaves at night.

closelyadverbUS /ˈkloʊsli/

in a close relation or position in time or space

From this reading The bricks and cement were still so closely joined that they jointly constituted a body more solid than marble itself.

conqueredverbUS /ˈkɑːŋkərd/

past form of “conquer” — bring under control by force or authority

From this reading When, more than five hundred years ago, the Romans conquered and owned, though they could not subjugate, Gaul they constructed their _ergastulas_--slave pens--of solid, lasting material.

constitutedadjectiveUS /ˈkɑːnstətuːtəd/

brought about or set up or accepted; especially long established

From this reading The bricks and cement were still so closely joined that they jointly constituted a body more solid than marble itself.

constructedverbUS /kənˈstrʌktəd/

past form of “construct” — make by combining materials and parts

From this reading When, more than five hundred years ago, the Romans conquered and owned, though they could not subjugate, Gaul they constructed their _ergastulas_--slave pens--of solid, lasting material.

couldmodal verbUS /kʊd/

the past of “can”; used for possibility or polite requests

From this reading When, more than five hundred years ago, the Romans conquered and owned, though they could not subjugate, Gaul they constructed their _ergastulas_--slave pens--of solid, lasting material.

ERGASTULA

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading IN THE ERGASTULA.

ergastulas

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading When, more than five hundred years ago, the Romans conquered and owned, though they could not subjugate, Gaul they constructed their _ergastulas_--slave pens--of solid, lasting material.

fivenounUS /faɪv/

the cardinal number that is the sum of four and one

From this reading When, more than five hundred years ago, the Romans conquered and owned, though they could not subjugate, Gaul they constructed their _ergastulas_--slave pens--of solid, lasting material.

GallicadjectiveUS /ˈɡælɪk/

of or pertaining to Gaul or the Gauls

From this reading There they locked up their chained Gallic slaves at night.

GaulnounUS /ɡɔːl/

a person of French descent

From this reading When, more than five hundred years ago, the Romans conquered and owned, though they could not subjugate, Gaul they constructed their _ergastulas_--slave pens--of solid, lasting material.

hundrednounUS /ˈhʌndrəd/

ten 10s

From this reading When, more than five hundred years ago, the Romans conquered and owned, though they could not subjugate, Gaul they constructed their _ergastulas_--slave pens--of solid, lasting material.

INprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading IN THE ERGASTULA.

itselfpronounUS /ˌɪtˈself/

used when the thing doing the action is also its object

From this reading The bricks and cement were still so closely joined that they jointly constituted a body more solid than marble itself.

joinedadjectiveUS /dʒɔɪnd/

of or relating to two people who are married to each other

From this reading The bricks and cement were still so closely joined that they jointly constituted a body more solid than marble itself.

jointlyadverbUS /ˈdʒɔɪntli/

in collaboration or cooperation

From this reading The bricks and cement were still so closely joined that they jointly constituted a body more solid than marble itself.

lastingadjectiveUS /ˈlæstɪŋ/

continuing or enduring without marked change in status or condition or place

From this reading When, more than five hundred years ago, the Romans conquered and owned, though they could not subjugate, Gaul they constructed their _ergastulas_--slave pens--of solid, lasting material.

lockedverbUS /lɑːkt/

past form of “lock” — fasten with a lock

From this reading There they locked up their chained Gallic slaves at night.

marblenounUS /ˈmɑːrbəl/

a hard crystalline metamorphic rock that takes a high polish; used for sculpture and as building material

From this reading The bricks and cement were still so closely joined that they jointly constituted a body more solid than marble itself.

materialadjectiveUS /məˈtɪriəl/

concerned with worldly rather than spiritual interests

From this reading When, more than five hundred years ago, the Romans conquered and owned, though they could not subjugate, Gaul they constructed their _ergastulas_--slave pens--of solid, lasting material.

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading When, more than five hundred years ago, the Romans conquered and owned, though they could not subjugate, Gaul they constructed their _ergastulas_--slave pens--of solid, lasting material.

Neroweg

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Such a cave was an adjunct also to the old Roman camp on which now stood the burg of Neroweg.

nightnounUS /naɪt/

the time after sunset and before sunrise while it is dark outside

From this reading There they locked up their chained Gallic slaves at night.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading When, more than five hundred years ago, the Romans conquered and owned, though they could not subjugate, Gaul they constructed their _ergastulas_--slave pens--of solid, lasting material.

nowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading Such a cave was an adjunct also to the old Roman camp on which now stood the burg of Neroweg.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading When, more than five hundred years ago, the Romans conquered and owned, though they could not subjugate, Gaul they constructed their _ergastulas_--slave pens--of solid, lasting material.

oldadjectiveUS /oʊld/

(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading Such a cave was an adjunct also to the old Roman camp on which now stood the burg of Neroweg.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading Such a cave was an adjunct also to the old Roman camp on which now stood the burg of Neroweg.

ownedadjectiveUS /oʊnd/

having an owner; often used in combination

From this reading When, more than five hundred years ago, the Romans conquered and owned, though they could not subjugate, Gaul they constructed their _ergastulas_--slave pens--of solid, lasting material.

pensnounUS /penz/

plural of “pen” — a writing implement with a point from which ink flows

From this reading When, more than five hundred years ago, the Romans conquered and owned, though they could not subjugate, Gaul they constructed their _ergastulas_--slave pens--of solid, lasting material.

RomanadjectiveUS /ˈroʊmən/

relating to or characteristic of people of Rome

From this reading Such a cave was an adjunct also to the old Roman camp on which now stood the burg of Neroweg.

RomansnounUS /ˈroʊmənz/

a New Testament book containing an exposition of the doctrines of Saint Paul; written in AD 58

From this reading When, more than five hundred years ago, the Romans conquered and owned, though they could not subjugate, Gaul they constructed their _ergastulas_--slave pens--of solid, lasting material.

slavenounUS /sleɪv/

a person who is owned by someone

From this reading When, more than five hundred years ago, the Romans conquered and owned, though they could not subjugate, Gaul they constructed their _ergastulas_--slave pens--of solid, lasting material.

slavesnounUS /sleɪvz/

plural of “slave” — a person who is owned by someone

From this reading There they locked up their chained Gallic slaves at night.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading The bricks and cement were still so closely joined that they jointly constituted a body more solid than marble itself.

solidadjectiveUS /ˈsɑːləd/

characterized by good substantial quality

From this reading When, more than five hundred years ago, the Romans conquered and owned, though they could not subjugate, Gaul they constructed their _ergastulas_--slave pens--of solid, lasting material.

stilladjectiveUS /stɪl/

not in physical motion

From this reading The bricks and cement were still so closely joined that they jointly constituted a body more solid than marble itself.

stoodverbUS /stʊd/

Maintained an upright posture.

From this reading Such a cave was an adjunct also to the old Roman camp on which now stood the burg of Neroweg.

subjugateverbUS /ˈsʌbdʒəɡeɪt/

put down by force or intimidation

From this reading When, more than five hundred years ago, the Romans conquered and owned, though they could not subjugate, Gaul they constructed their _ergastulas_--slave pens--of solid, lasting material.

SuchdeterminerUS /sʌtʃ/

of the kind already mentioned

From this reading Such a cave was an adjunct also to the old Roman camp on which now stood the burg of Neroweg.

thanconjunctionUS /ðæn/

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading When, more than five hundred years ago, the Romans conquered and owned, though they could not subjugate, Gaul they constructed their _ergastulas_--slave pens--of solid, lasting material.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading The bricks and cement were still so closely joined that they jointly constituted a body more solid than marble itself.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading IN THE ERGASTULA.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading When, more than five hundred years ago, the Romans conquered and owned, though they could not subjugate, Gaul they constructed their _ergastulas_--slave pens--of solid, lasting material.

ThereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading There they locked up their chained Gallic slaves at night.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading When, more than five hundred years ago, the Romans conquered and owned, though they could not subjugate, Gaul they constructed their _ergastulas_--slave pens--of solid, lasting material.

thoughconjunctionUS /ðoʊ/

in spite of the fact that

From this reading When, more than five hundred years ago, the Romans conquered and owned, though they could not subjugate, Gaul they constructed their _ergastulas_--slave pens--of solid, lasting material.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Such a cave was an adjunct also to the old Roman camp on which now stood the burg of Neroweg.

upadjectiveUS /ʌp/

being or moving higher in position or greater in some value; being above a former position or level

From this reading There they locked up their chained Gallic slaves at night.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Such a cave was an adjunct also to the old Roman camp on which now stood the burg of Neroweg.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading The bricks and cement were still so closely joined that they jointly constituted a body more solid than marble itself.

WhenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading When, more than five hundred years ago, the Romans conquered and owned, though they could not subjugate, Gaul they constructed their _ergastulas_--slave pens--of solid, lasting material.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading Such a cave was an adjunct also to the old Roman camp on which now stood the burg of Neroweg.

yearsnounUS /jɪrz/

a late time of life

From this reading When, more than five hundred years ago, the Romans conquered and owned, though they could not subjugate, Gaul they constructed their _ergastulas_--slave pens--of solid, lasting material.

Chapter 21 of The Poniard's Hilt by Eugène Sue holds 160 sentences, grouped into 32 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 21 of The Poniard's Hilt contain?

Chapter 21 holds 160 sentences of The Poniard's Hilt, unabridged, divided into 32 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 21 of The Poniard's Hilt by Eugène Sue exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 160 sentences, grouped into 32 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 21 of The Poniard's Hilt?

Work through the 32 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 32 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 21 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 21 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The Poniard's Hilt

Common questions about reading The Poniard's Hilt by Eugène Sue on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The Poniard's Hilt?

Yes. All 4966 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #31782 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The Poniard's Hilt is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #31782, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The Poniard's Hilt take to read?

About 413 minutes of reading across 994 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read The Poniard's Hilt section by section

How to work through The Poniard's Hilt section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

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  2. Read one section

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  3. Listen and tap

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Vocabulary met early in The Poniard's Hilt

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Poniard's Hilt, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Araim
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Poniard's Hilt; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Occasionally
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Poniard's Hilt; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Long-lived
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Poniard's Hilt; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
These
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Poniard's Hilt; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.