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The Positive School of Criminology Three
The Positive School of Criminology Three

Chapter II · Chapter 2

Chapter 2 of The Positive School of Criminology Three is here in full — 414 sentences across 83 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/82 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
Take a look at the figures of the peasant in the far-off arid Campagna, the little government employee, the laborer, the little shop-keeper.
When work is assured, when living is certain, though poor, then want, cruel want, is in the distance, and every good sentiment can germinate and develop in the human heart.
The family then lives in a favorable environment, the parents agree, the children are affectionate.
And when the laborer, a bronzed statue of humanity, returns from, his smoky shop and meets his white-haired mother, the embodiment of half a century of immaculate virtue and heroic sacrifices, then he can, tired, but assured of his daily bread, give room to feelings of affection, and he will cordially invite his mother to share his frugal meal.
But let the same man, in the same environment, be haunted by the spectre of want and lack of employment, and you will see the moral atmosphere in his family changing as from day into night.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Positive School of Criminology Three

Chapter II · Chapter 2

Chapter 2 of The Positive School of Criminology Three is here in full — 414 sentences across 83 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/82 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Take a look at the figures of the peasant in the far-off arid Campagna, the little government employee, the laborer, the little shop-keeper.
Line 2
When work is assured, when living is certain, though poor, then want, cruel want, is in the distance, and every good sentiment can germinate and develop in the human heart.
/wen wɜːrk ɪz əˈʃʊrd wen ˈlɪvɪŋ ɪz ˈsɜːrtən ðoʊ puːr ðen wɑːnt ˈkruːəl wɑːnt ɪz ɪn ðə ˈdɪstəns ənd ˈevəri ɡʊd ˈsentəmənt kæn ˈdʒɜːrməneɪt ənd dɪˈveləp ɪn ðə ˈhjuːmən hɑːrt/
Line 3
The family then lives in a favorable environment, the parents agree, the children are affectionate.
/ðə ˈfæməli ðen lɪvz ɪn ə ˈfeɪvərəbəl ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt ðə ˈperənts əˈɡriː ðə ˈtʃɪldrən ɑːr əˈfekʃənət/
Line 4
And when the laborer, a bronzed statue of humanity, returns from, his smoky shop and meets his white-haired mother, the embodiment of half a century of immaculate virtue and heroic sacrifices, then he can, tired, but assured of his daily bread, give room to feelings of affection, and he will cordially invite his mother to share his frugal meal.
Line 5
But let the same man, in the same environment, be haunted by the spectre of want and lack of employment, and you will see the moral atmosphere in his family changing as from day into night.
/bʌt let ðə seɪm mæn ɪn ðə seɪm ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt biː ˈhɔːntɪd baɪ ðə ˈspektər ʌv wɑːnt ənd læk ʌv emˈplɔɪmənt ənd juː wɪl siː ðə ˈmɔːrəl ˈætməsfɪr ɪn hɪz ˈfæməli ˈtʃeɪndʒɪŋ æz frʌm deɪ ˈɪntuː naɪt/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

arid adjective US /ˈærəd/

lacking sufficient water or rainfall

From this reading “Take a look at the figures of the peasant in the far-off arid Campagna, the little government employee, the laborer, the little shop-keeper.”

bronzed adjective US /brɑːnzd/

(of skin) having a tan color from exposure to the sun

From this reading “And when the laborer, a bronzed statue of humanity, returns from, his smoky shop and meets his white-haired mother, the embodiment of half a century of immaculate virtue and heroic sacrifices, then he can, tired, but assured of his daily bread, give room to feelings of affection, and he will cordially invite his mother to share his frugal meal.”

embodiment noun US /emˈbɑːdimənt/

a new personification of a familiar idea

From this reading “And when the laborer, a bronzed statue of humanity, returns from, his smoky shop and meets his white-haired mother, the embodiment of half a century of immaculate virtue and heroic sacrifices, then he can, tired, but assured of his daily bread, give room to feelings of affection, and he will cordially invite his mother to share his frugal meal.”

employee noun US /emˈplɔɪi/

a worker who is hired to perform a job

From this reading “Take a look at the figures of the peasant in the far-off arid Campagna, the little government employee, the laborer, the little shop-keeper.”

frugal adjective US /ˈfruːɡəl/

avoiding waste

From this reading “And when the laborer, a bronzed statue of humanity, returns from, his smoky shop and meets his white-haired mother, the embodiment of half a century of immaculate virtue and heroic sacrifices, then he can, tired, but assured of his daily bread, give room to feelings of affection, and he will cordially invite his mother to share his frugal meal.”

germinate verb US /ˈdʒɜːrməneɪt/

produce buds, branches, or germinate

From this reading “When work is assured, when living is certain, though poor, then want, cruel want, is in the distance, and every good sentiment can germinate and develop in the human heart.”

immaculate adjective US /ˌɪˈmækjuːlɪt/

completely neat and clean

From this reading “And when the laborer, a bronzed statue of humanity, returns from, his smoky shop and meets his white-haired mother, the embodiment of half a century of immaculate virtue and heroic sacrifices, then he can, tired, but assured of his daily bread, give room to feelings of affection, and he will cordially invite his mother to share his frugal meal.”

laborer noun US /ˈleɪbərər/

someone who works with their hands; someone engaged in manual labor

From this reading “Take a look at the figures of the peasant in the far-off arid Campagna, the little government employee, the laborer, the little shop-keeper.”

All words in this reading · 99

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Take a look at the figures of the peasant in the far-off arid Campagna, the little government employee, the laborer, the little shop-keeper.

affectionnounUS /əˈfekʃən/

a positive feeling of liking

From this reading And when the laborer, a bronzed statue of humanity, returns from, his smoky shop and meets his white-haired mother, the embodiment of half a century of immaculate virtue and heroic sacrifices, then he can, tired, but assured of his daily bread, give room to feelings of affection, and he will cordially invite his mother to share his frugal meal.

affectionateadjectiveUS /əˈfekʃənət/

having or displaying warmth or affection

From this reading The family then lives in a favorable environment, the parents agree, the children are affectionate.

agreeverbUS /əˈɡriː/

be in accord; be in agreement

From this reading The family then lives in a favorable environment, the parents agree, the children are affectionate.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading When work is assured, when living is certain, though poor, then want, cruel want, is in the distance, and every good sentiment can germinate and develop in the human heart.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading The family then lives in a favorable environment, the parents agree, the children are affectionate.

aridadjectiveUS /ˈærəd/

lacking sufficient water or rainfall

From this reading Take a look at the figures of the peasant in the far-off arid Campagna, the little government employee, the laborer, the little shop-keeper.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading But let the same man, in the same environment, be haunted by the spectre of want and lack of employment, and you will see the moral atmosphere in his family changing as from day into night.

assuredadjectiveUS /əˈʃʊrd/

marked by assurance; exhibiting confidence

From this reading When work is assured, when living is certain, though poor, then want, cruel want, is in the distance, and every good sentiment can germinate and develop in the human heart.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading Take a look at the figures of the peasant in the far-off arid Campagna, the little government employee, the laborer, the little shop-keeper.

atmospherenounUS /ˈætməsfɪr/

a particular environment or surrounding influence

From this reading But let the same man, in the same environment, be haunted by the spectre of want and lack of employment, and you will see the moral atmosphere in his family changing as from day into night.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading But let the same man, in the same environment, be haunted by the spectre of want and lack of employment, and you will see the moral atmosphere in his family changing as from day into night.

breadnounUS /bred/

food made from dough of flour or meal and usually raised with yeast or baking powder and then baked

From this reading And when the laborer, a bronzed statue of humanity, returns from, his smoky shop and meets his white-haired mother, the embodiment of half a century of immaculate virtue and heroic sacrifices, then he can, tired, but assured of his daily bread, give room to feelings of affection, and he will cordially invite his mother to share his frugal meal.

bronzedadjectiveUS /brɑːnzd/

(of skin) having a tan color from exposure to the sun

From this reading And when the laborer, a bronzed statue of humanity, returns from, his smoky shop and meets his white-haired mother, the embodiment of half a century of immaculate virtue and heroic sacrifices, then he can, tired, but assured of his daily bread, give room to feelings of affection, and he will cordially invite his mother to share his frugal meal.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading And when the laborer, a bronzed statue of humanity, returns from, his smoky shop and meets his white-haired mother, the embodiment of half a century of immaculate virtue and heroic sacrifices, then he can, tired, but assured of his daily bread, give room to feelings of affection, and he will cordially invite his mother to share his frugal meal.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading But let the same man, in the same environment, be haunted by the spectre of want and lack of employment, and you will see the moral atmosphere in his family changing as from day into night.

Campagna

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Take a look at the figures of the peasant in the far-off arid Campagna, the little government employee, the laborer, the little shop-keeper.

canmodal verbUS /kæn/

to be able to, or to be allowed to

From this reading When work is assured, when living is certain, though poor, then want, cruel want, is in the distance, and every good sentiment can germinate and develop in the human heart.

centurynounUS /ˈsentʃəri/

a period of 100 years

From this reading And when the laborer, a bronzed statue of humanity, returns from, his smoky shop and meets his white-haired mother, the embodiment of half a century of immaculate virtue and heroic sacrifices, then he can, tired, but assured of his daily bread, give room to feelings of affection, and he will cordially invite his mother to share his frugal meal.

certainadjectiveUS /ˈsɜːrtən/

definite but not specified or identified

From this reading When work is assured, when living is certain, though poor, then want, cruel want, is in the distance, and every good sentiment can germinate and develop in the human heart.

changingadjectiveUS /ˈtʃeɪndʒɪŋ/

marked by continuous change or effective action

From this reading But let the same man, in the same environment, be haunted by the spectre of want and lack of employment, and you will see the moral atmosphere in his family changing as from day into night.

childrennounUS /ˈtʃɪldrən/

plural of “child” — a young person of either sex

From this reading The family then lives in a favorable environment, the parents agree, the children are affectionate.

cordiallyadverbUS /ˈkɔːrdʒəli/

in a hearty manner

From this reading And when the laborer, a bronzed statue of humanity, returns from, his smoky shop and meets his white-haired mother, the embodiment of half a century of immaculate virtue and heroic sacrifices, then he can, tired, but assured of his daily bread, give room to feelings of affection, and he will cordially invite his mother to share his frugal meal.

crueladjectiveUS /ˈkruːəl/

(of persons or their actions) able or disposed to inflict pain or suffering

From this reading When work is assured, when living is certain, though poor, then want, cruel want, is in the distance, and every good sentiment can germinate and develop in the human heart.

dailyadverbUS /ˈdeɪli/

every day; without missing a day

From this reading And when the laborer, a bronzed statue of humanity, returns from, his smoky shop and meets his white-haired mother, the embodiment of half a century of immaculate virtue and heroic sacrifices, then he can, tired, but assured of his daily bread, give room to feelings of affection, and he will cordially invite his mother to share his frugal meal.

daynounUS /deɪ/

time for Earth to make a complete rotation on its axis

From this reading But let the same man, in the same environment, be haunted by the spectre of want and lack of employment, and you will see the moral atmosphere in his family changing as from day into night.

developverbUS /dɪˈveləp/

make something new, such as a product or a mental or artistic creation

From this reading When work is assured, when living is certain, though poor, then want, cruel want, is in the distance, and every good sentiment can germinate and develop in the human heart.

distancenounUS /ˈdɪstəns/

the property created by the space between two objects or points

From this reading When work is assured, when living is certain, though poor, then want, cruel want, is in the distance, and every good sentiment can germinate and develop in the human heart.

embodimentnounUS /emˈbɑːdimənt/

a new personification of a familiar idea

From this reading And when the laborer, a bronzed statue of humanity, returns from, his smoky shop and meets his white-haired mother, the embodiment of half a century of immaculate virtue and heroic sacrifices, then he can, tired, but assured of his daily bread, give room to feelings of affection, and he will cordially invite his mother to share his frugal meal.

employeenounUS /emˈplɔɪi/

a worker who is hired to perform a job

From this reading Take a look at the figures of the peasant in the far-off arid Campagna, the little government employee, the laborer, the little shop-keeper.

employmentnounUS /emˈplɔɪmənt/

the state of being employed or having a job

From this reading But let the same man, in the same environment, be haunted by the spectre of want and lack of employment, and you will see the moral atmosphere in his family changing as from day into night.

environmentnounUS /ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt/

the totality of surrounding conditions

From this reading The family then lives in a favorable environment, the parents agree, the children are affectionate.

everydeterminerUS /ˈevəri/

all the members of a group, with none left out

From this reading When work is assured, when living is certain, though poor, then want, cruel want, is in the distance, and every good sentiment can germinate and develop in the human heart.

familynounUS /ˈfæməli/

a social unit living together

From this reading The family then lives in a favorable environment, the parents agree, the children are affectionate.

far-offadjective

very far away in space or time

From this reading Take a look at the figures of the peasant in the far-off arid Campagna, the little government employee, the laborer, the little shop-keeper.

favorableadjectiveUS /ˈfeɪvərəbəl/

encouraging or approving or pleasing

From this reading The family then lives in a favorable environment, the parents agree, the children are affectionate.

feelingsnounUS /ˈfiːlɪŋz/

emotional or moral sensitivity (especially in relation to personal principles or dignity)

From this reading And when the laborer, a bronzed statue of humanity, returns from, his smoky shop and meets his white-haired mother, the embodiment of half a century of immaculate virtue and heroic sacrifices, then he can, tired, but assured of his daily bread, give room to feelings of affection, and he will cordially invite his mother to share his frugal meal.

figuresnounUS /ˈfɪɡjərz/

plural of “figure” — a diagram or picture illustrating textual material

From this reading Take a look at the figures of the peasant in the far-off arid Campagna, the little government employee, the laborer, the little shop-keeper.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading And when the laborer, a bronzed statue of humanity, returns from, his smoky shop and meets his white-haired mother, the embodiment of half a century of immaculate virtue and heroic sacrifices, then he can, tired, but assured of his daily bread, give room to feelings of affection, and he will cordially invite his mother to share his frugal meal.

frugaladjectiveUS /ˈfruːɡəl/

avoiding waste

From this reading And when the laborer, a bronzed statue of humanity, returns from, his smoky shop and meets his white-haired mother, the embodiment of half a century of immaculate virtue and heroic sacrifices, then he can, tired, but assured of his daily bread, give room to feelings of affection, and he will cordially invite his mother to share his frugal meal.

germinateverbUS /ˈdʒɜːrməneɪt/

produce buds, branches, or germinate

From this reading When work is assured, when living is certain, though poor, then want, cruel want, is in the distance, and every good sentiment can germinate and develop in the human heart.

giveverbUS /ɡɪv/

cause to have, in the abstract sense or physical sense

From this reading And when the laborer, a bronzed statue of humanity, returns from, his smoky shop and meets his white-haired mother, the embodiment of half a century of immaculate virtue and heroic sacrifices, then he can, tired, but assured of his daily bread, give room to feelings of affection, and he will cordially invite his mother to share his frugal meal.

goodadjectiveUS /ɡʊd/

having desirable or positive qualities especially those suitable for a thing specified

From this reading When work is assured, when living is certain, though poor, then want, cruel want, is in the distance, and every good sentiment can germinate and develop in the human heart.

governmentnounUS /ˈɡʌvərmənt/

the organization that is the governing authority of a political unit

From this reading Take a look at the figures of the peasant in the far-off arid Campagna, the little government employee, the laborer, the little shop-keeper.

halfadjectiveUS /hæf/

consisting of one of two equivalent parts in value or quantity

From this reading And when the laborer, a bronzed statue of humanity, returns from, his smoky shop and meets his white-haired mother, the embodiment of half a century of immaculate virtue and heroic sacrifices, then he can, tired, but assured of his daily bread, give room to feelings of affection, and he will cordially invite his mother to share his frugal meal.

hauntedadjectiveUS /ˈhɔːntɪd/

having or showing excessive or compulsive concern with something

From this reading But let the same man, in the same environment, be haunted by the spectre of want and lack of employment, and you will see the moral atmosphere in his family changing as from day into night.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading And when the laborer, a bronzed statue of humanity, returns from, his smoky shop and meets his white-haired mother, the embodiment of half a century of immaculate virtue and heroic sacrifices, then he can, tired, but assured of his daily bread, give room to feelings of affection, and he will cordially invite his mother to share his frugal meal.

heartnounUS /hɑːrt/

the locus of feelings and intuitions

From this reading When work is assured, when living is certain, though poor, then want, cruel want, is in the distance, and every good sentiment can germinate and develop in the human heart.

heroicadjectiveUS /hɪˈroʊɪk/

very imposing or impressive; surpassing the ordinary (especially in size or scale)

From this reading And when the laborer, a bronzed statue of humanity, returns from, his smoky shop and meets his white-haired mother, the embodiment of half a century of immaculate virtue and heroic sacrifices, then he can, tired, but assured of his daily bread, give room to feelings of affection, and he will cordially invite his mother to share his frugal meal.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading And when the laborer, a bronzed statue of humanity, returns from, his smoky shop and meets his white-haired mother, the embodiment of half a century of immaculate virtue and heroic sacrifices, then he can, tired, but assured of his daily bread, give room to feelings of affection, and he will cordially invite his mother to share his frugal meal.

humanadjectiveUS /ˈhjuːmən/

characteristic of humanity

From this reading When work is assured, when living is certain, though poor, then want, cruel want, is in the distance, and every good sentiment can germinate and develop in the human heart.

humanitynounUS /hjuːˈmænɪti/

the quality of being humane

From this reading And when the laborer, a bronzed statue of humanity, returns from, his smoky shop and meets his white-haired mother, the embodiment of half a century of immaculate virtue and heroic sacrifices, then he can, tired, but assured of his daily bread, give room to feelings of affection, and he will cordially invite his mother to share his frugal meal.

immaculateadjectiveUS /ˌɪˈmækjuːlɪt/

completely neat and clean

From this reading And when the laborer, a bronzed statue of humanity, returns from, his smoky shop and meets his white-haired mother, the embodiment of half a century of immaculate virtue and heroic sacrifices, then he can, tired, but assured of his daily bread, give room to feelings of affection, and he will cordially invite his mother to share his frugal meal.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Take a look at the figures of the peasant in the far-off arid Campagna, the little government employee, the laborer, the little shop-keeper.

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading But let the same man, in the same environment, be haunted by the spectre of want and lack of employment, and you will see the moral atmosphere in his family changing as from day into night.

inviteverbUS /ˌɪnˈvaɪt/

increase the likelihood of

From this reading And when the laborer, a bronzed statue of humanity, returns from, his smoky shop and meets his white-haired mother, the embodiment of half a century of immaculate virtue and heroic sacrifices, then he can, tired, but assured of his daily bread, give room to feelings of affection, and he will cordially invite his mother to share his frugal meal.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading When work is assured, when living is certain, though poor, then want, cruel want, is in the distance, and every good sentiment can germinate and develop in the human heart.

laborernounUS /ˈleɪbərər/

someone who works with their hands; someone engaged in manual labor

From this reading Take a look at the figures of the peasant in the far-off arid Campagna, the little government employee, the laborer, the little shop-keeper.

lacknounUS /læk/

the state of needing something that is absent or unavailable

From this reading But let the same man, in the same environment, be haunted by the spectre of want and lack of employment, and you will see the moral atmosphere in his family changing as from day into night.

letauxiliary verbUS /let/

used to make a suggestion or a command including the speaker

From this reading But let the same man, in the same environment, be haunted by the spectre of want and lack of employment, and you will see the moral atmosphere in his family changing as from day into night.

littleadjectiveUS /ˈlɪtəl/

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading Take a look at the figures of the peasant in the far-off arid Campagna, the little government employee, the laborer, the little shop-keeper.

livesnounUS /lɪvz/

plural of “life” — a characteristic state or mode of living

From this reading The family then lives in a favorable environment, the parents agree, the children are affectionate.

livingnounUS /ˈlɪvɪŋ/

the experience of being alive; the course of human events and activities

From this reading When work is assured, when living is certain, though poor, then want, cruel want, is in the distance, and every good sentiment can germinate and develop in the human heart.

lookverbUS /lʊk/

perceive with attention; direct one's gaze towards

From this reading Take a look at the figures of the peasant in the far-off arid Campagna, the little government employee, the laborer, the little shop-keeper.

mannounUS /mæn/

an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)

From this reading But let the same man, in the same environment, be haunted by the spectre of want and lack of employment, and you will see the moral atmosphere in his family changing as from day into night.

mealnounUS /miːl/

the food served and eaten at one time

From this reading And when the laborer, a bronzed statue of humanity, returns from, his smoky shop and meets his white-haired mother, the embodiment of half a century of immaculate virtue and heroic sacrifices, then he can, tired, but assured of his daily bread, give room to feelings of affection, and he will cordially invite his mother to share his frugal meal.

meetsnounUS /miːts/

plural of “meet” — a meeting at which a number of athletic contests are held

From this reading And when the laborer, a bronzed statue of humanity, returns from, his smoky shop and meets his white-haired mother, the embodiment of half a century of immaculate virtue and heroic sacrifices, then he can, tired, but assured of his daily bread, give room to feelings of affection, and he will cordially invite his mother to share his frugal meal.

moraladjectiveUS /ˈmɔːrəl/

concerned with principles of right and wrong or conforming to standards of behavior and character based on those principles

From this reading But let the same man, in the same environment, be haunted by the spectre of want and lack of employment, and you will see the moral atmosphere in his family changing as from day into night.

mothernounUS /ˈmʌðər/

a woman who has given birth to a child (also used as a term of address to your mother)

From this reading And when the laborer, a bronzed statue of humanity, returns from, his smoky shop and meets his white-haired mother, the embodiment of half a century of immaculate virtue and heroic sacrifices, then he can, tired, but assured of his daily bread, give room to feelings of affection, and he will cordially invite his mother to share his frugal meal.

nightnounUS /naɪt/

the time after sunset and before sunrise while it is dark outside

From this reading But let the same man, in the same environment, be haunted by the spectre of want and lack of employment, and you will see the moral atmosphere in his family changing as from day into night.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Take a look at the figures of the peasant in the far-off arid Campagna, the little government employee, the laborer, the little shop-keeper.

parentsnounUS /ˈperənts/

plural of “parent” — a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child; a relative who plays the role of guardian

From this reading The family then lives in a favorable environment, the parents agree, the children are affectionate.

peasantnounUS /ˈpezənt/

a country person

From this reading Take a look at the figures of the peasant in the far-off arid Campagna, the little government employee, the laborer, the little shop-keeper.

pooradjectiveUS /puːr/

deserving or inciting pity

From this reading When work is assured, when living is certain, though poor, then want, cruel want, is in the distance, and every good sentiment can germinate and develop in the human heart.

returnsnounUS /rɪˈtɜːrnz/

plural of “return” — document giving the tax collector information about the taxpayer's tax liability

From this reading And when the laborer, a bronzed statue of humanity, returns from, his smoky shop and meets his white-haired mother, the embodiment of half a century of immaculate virtue and heroic sacrifices, then he can, tired, but assured of his daily bread, give room to feelings of affection, and he will cordially invite his mother to share his frugal meal.

roomnounUS /ruːm/

an area within a building enclosed by walls and floor and ceiling

From this reading And when the laborer, a bronzed statue of humanity, returns from, his smoky shop and meets his white-haired mother, the embodiment of half a century of immaculate virtue and heroic sacrifices, then he can, tired, but assured of his daily bread, give room to feelings of affection, and he will cordially invite his mother to share his frugal meal.

sacrificesnounUS /ˈsækrəfaɪsɪz/

plural of “sacrifice” — the act of losing or surrendering something as a penalty for a mistake or fault or failure to perform etc.

From this reading And when the laborer, a bronzed statue of humanity, returns from, his smoky shop and meets his white-haired mother, the embodiment of half a century of immaculate virtue and heroic sacrifices, then he can, tired, but assured of his daily bread, give room to feelings of affection, and he will cordially invite his mother to share his frugal meal.

sameadjectiveUS /seɪm/

Identical; not different.

From this reading But let the same man, in the same environment, be haunted by the spectre of want and lack of employment, and you will see the moral atmosphere in his family changing as from day into night.

seeverbUS /siː/

perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight

From this reading But let the same man, in the same environment, be haunted by the spectre of want and lack of employment, and you will see the moral atmosphere in his family changing as from day into night.

sentimentnounUS /ˈsentəmənt/

tender, romantic, or nostalgic feeling or emotion

From this reading When work is assured, when living is certain, though poor, then want, cruel want, is in the distance, and every good sentiment can germinate and develop in the human heart.

shareverbUS /ʃer/

have in common

From this reading And when the laborer, a bronzed statue of humanity, returns from, his smoky shop and meets his white-haired mother, the embodiment of half a century of immaculate virtue and heroic sacrifices, then he can, tired, but assured of his daily bread, give room to feelings of affection, and he will cordially invite his mother to share his frugal meal.

shopverbUS /ʃɑːp/

do one's shopping

From this reading And when the laborer, a bronzed statue of humanity, returns from, his smoky shop and meets his white-haired mother, the embodiment of half a century of immaculate virtue and heroic sacrifices, then he can, tired, but assured of his daily bread, give room to feelings of affection, and he will cordially invite his mother to share his frugal meal.

shop-keeper

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Take a look at the figures of the peasant in the far-off arid Campagna, the little government employee, the laborer, the little shop-keeper.

smokyadjectiveUS /ˈsmoʊki/

marked by or emitting or filled with smoke

From this reading And when the laborer, a bronzed statue of humanity, returns from, his smoky shop and meets his white-haired mother, the embodiment of half a century of immaculate virtue and heroic sacrifices, then he can, tired, but assured of his daily bread, give room to feelings of affection, and he will cordially invite his mother to share his frugal meal.

spectrenounUS /ˈspektər/

a ghostly appearing figure

From this reading But let the same man, in the same environment, be haunted by the spectre of want and lack of employment, and you will see the moral atmosphere in his family changing as from day into night.

statuenounUS /ˈstætʃuː/

a sculpture representing a human or animal

From this reading And when the laborer, a bronzed statue of humanity, returns from, his smoky shop and meets his white-haired mother, the embodiment of half a century of immaculate virtue and heroic sacrifices, then he can, tired, but assured of his daily bread, give room to feelings of affection, and he will cordially invite his mother to share his frugal meal.

TakeverbUS /teɪk/

carry out

From this reading Take a look at the figures of the peasant in the far-off arid Campagna, the little government employee, the laborer, the little shop-keeper.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Take a look at the figures of the peasant in the far-off arid Campagna, the little government employee, the laborer, the little shop-keeper.

thenadverbUS /ðen/

subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors)

From this reading When work is assured, when living is certain, though poor, then want, cruel want, is in the distance, and every good sentiment can germinate and develop in the human heart.

thoughconjunctionUS /ðoʊ/

in spite of the fact that

From this reading When work is assured, when living is certain, though poor, then want, cruel want, is in the distance, and every good sentiment can germinate and develop in the human heart.

tiredadjectiveUS /ˈtaɪərd/

depleted of strength or energy

From this reading And when the laborer, a bronzed statue of humanity, returns from, his smoky shop and meets his white-haired mother, the embodiment of half a century of immaculate virtue and heroic sacrifices, then he can, tired, but assured of his daily bread, give room to feelings of affection, and he will cordially invite his mother to share his frugal meal.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading And when the laborer, a bronzed statue of humanity, returns from, his smoky shop and meets his white-haired mother, the embodiment of half a century of immaculate virtue and heroic sacrifices, then he can, tired, but assured of his daily bread, give room to feelings of affection, and he will cordially invite his mother to share his frugal meal.

virtuenounUS /ˈvɝː.tʃuː/

Moral excellence and goodness of character; the highest human attainment in Stoic philosophy.

From this reading And when the laborer, a bronzed statue of humanity, returns from, his smoky shop and meets his white-haired mother, the embodiment of half a century of immaculate virtue and heroic sacrifices, then he can, tired, but assured of his daily bread, give room to feelings of affection, and he will cordially invite his mother to share his frugal meal.

wantverbUS /wɑːnt/

feel or have a desire for; want strongly

From this reading When work is assured, when living is certain, though poor, then want, cruel want, is in the distance, and every good sentiment can germinate and develop in the human heart.

WhenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading When work is assured, when living is certain, though poor, then want, cruel want, is in the distance, and every good sentiment can germinate and develop in the human heart.

white-hairedadjective

showing characteristics of age, especially having grey or white hair

From this reading And when the laborer, a bronzed statue of humanity, returns from, his smoky shop and meets his white-haired mother, the embodiment of half a century of immaculate virtue and heroic sacrifices, then he can, tired, but assured of his daily bread, give room to feelings of affection, and he will cordially invite his mother to share his frugal meal.

willmodal verbUS /wɪl/

used to talk about the future, or about willingness

From this reading And when the laborer, a bronzed statue of humanity, returns from, his smoky shop and meets his white-haired mother, the embodiment of half a century of immaculate virtue and heroic sacrifices, then he can, tired, but assured of his daily bread, give room to feelings of affection, and he will cordially invite his mother to share his frugal meal.

workverbUS /wɜːrk/

exert oneself by doing mental or physical work for a purpose or out of necessity

From this reading When work is assured, when living is certain, though poor, then want, cruel want, is in the distance, and every good sentiment can germinate and develop in the human heart.

youpronounUS /juː/

the person or people being spoken to

From this reading But let the same man, in the same environment, be haunted by the spectre of want and lack of employment, and you will see the moral atmosphere in his family changing as from day into night.

Chapter 2 of The Positive School of Criminology Three by Enrico Ferri holds 414 sentences, grouped into 83 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 2 of The Positive School of Criminology Three contain?

Chapter 2 holds 414 sentences of The Positive School of Criminology Three, unabridged, divided into 83 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 2 of The Positive School of Criminology Three by Enrico Ferri exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 414 sentences, grouped into 83 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 2 of The Positive School of Criminology Three?

Work through the 83 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 83 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 2 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 2 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The Positive School of Criminology Three

Common questions about reading The Positive School of Criminology Three by Enrico Ferri on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The Positive School of Criminology Three?

Yes. All 832 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #10580 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The Positive School of Criminology Three is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #10580, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The Positive School of Criminology Three take to read?

About 69 minutes of reading across 167 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read The Positive School of Criminology Three section by section

How to work through The Positive School of Criminology Three section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

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    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in The Positive School of Criminology Three

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Positive School of Criminology Three, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Given
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Positive School of Criminology Three; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
University
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Positive School of Criminology Three; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Naples
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Positive School of Criminology Three; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Italy
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Positive School of Criminology Three; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.