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The Prairie
The Prairie

Chapter XXXI · Chapter 31

Chapter 31 of The Prairie is here in full — 198 sentences across 40 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/39 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
Which is the merchant here, and which the Jew?
Shakespeare.
The day dawned, the following morning, on a more, tranquil scene.
The work of blood had entirely ceased; and as the sun arose, its light was shed on a broad expanse of quiet and solitude.
The tents of Ishmael were still standing, where they had been last seen, but not another vestige of human existence could be traced in any other part of the waste.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Prairie

Chapter XXXI · Chapter 31

Chapter 31 of The Prairie is here in full — 198 sentences across 40 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/39 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Which is the merchant here, and which the Jew?
/wɪtʃ ɪz ðə ˈmɜːr.tʃənt hiːr ənd wɪtʃ ðə dʒuː/
Line 2
Shakespeare.
/ˈʃeɪkspiːr/
Line 3
The day dawned, the following morning, on a more, tranquil scene.
/ðə deɪ dɔːnd ðə ˈfɑːloʊɪŋ ˈmɔːrnɪŋ ɑːn ə mɔːr ˈtræŋkwəl siːn/
Line 4
The work of blood had entirely ceased; and as the sun arose, its light was shed on a broad expanse of quiet and solitude.
/ðə wɜːrk ʌv blʌd hæd ɪnˈtaɪərli siːst ənd æz ðə sʌn ərˈoʊz ɪts laɪt wɑːz ʃed ɑːn ə brɔːd ɪkˈspæns ʌv ˈkwaɪət ənd ˈsɑːlətuːd/
Line 5
The tents of Ishmael were still standing, where they had been last seen, but not another vestige of human existence could be traced in any other part of the waste.
/ðə tents ʌv ˈɪʃmil wɜːr stɪl ˈstændɪŋ wer ðeɪ hæd bɪn læst siːn bʌt nɑːt əˈnʌðər ˈvestɪdʒ ʌv ˈhjuːmən eɡˈzɪstəns kʊd biː treɪst ɪn ˈeni ˈʌðər pɑːrt ʌv ðə weɪst/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

dawned verb US /dɔːnd/

past form of “dawn” — become clear or enter one's consciousness or emotions

From this reading “The day dawned, the following morning, on a more, tranquil scene.”

expanse noun US /ɪkˈspæns/

a wide scope

From this reading “The work of blood had entirely ceased; and as the sun arose, its light was shed on a broad expanse of quiet and solitude.”

Ishmael noun US /ˈɪʃmil/

(Old Testament) the son of Abraham who was cast out after the birth of Isaac; considered the forebear of 12 Arabian tribes

From this reading “The tents of Ishmael were still standing, where they had been last seen, but not another vestige of human existence could be traced in any other part of the waste.”

Jew noun US /dʒuː/

a person belonging to the worldwide group claiming descent from Jacob (or converted to it) and connected by cultural or religious ties

From this reading “Which is the merchant here, and which the Jew?”

tents noun US /tents/

plural of “tent” — a portable shelter (usually of canvas stretched over supporting poles and fastened to the ground with ropes and pegs)

From this reading “The tents of Ishmael were still standing, where they had been last seen, but not another vestige of human existence could be traced in any other part of the waste.”

traced verb US /treɪst/

past form of “trace” — follow, discover, or ascertain the course of development of something

From this reading “The tents of Ishmael were still standing, where they had been last seen, but not another vestige of human existence could be traced in any other part of the waste.”

tranquil adjective US /ˈtræŋkwəl/

(of a body of water) free from disturbance by heavy waves

From this reading “The day dawned, the following morning, on a more, tranquil scene.”

vestige noun US /ˈvestɪdʒ/

an indication that something has been present

From this reading “The tents of Ishmael were still standing, where they had been last seen, but not another vestige of human existence could be traced in any other part of the waste.”

All words in this reading · 58

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading The day dawned, the following morning, on a more, tranquil scene.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Which is the merchant here, and which the Jew?

anotherdeterminerUS /əˈnʌðər/

one more of the same kind, or a different one

From this reading The tents of Ishmael were still standing, where they had been last seen, but not another vestige of human existence could be traced in any other part of the waste.

anyadjectiveUS /ˈeni/

one or some or every or all without specification

From this reading The tents of Ishmael were still standing, where they had been last seen, but not another vestige of human existence could be traced in any other part of the waste.

aroseverbUS /ərˈoʊz/

inflected form of “arise” — come into existence; take on form or shape

From this reading The work of blood had entirely ceased; and as the sun arose, its light was shed on a broad expanse of quiet and solitude.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading The work of blood had entirely ceased; and as the sun arose, its light was shed on a broad expanse of quiet and solitude.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading The tents of Ishmael were still standing, where they had been last seen, but not another vestige of human existence could be traced in any other part of the waste.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading The tents of Ishmael were still standing, where they had been last seen, but not another vestige of human existence could be traced in any other part of the waste.

bloodnounUS /blʌd/

The red fluid that circulates in the heart and blood vessels.

From this reading The work of blood had entirely ceased; and as the sun arose, its light was shed on a broad expanse of quiet and solitude.

broadadjectiveUS /brɔːd/

having great (or a certain) extent from one side to the other

From this reading The work of blood had entirely ceased; and as the sun arose, its light was shed on a broad expanse of quiet and solitude.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading The tents of Ishmael were still standing, where they had been last seen, but not another vestige of human existence could be traced in any other part of the waste.

ceasedverbUS /siːst/

past form of “cease” — put an end to a state or an activity

From this reading The work of blood had entirely ceased; and as the sun arose, its light was shed on a broad expanse of quiet and solitude.

couldmodal verbUS /kʊd/

the past of “can”; used for possibility or polite requests

From this reading The tents of Ishmael were still standing, where they had been last seen, but not another vestige of human existence could be traced in any other part of the waste.

dawnedverbUS /dɔːnd/

past form of “dawn” — become clear or enter one's consciousness or emotions

From this reading The day dawned, the following morning, on a more, tranquil scene.

daynounUS /deɪ/

time for Earth to make a complete rotation on its axis

From this reading The day dawned, the following morning, on a more, tranquil scene.

entirelyadverbUS /ɪnˈtaɪərli/

to a complete degree or to the full or entire extent (“whole” is often used informally for “wholly”)

From this reading The work of blood had entirely ceased; and as the sun arose, its light was shed on a broad expanse of quiet and solitude.

existencenounUS /eɡˈzɪstəns/

the state or fact of existing

From this reading The tents of Ishmael were still standing, where they had been last seen, but not another vestige of human existence could be traced in any other part of the waste.

expansenounUS /ɪkˈspæns/

a wide scope

From this reading The work of blood had entirely ceased; and as the sun arose, its light was shed on a broad expanse of quiet and solitude.

followingadjectiveUS /ˈfɑːloʊɪŋ/

about to be mentioned or specified

From this reading The day dawned, the following morning, on a more, tranquil scene.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading The work of blood had entirely ceased; and as the sun arose, its light was shed on a broad expanse of quiet and solitude.

hereadverbUS /hiːr/

in or at this place; where the speaker or writer is

From this reading Which is the merchant here, and which the Jew?

humanadjectiveUS /ˈhjuːmən/

characteristic of humanity

From this reading The tents of Ishmael were still standing, where they had been last seen, but not another vestige of human existence could be traced in any other part of the waste.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading The tents of Ishmael were still standing, where they had been last seen, but not another vestige of human existence could be traced in any other part of the waste.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Which is the merchant here, and which the Jew?

IshmaelnounUS /ˈɪʃmil/

(Old Testament) the son of Abraham who was cast out after the birth of Isaac; considered the forebear of 12 Arabian tribes

From this reading The tents of Ishmael were still standing, where they had been last seen, but not another vestige of human existence could be traced in any other part of the waste.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading The work of blood had entirely ceased; and as the sun arose, its light was shed on a broad expanse of quiet and solitude.

JewnounUS /dʒuː/

a person belonging to the worldwide group claiming descent from Jacob (or converted to it) and connected by cultural or religious ties

From this reading Which is the merchant here, and which the Jew?

lastadjectiveUS /læst/

immediately past

From this reading The tents of Ishmael were still standing, where they had been last seen, but not another vestige of human existence could be traced in any other part of the waste.

lightadjectiveUS /laɪt/

of comparatively little physical weight or density

From this reading The work of blood had entirely ceased; and as the sun arose, its light was shed on a broad expanse of quiet and solitude.

merchantnounUS /ˈmɜːr.tʃənt/

A person or company involved in wholesale trade, especially with foreign countries.

From this reading Which is the merchant here, and which the Jew?

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading The day dawned, the following morning, on a more, tranquil scene.

morningnounUS /ˈmɔːrnɪŋ/

the time period between dawn and noon

From this reading The day dawned, the following morning, on a more, tranquil scene.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading The tents of Ishmael were still standing, where they had been last seen, but not another vestige of human existence could be traced in any other part of the waste.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading The work of blood had entirely ceased; and as the sun arose, its light was shed on a broad expanse of quiet and solitude.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading The day dawned, the following morning, on a more, tranquil scene.

otheradjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading The tents of Ishmael were still standing, where they had been last seen, but not another vestige of human existence could be traced in any other part of the waste.

partnounUS /pɑːrt/

something determined in relation to something that includes it

From this reading The tents of Ishmael were still standing, where they had been last seen, but not another vestige of human existence could be traced in any other part of the waste.

quietadjectiveUS /ˈkwaɪət/

characterized by an absence or near absence of agitation or activity

From this reading The work of blood had entirely ceased; and as the sun arose, its light was shed on a broad expanse of quiet and solitude.

scenenounUS /siːn/

the place where some action occurs

From this reading The day dawned, the following morning, on a more, tranquil scene.

seenverbUS /siːn/

inflected form of “see” — perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight

From this reading The tents of Ishmael were still standing, where they had been last seen, but not another vestige of human existence could be traced in any other part of the waste.

ShakespearenounUS /ˈʃeɪkspiːr/

English poet and dramatist considered one of the greatest English writers (1564-1616)

From this reading —Shakespeare.

shedverbUS /ʃed/

get rid of

From this reading The work of blood had entirely ceased; and as the sun arose, its light was shed on a broad expanse of quiet and solitude.

solitudenounUS /ˈsɑːlətuːd/

a state of social isolation

From this reading The work of blood had entirely ceased; and as the sun arose, its light was shed on a broad expanse of quiet and solitude.

standingadjectiveUS /ˈstændɪŋ/

having a supporting base

From this reading The tents of Ishmael were still standing, where they had been last seen, but not another vestige of human existence could be traced in any other part of the waste.

stilladjectiveUS /stɪl/

not in physical motion

From this reading The tents of Ishmael were still standing, where they had been last seen, but not another vestige of human existence could be traced in any other part of the waste.

sunnounUS /sʌn/

the star that is the source of light and heat for the planets in the solar system

From this reading The work of blood had entirely ceased; and as the sun arose, its light was shed on a broad expanse of quiet and solitude.

tentsnounUS /tents/

plural of “tent” — a portable shelter (usually of canvas stretched over supporting poles and fastened to the ground with ropes and pegs)

From this reading The tents of Ishmael were still standing, where they had been last seen, but not another vestige of human existence could be traced in any other part of the waste.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Which is the merchant here, and which the Jew?

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading The tents of Ishmael were still standing, where they had been last seen, but not another vestige of human existence could be traced in any other part of the waste.

tracedverbUS /treɪst/

past form of “trace” — follow, discover, or ascertain the course of development of something

From this reading The tents of Ishmael were still standing, where they had been last seen, but not another vestige of human existence could be traced in any other part of the waste.

tranquiladjectiveUS /ˈtræŋkwəl/

(of a body of water) free from disturbance by heavy waves

From this reading The day dawned, the following morning, on a more, tranquil scene.

vestigenounUS /ˈvestɪdʒ/

an indication that something has been present

From this reading The tents of Ishmael were still standing, where they had been last seen, but not another vestige of human existence could be traced in any other part of the waste.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The work of blood had entirely ceased; and as the sun arose, its light was shed on a broad expanse of quiet and solitude.

wastenounUS /weɪst/

any materials unused and rejected as worthless or unwanted

From this reading The tents of Ishmael were still standing, where they had been last seen, but not another vestige of human existence could be traced in any other part of the waste.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading The tents of Ishmael were still standing, where they had been last seen, but not another vestige of human existence could be traced in any other part of the waste.

whereconjunctionUS /wer/

in or at the place that

From this reading The tents of Ishmael were still standing, where they had been last seen, but not another vestige of human existence could be traced in any other part of the waste.

WhichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading Which is the merchant here, and which the Jew?

workverbUS /wɜːrk/

exert oneself by doing mental or physical work for a purpose or out of necessity

From this reading The work of blood had entirely ceased; and as the sun arose, its light was shed on a broad expanse of quiet and solitude.

Chapter 31 of The Prairie by James Fenimore Cooper holds 198 sentences, grouped into 40 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the public-domain source, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 31 of The Prairie contain?

Chapter 31 holds 198 sentences of The Prairie, unabridged, divided into 40 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 31 of The Prairie by James Fenimore Cooper exactly as it stands in the public-domain source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 198 sentences, grouped into 40 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 31 of The Prairie?

Work through the 40 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 40 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 31 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 31 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The Prairie

Common questions about reading The Prairie by James Fenimore Cooper on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The Prairie?

Yes. All 6099 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #6450 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The Prairie is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #6450, a public-domain edition. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The Prairie take to read?

About 508 minutes of reading across 1220 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read The Prairie section by section

How to work through The Prairie section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 34 chapters of The Prairie to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in The Prairie

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Prairie, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Shepherd
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Prairie; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Desert
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Prairie; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Place
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Prairie; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Entertainment
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Prairie; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.