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The Prose Works of Jonathan Swift, D.D. — Volume 06
The Prose Works of Jonathan Swift, D.D. — Volume 06

Chapter VIII · Chapter 8

Chapter 8 of The Prose Works of Jonathan Swift, D.D. — Volume 06 is here in full — 320 sentences across 64 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for The Prose Works of Jonathan Swift, D.D. — Volume 06
Context Illustration Reading 1/64 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
A LETTER TO THE WHOLE PEOPLE OF IRELAND.
MY DEAR COUNTRYMEN, Having already written three letters upon so disagreeable a subject as Mr. Wood and his halfpence; I conceived my task was at an end: But I find, that cordials must be frequently applied to weak constitutions, political as well as natural.
A people long used to hardships, lose by degrees the very notions of liberty, they look upon themselves as creatures at mercy, and that all impositions laid on them by a stronger hand, are, in the phrase of the Report, legal and obligatory.
Hence proceeds that poverty and lowness of spirit, to which a kingdom may be subject as well as a particular person.
And when Esau came fainting from the field at the point to die, it is no wonder that he sold his birthright for a mess of pottage.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
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A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Prose Works of Jonathan Swift, D.D. — Volume 06

Chapter VIII · Chapter 8

Chapter 8 of The Prose Works of Jonathan Swift, D.D. — Volume 06 is here in full — 320 sentences across 64 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/64 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
A LETTER TO THE WHOLE PEOPLE OF IRELAND.
/ə ˈletər tuː ðə hoʊl ˈpiːpəl ʌv ˈaɪərlənd/
Line 2
MY DEAR COUNTRYMEN, Having already written three letters upon so disagreeable a subject as Mr. Wood and his halfpence; I conceived my task was at an end: But I find, that cordials must be frequently applied to weak constitutions, political as well as natural.
Line 3
A people long used to hardships, lose by degrees the very notions of liberty, they look upon themselves as creatures at mercy, and that all impositions laid on them by a stronger hand, are, in the phrase of the Report, legal and obligatory.
Line 4
Hence proceeds that poverty and lowness of spirit, to which a kingdom may be subject as well as a particular person.
Line 5
And when Esau came fainting from the field at the point to die, it is no wonder that he sold his birthright for a mess of pottage.
/ənd wen ˈiːsɔː keɪm ˈfeɪntɪŋ frʌm ðə fiːld æt ðə pɔɪnt tuː daɪ ɪt ɪz noʊ ˈwʌndər ðæt hiː soʊld hɪz ˈbɜːrθraɪt fɔːr ə mes ʌv ˈpɑːtədʒ/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

birthright noun US /ˈbɜːrθraɪt/

a right or privilege that you are entitled to at birth

From this reading “And when Esau came fainting from the field at the point to die, it is no wonder that he sold his birthright for a mess of pottage.”

constitutions noun US /ˌkɑːnstɪˈtuːʃənz/

plural of “constitution” — law determining the fundamental political principles of a government

From this reading “MY DEAR COUNTRYMEN, Having already written three letters upon so disagreeable a subject as Mr. Wood and his halfpence; I conceived my task was at an end: But I find, that cordials must be frequently applied to weak constitutions, political as well as natural.”

cordials noun US /ˈkɔːrdʒəlz/

plural of “cordial” — strong highly flavored sweet liquor usually drunk after a meal

From this reading “MY DEAR COUNTRYMEN, Having already written three letters upon so disagreeable a subject as Mr. Wood and his halfpence; I conceived my task was at an end: But I find, that cordials must be frequently applied to weak constitutions, political as well as natural.”

Esau noun US /ˈiːsɔː/

(Old Testament) the eldest son of Isaac who would have inherited the covenant that God made with Abraham and that Abraham passed on to Isaac; he traded his birthright to his twin brother Jacob for a mess of pottage

From this reading “And when Esau came fainting from the field at the point to die, it is no wonder that he sold his birthright for a mess of pottage.”

hardships noun US /ˈhɑːrdʃɪps/

plural of “hardship” — a state of misfortune or affliction

From this reading “A people long used to hardships, lose by degrees the very notions of liberty, they look upon themselves as creatures at mercy, and that all impositions laid on them by a stronger hand, are, in the phrase of the Report, legal and obligatory.”

obligatory adjective US /əˈblɪɡətɔːri/

morally or legally constraining or binding

From this reading “A people long used to hardships, lose by degrees the very notions of liberty, they look upon themselves as creatures at mercy, and that all impositions laid on them by a stronger hand, are, in the phrase of the Report, legal and obligatory.”

pottage noun US /ˈpɑːtədʒ/

a stew of vegetables and (sometimes) meat

From this reading “And when Esau came fainting from the field at the point to die, it is no wonder that he sold his birthright for a mess of pottage.”

proceeds noun US /prəˈsiːdz/

the income or profit arising from such transactions as the sale of land or other property

From this reading “Hence proceeds that poverty and lowness of spirit, to which a kingdom may be subject as well as a particular person.”

All words in this reading · 101

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

AdeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading A LETTER TO THE WHOLE PEOPLE OF IRELAND.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading A people long used to hardships, lose by degrees the very notions of liberty, they look upon themselves as creatures at mercy, and that all impositions laid on them by a stronger hand, are, in the phrase of the Report, legal and obligatory.

alreadyadverbUS /ɔːlˈredi/

prior to a specified or implied time

From this reading MY DEAR COUNTRYMEN, Having already written three letters upon so disagreeable a subject as Mr. Wood and his halfpence; I conceived my task was at an end: But I find, that cordials must be frequently applied to weak constitutions, political as well as natural.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading MY DEAR COUNTRYMEN, Having already written three letters upon so disagreeable a subject as Mr. Wood and his halfpence; I conceived my task was at an end: But I find, that cordials must be frequently applied to weak constitutions, political as well as natural.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading MY DEAR COUNTRYMEN, Having already written three letters upon so disagreeable a subject as Mr. Wood and his halfpence; I conceived my task was at an end: But I find, that cordials must be frequently applied to weak constitutions, political as well as natural.

appliedadjectiveUS /əˈplaɪd/

concerned with concrete problems or data rather than with fundamental principles

From this reading MY DEAR COUNTRYMEN, Having already written three letters upon so disagreeable a subject as Mr. Wood and his halfpence; I conceived my task was at an end: But I find, that cordials must be frequently applied to weak constitutions, political as well as natural.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading A people long used to hardships, lose by degrees the very notions of liberty, they look upon themselves as creatures at mercy, and that all impositions laid on them by a stronger hand, are, in the phrase of the Report, legal and obligatory.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading MY DEAR COUNTRYMEN, Having already written three letters upon so disagreeable a subject as Mr. Wood and his halfpence; I conceived my task was at an end: But I find, that cordials must be frequently applied to weak constitutions, political as well as natural.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading MY DEAR COUNTRYMEN, Having already written three letters upon so disagreeable a subject as Mr. Wood and his halfpence; I conceived my task was at an end: But I find, that cordials must be frequently applied to weak constitutions, political as well as natural.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading MY DEAR COUNTRYMEN, Having already written three letters upon so disagreeable a subject as Mr. Wood and his halfpence; I conceived my task was at an end: But I find, that cordials must be frequently applied to weak constitutions, political as well as natural.

birthrightnounUS /ˈbɜːrθraɪt/

a right or privilege that you are entitled to at birth

From this reading And when Esau came fainting from the field at the point to die, it is no wonder that he sold his birthright for a mess of pottage.

ButconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading MY DEAR COUNTRYMEN, Having already written three letters upon so disagreeable a subject as Mr. Wood and his halfpence; I conceived my task was at an end: But I find, that cordials must be frequently applied to weak constitutions, political as well as natural.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading A people long used to hardships, lose by degrees the very notions of liberty, they look upon themselves as creatures at mercy, and that all impositions laid on them by a stronger hand, are, in the phrase of the Report, legal and obligatory.

cameverbUS /keɪm/

inflected form of “come” — move toward, travel toward something or somebody or approach something or somebody

From this reading And when Esau came fainting from the field at the point to die, it is no wonder that he sold his birthright for a mess of pottage.

conceivedverbUS /kənˈsiːvd/

past form of “conceive” — have the idea for

From this reading MY DEAR COUNTRYMEN, Having already written three letters upon so disagreeable a subject as Mr. Wood and his halfpence; I conceived my task was at an end: But I find, that cordials must be frequently applied to weak constitutions, political as well as natural.

constitutionsnounUS /ˌkɑːnstɪˈtuːʃənz/

plural of “constitution” — law determining the fundamental political principles of a government

From this reading MY DEAR COUNTRYMEN, Having already written three letters upon so disagreeable a subject as Mr. Wood and his halfpence; I conceived my task was at an end: But I find, that cordials must be frequently applied to weak constitutions, political as well as natural.

cordialsnounUS /ˈkɔːrdʒəlz/

plural of “cordial” — strong highly flavored sweet liquor usually drunk after a meal

From this reading MY DEAR COUNTRYMEN, Having already written three letters upon so disagreeable a subject as Mr. Wood and his halfpence; I conceived my task was at an end: But I find, that cordials must be frequently applied to weak constitutions, political as well as natural.

COUNTRYMENnounUS /ˈkʌntrimɪn/

plural of “countryman” — a man from your own country

From this reading MY DEAR COUNTRYMEN, Having already written three letters upon so disagreeable a subject as Mr. Wood and his halfpence; I conceived my task was at an end: But I find, that cordials must be frequently applied to weak constitutions, political as well as natural.

creaturesnounUS /ˈkriːtʃərz/

plural of “creature” — a living organism characterized by voluntary movement

From this reading A people long used to hardships, lose by degrees the very notions of liberty, they look upon themselves as creatures at mercy, and that all impositions laid on them by a stronger hand, are, in the phrase of the Report, legal and obligatory.

DEARadjectiveUS /dɪr/

dearly loved

From this reading MY DEAR COUNTRYMEN, Having already written three letters upon so disagreeable a subject as Mr. Wood and his halfpence; I conceived my task was at an end: But I find, that cordials must be frequently applied to weak constitutions, political as well as natural.

degreesnounUS /dɪˈɡriːz/

plural of “degree” — a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality

From this reading A people long used to hardships, lose by degrees the very notions of liberty, they look upon themselves as creatures at mercy, and that all impositions laid on them by a stronger hand, are, in the phrase of the Report, legal and obligatory.

dieverbUS /daɪ/

pass from physical life and lose all bodily attributes and functions necessary to sustain life

From this reading And when Esau came fainting from the field at the point to die, it is no wonder that he sold his birthright for a mess of pottage.

disagreeableadjectiveUS /ˌdɪsəˈɡriːəbəl/

not to your liking

From this reading MY DEAR COUNTRYMEN, Having already written three letters upon so disagreeable a subject as Mr. Wood and his halfpence; I conceived my task was at an end: But I find, that cordials must be frequently applied to weak constitutions, political as well as natural.

endnounUS /end/

either extremity of something that has length

From this reading MY DEAR COUNTRYMEN, Having already written three letters upon so disagreeable a subject as Mr. Wood and his halfpence; I conceived my task was at an end: But I find, that cordials must be frequently applied to weak constitutions, political as well as natural.

EsaunounUS /ˈiːsɔː/

(Old Testament) the eldest son of Isaac who would have inherited the covenant that God made with Abraham and that Abraham passed on to Isaac; he traded his birthright to his twin brother Jacob for a mess of pottage

From this reading And when Esau came fainting from the field at the point to die, it is no wonder that he sold his birthright for a mess of pottage.

faintingverbUS /ˈfeɪntɪŋ/

-ing form of “faint” — pass out from weakness, physical or emotional distress due to a loss of blood supply to the brain

From this reading And when Esau came fainting from the field at the point to die, it is no wonder that he sold his birthright for a mess of pottage.

fieldnounUS /fiːld/

a piece of land cleared of trees and usually enclosed

From this reading And when Esau came fainting from the field at the point to die, it is no wonder that he sold his birthright for a mess of pottage.

findverbUS /faɪnd/

come upon, as if by accident; meet with

From this reading MY DEAR COUNTRYMEN, Having already written three letters upon so disagreeable a subject as Mr. Wood and his halfpence; I conceived my task was at an end: But I find, that cordials must be frequently applied to weak constitutions, political as well as natural.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading And when Esau came fainting from the field at the point to die, it is no wonder that he sold his birthright for a mess of pottage.

frequentlyadverbUS /ˈfriːkwəntli/

many times at short intervals

From this reading MY DEAR COUNTRYMEN, Having already written three letters upon so disagreeable a subject as Mr. Wood and his halfpence; I conceived my task was at an end: But I find, that cordials must be frequently applied to weak constitutions, political as well as natural.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading And when Esau came fainting from the field at the point to die, it is no wonder that he sold his birthright for a mess of pottage.

halfpence

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading MY DEAR COUNTRYMEN, Having already written three letters upon so disagreeable a subject as Mr. Wood and his halfpence; I conceived my task was at an end: But I find, that cordials must be frequently applied to weak constitutions, political as well as natural.

handnounUS /hænd/

the (prehensile) extremity of the superior limb

From this reading A people long used to hardships, lose by degrees the very notions of liberty, they look upon themselves as creatures at mercy, and that all impositions laid on them by a stronger hand, are, in the phrase of the Report, legal and obligatory.

hardshipsnounUS /ˈhɑːrdʃɪps/

plural of “hardship” — a state of misfortune or affliction

From this reading A people long used to hardships, lose by degrees the very notions of liberty, they look upon themselves as creatures at mercy, and that all impositions laid on them by a stronger hand, are, in the phrase of the Report, legal and obligatory.

Havingauxiliary verbUS /ˈhævɪŋ/

the -ing form of “have”

From this reading MY DEAR COUNTRYMEN, Having already written three letters upon so disagreeable a subject as Mr. Wood and his halfpence; I conceived my task was at an end: But I find, that cordials must be frequently applied to weak constitutions, political as well as natural.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading And when Esau came fainting from the field at the point to die, it is no wonder that he sold his birthright for a mess of pottage.

HenceadverbUS /hens/

for this reason

From this reading Hence proceeds that poverty and lowness of spirit, to which a kingdom may be subject as well as a particular person.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading MY DEAR COUNTRYMEN, Having already written three letters upon so disagreeable a subject as Mr. Wood and his halfpence; I conceived my task was at an end: But I find, that cordials must be frequently applied to weak constitutions, political as well as natural.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading MY DEAR COUNTRYMEN, Having already written three letters upon so disagreeable a subject as Mr. Wood and his halfpence; I conceived my task was at an end: But I find, that cordials must be frequently applied to weak constitutions, political as well as natural.

impositions

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading A people long used to hardships, lose by degrees the very notions of liberty, they look upon themselves as creatures at mercy, and that all impositions laid on them by a stronger hand, are, in the phrase of the Report, legal and obligatory.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading A people long used to hardships, lose by degrees the very notions of liberty, they look upon themselves as creatures at mercy, and that all impositions laid on them by a stronger hand, are, in the phrase of the Report, legal and obligatory.

IRELANDnounUS /ˈaɪərlənd/

a republic consisting of 26 of 32 counties comprising the island of Ireland; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1921

From this reading A LETTER TO THE WHOLE PEOPLE OF IRELAND.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading And when Esau came fainting from the field at the point to die, it is no wonder that he sold his birthright for a mess of pottage.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading And when Esau came fainting from the field at the point to die, it is no wonder that he sold his birthright for a mess of pottage.

kingdomnounUS /ˈkɪŋdəm/

a domain in which something is dominant

From this reading Hence proceeds that poverty and lowness of spirit, to which a kingdom may be subject as well as a particular person.

laidadjectiveUS /leɪd/

set down according to a plan

From this reading A people long used to hardships, lose by degrees the very notions of liberty, they look upon themselves as creatures at mercy, and that all impositions laid on them by a stronger hand, are, in the phrase of the Report, legal and obligatory.

legaladjectiveUS /ˈliːɡəl/

established by or founded upon law or official or accepted rules

From this reading A people long used to hardships, lose by degrees the very notions of liberty, they look upon themselves as creatures at mercy, and that all impositions laid on them by a stronger hand, are, in the phrase of the Report, legal and obligatory.

LETTERnounUS /ˈletər/

a written message addressed to a person or organization

From this reading A LETTER TO THE WHOLE PEOPLE OF IRELAND.

lettersnounUS /ˈletərz/

the literary culture

From this reading MY DEAR COUNTRYMEN, Having already written three letters upon so disagreeable a subject as Mr. Wood and his halfpence; I conceived my task was at an end: But I find, that cordials must be frequently applied to weak constitutions, political as well as natural.

libertynounUS /ˈlɪb.ər.ti/

The state of being free within society from oppressive restrictions on one's way of life.

From this reading A people long used to hardships, lose by degrees the very notions of liberty, they look upon themselves as creatures at mercy, and that all impositions laid on them by a stronger hand, are, in the phrase of the Report, legal and obligatory.

longadjectiveUS /lɔːŋ/

primarily temporal sense; being or indicating a relatively great or greater than average duration or passage of time or a duration as specified

From this reading A people long used to hardships, lose by degrees the very notions of liberty, they look upon themselves as creatures at mercy, and that all impositions laid on them by a stronger hand, are, in the phrase of the Report, legal and obligatory.

lookverbUS /lʊk/

perceive with attention; direct one's gaze towards

From this reading A people long used to hardships, lose by degrees the very notions of liberty, they look upon themselves as creatures at mercy, and that all impositions laid on them by a stronger hand, are, in the phrase of the Report, legal and obligatory.

loseverbUS /luːz/

fail to keep or to maintain; cease to have, either physically or in an abstract sense

From this reading A people long used to hardships, lose by degrees the very notions of liberty, they look upon themselves as creatures at mercy, and that all impositions laid on them by a stronger hand, are, in the phrase of the Report, legal and obligatory.

lownessnoun

a position of inferior status; low in station or rank or fortune or estimation

From this reading Hence proceeds that poverty and lowness of spirit, to which a kingdom may be subject as well as a particular person.

maymodal verbUS /meɪ/

used to say something is possible, or to give permission

From this reading Hence proceeds that poverty and lowness of spirit, to which a kingdom may be subject as well as a particular person.

mercynounUS /ˈmɜːrsi/

leniency and compassion shown toward offenders by a person or agency charged with administering justice

From this reading A people long used to hardships, lose by degrees the very notions of liberty, they look upon themselves as creatures at mercy, and that all impositions laid on them by a stronger hand, are, in the phrase of the Report, legal and obligatory.

messnounUS /mes/

a state of confusion and disorderliness

From this reading And when Esau came fainting from the field at the point to die, it is no wonder that he sold his birthright for a mess of pottage.

MrnounUS /ˈmɪstər/

a form of address for a man

From this reading MY DEAR COUNTRYMEN, Having already written three letters upon so disagreeable a subject as Mr. Wood and his halfpence; I conceived my task was at an end: But I find, that cordials must be frequently applied to weak constitutions, political as well as natural.

mustmodal verbUS /mʌst/

used to say something is necessary, or almost certainly true

From this reading MY DEAR COUNTRYMEN, Having already written three letters upon so disagreeable a subject as Mr. Wood and his halfpence; I conceived my task was at an end: But I find, that cordials must be frequently applied to weak constitutions, political as well as natural.

MYdeterminerUS /maɪ/

belonging to the person speaking

From this reading MY DEAR COUNTRYMEN, Having already written three letters upon so disagreeable a subject as Mr. Wood and his halfpence; I conceived my task was at an end: But I find, that cordials must be frequently applied to weak constitutions, political as well as natural.

naturaladjectiveUS /ˈnætʃərəl/

in accordance with nature; relating to or concerning nature

From this reading MY DEAR COUNTRYMEN, Having already written three letters upon so disagreeable a subject as Mr. Wood and his halfpence; I conceived my task was at an end: But I find, that cordials must be frequently applied to weak constitutions, political as well as natural.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading And when Esau came fainting from the field at the point to die, it is no wonder that he sold his birthright for a mess of pottage.

notionsnounUS /ˈnoʊʃənz/

plural of “notion” — a vague idea in which some confidence is placed

From this reading A people long used to hardships, lose by degrees the very notions of liberty, they look upon themselves as creatures at mercy, and that all impositions laid on them by a stronger hand, are, in the phrase of the Report, legal and obligatory.

obligatoryadjectiveUS /əˈblɪɡətɔːri/

morally or legally constraining or binding

From this reading A people long used to hardships, lose by degrees the very notions of liberty, they look upon themselves as creatures at mercy, and that all impositions laid on them by a stronger hand, are, in the phrase of the Report, legal and obligatory.

OFprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading A LETTER TO THE WHOLE PEOPLE OF IRELAND.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading A people long used to hardships, lose by degrees the very notions of liberty, they look upon themselves as creatures at mercy, and that all impositions laid on them by a stronger hand, are, in the phrase of the Report, legal and obligatory.

particularadjectiveUS /pərˈtɪkjələr/

unique or specific to a person or thing or category

From this reading Hence proceeds that poverty and lowness of spirit, to which a kingdom may be subject as well as a particular person.

PEOPLEnounUS /ˈpiːpəl/

(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively

From this reading A LETTER TO THE WHOLE PEOPLE OF IRELAND.

personnounUS /ˈpɜːrsən/

a human being

From this reading Hence proceeds that poverty and lowness of spirit, to which a kingdom may be subject as well as a particular person.

phrasenounUS /freɪz/

an expression consisting of one or more words forming a grammatical constituent of a sentence

From this reading A people long used to hardships, lose by degrees the very notions of liberty, they look upon themselves as creatures at mercy, and that all impositions laid on them by a stronger hand, are, in the phrase of the Report, legal and obligatory.

pointnounUS /pɔɪnt/

a geometric element that has position but no extension

From this reading And when Esau came fainting from the field at the point to die, it is no wonder that he sold his birthright for a mess of pottage.

politicaladjectiveUS /pəˈlɪtəkəl/

involving or characteristic of politics or parties or politicians

From this reading MY DEAR COUNTRYMEN, Having already written three letters upon so disagreeable a subject as Mr. Wood and his halfpence; I conceived my task was at an end: But I find, that cordials must be frequently applied to weak constitutions, political as well as natural.

pottagenounUS /ˈpɑːtədʒ/

a stew of vegetables and (sometimes) meat

From this reading And when Esau came fainting from the field at the point to die, it is no wonder that he sold his birthright for a mess of pottage.

povertynounUS /ˈpɑːvərti/

the state of having little or no money and few or no material possessions

From this reading Hence proceeds that poverty and lowness of spirit, to which a kingdom may be subject as well as a particular person.

proceedsnounUS /prəˈsiːdz/

the income or profit arising from such transactions as the sale of land or other property

From this reading Hence proceeds that poverty and lowness of spirit, to which a kingdom may be subject as well as a particular person.

ReportverbUS /riˈpɔːrt/

to give an account or representation of in words

From this reading A people long used to hardships, lose by degrees the very notions of liberty, they look upon themselves as creatures at mercy, and that all impositions laid on them by a stronger hand, are, in the phrase of the Report, legal and obligatory.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading MY DEAR COUNTRYMEN, Having already written three letters upon so disagreeable a subject as Mr. Wood and his halfpence; I conceived my task was at an end: But I find, that cordials must be frequently applied to weak constitutions, political as well as natural.

soldadjectiveUS /soʊld/

disposed of to a purchaser

From this reading And when Esau came fainting from the field at the point to die, it is no wonder that he sold his birthright for a mess of pottage.

spiritnounUS /ˈspɪrət/

the vital principle or animating force within living things

From this reading Hence proceeds that poverty and lowness of spirit, to which a kingdom may be subject as well as a particular person.

strongeradjectiveUS /ˈstrɔːŋər/

comparative of “strong” — having strength or power greater than average or expected

From this reading A people long used to hardships, lose by degrees the very notions of liberty, they look upon themselves as creatures at mercy, and that all impositions laid on them by a stronger hand, are, in the phrase of the Report, legal and obligatory.

subjectnounUS /səbˈdʒekt/

the subject matter of a conversation or discussion

From this reading MY DEAR COUNTRYMEN, Having already written three letters upon so disagreeable a subject as Mr. Wood and his halfpence; I conceived my task was at an end: But I find, that cordials must be frequently applied to weak constitutions, political as well as natural.

tasknounUS /tæsk/

any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted

From this reading MY DEAR COUNTRYMEN, Having already written three letters upon so disagreeable a subject as Mr. Wood and his halfpence; I conceived my task was at an end: But I find, that cordials must be frequently applied to weak constitutions, political as well as natural.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading MY DEAR COUNTRYMEN, Having already written three letters upon so disagreeable a subject as Mr. Wood and his halfpence; I conceived my task was at an end: But I find, that cordials must be frequently applied to weak constitutions, political as well as natural.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading A LETTER TO THE WHOLE PEOPLE OF IRELAND.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading A people long used to hardships, lose by degrees the very notions of liberty, they look upon themselves as creatures at mercy, and that all impositions laid on them by a stronger hand, are, in the phrase of the Report, legal and obligatory.

themselvespronounUS /ðemˈselvz/

used when the people doing the action are also its object

From this reading A people long used to hardships, lose by degrees the very notions of liberty, they look upon themselves as creatures at mercy, and that all impositions laid on them by a stronger hand, are, in the phrase of the Report, legal and obligatory.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading A people long used to hardships, lose by degrees the very notions of liberty, they look upon themselves as creatures at mercy, and that all impositions laid on them by a stronger hand, are, in the phrase of the Report, legal and obligatory.

threenounUS /θriː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one and one

From this reading MY DEAR COUNTRYMEN, Having already written three letters upon so disagreeable a subject as Mr. Wood and his halfpence; I conceived my task was at an end: But I find, that cordials must be frequently applied to weak constitutions, political as well as natural.

TOparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading A LETTER TO THE WHOLE PEOPLE OF IRELAND.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading MY DEAR COUNTRYMEN, Having already written three letters upon so disagreeable a subject as Mr. Wood and his halfpence; I conceived my task was at an end: But I find, that cordials must be frequently applied to weak constitutions, political as well as natural.

usedadjectiveUS /juːzd/

employed in accomplishing something

From this reading A people long used to hardships, lose by degrees the very notions of liberty, they look upon themselves as creatures at mercy, and that all impositions laid on them by a stronger hand, are, in the phrase of the Report, legal and obligatory.

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading A people long used to hardships, lose by degrees the very notions of liberty, they look upon themselves as creatures at mercy, and that all impositions laid on them by a stronger hand, are, in the phrase of the Report, legal and obligatory.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading MY DEAR COUNTRYMEN, Having already written three letters upon so disagreeable a subject as Mr. Wood and his halfpence; I conceived my task was at an end: But I find, that cordials must be frequently applied to weak constitutions, political as well as natural.

weakadjectiveUS /wiːk/

wanting in physical strength

From this reading MY DEAR COUNTRYMEN, Having already written three letters upon so disagreeable a subject as Mr. Wood and his halfpence; I conceived my task was at an end: But I find, that cordials must be frequently applied to weak constitutions, political as well as natural.

welladverbUS /wel/

(often used as a combining form) in a good or proper or satisfactory manner or to a high standard (“good” is a nonstandard dialectal variant for “well”)

From this reading MY DEAR COUNTRYMEN, Having already written three letters upon so disagreeable a subject as Mr. Wood and his halfpence; I conceived my task was at an end: But I find, that cordials must be frequently applied to weak constitutions, political as well as natural.

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading And when Esau came fainting from the field at the point to die, it is no wonder that he sold his birthright for a mess of pottage.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading Hence proceeds that poverty and lowness of spirit, to which a kingdom may be subject as well as a particular person.

WHOLEadjectiveUS /hoʊl/

including all components without exception; being one unit or constituting the full amount or extent or duration; complete

From this reading A LETTER TO THE WHOLE PEOPLE OF IRELAND.

wondernounUS /ˈwʌndər/

the feeling aroused by something strange and surprising

From this reading And when Esau came fainting from the field at the point to die, it is no wonder that he sold his birthright for a mess of pottage.

WoodnounUS /wʊd/

the hard fibrous lignified substance under the bark of trees

From this reading MY DEAR COUNTRYMEN, Having already written three letters upon so disagreeable a subject as Mr. Wood and his halfpence; I conceived my task was at an end: But I find, that cordials must be frequently applied to weak constitutions, political as well as natural.

writtenadjectiveUS /ˈrɪtən/

set down in writing in any of various ways

From this reading MY DEAR COUNTRYMEN, Having already written three letters upon so disagreeable a subject as Mr. Wood and his halfpence; I conceived my task was at an end: But I find, that cordials must be frequently applied to weak constitutions, political as well as natural.

Chapter 8 of The Prose Works of Jonathan Swift, D.D. — Volume 06 by Jonathan Swift holds 320 sentences, grouped into 64 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 8 of The Prose Works of Jonathan Swift, D.D. — Volume 06 contain?

Chapter 8 holds 320 sentences of The Prose Works of Jonathan Swift, D.D. — Volume 06, unabridged, divided into 64 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 8 of The Prose Works of Jonathan Swift, D.D. — Volume 06 by Jonathan Swift exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 320 sentences, grouped into 64 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 8 of The Prose Works of Jonathan Swift, D.D. — Volume 06?

Work through the 64 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 64 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 8 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 8 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The Prose Works of Jonathan Swift, D.D. — Volume 06

Common questions about reading The Prose Works of Jonathan Swift, D.D. — Volume 06 by Jonathan Swift on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The Prose Works of Jonathan Swift, D.D. — Volume 06?

Yes. All 2446 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #12784 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The Prose Works of Jonathan Swift, D.D. — Volume 06 is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #12784, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The Prose Works of Jonathan Swift, D.D. — Volume 06 take to read?

About 203 minutes of reading across 490 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read The Prose Works of Jonathan Swift, D.D. — Volume 06 section by section

How to work through The Prose Works of Jonathan Swift, D.D. — Volume 06 section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 14 chapters of The Prose Works of Jonathan Swift, D.D. — Volume 06 to begin.

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    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

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    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in The Prose Works of Jonathan Swift, D.D. — Volume 06

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Prose Works of Jonathan Swift, D.D. — Volume 06, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Shop-keepers
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Prose Works of Jonathan Swift, D.D. — Volume 06; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Tradesmen
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Prose Works of Jonathan Swift, D.D. — Volume 06; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Farmers
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Prose Works of Jonathan Swift, D.D. — Volume 06; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Common-people
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Prose Works of Jonathan Swift, D.D. — Volume 06; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.