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The Radicalism of Shelley and Its Sources
The Radicalism of Shelley and Its Sources

Chapter II

Chapter 2 of The Radicalism of Shelley and Its Sources is here in full — 431 sentences across 87 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/86 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
EARLY INFLUENCES The intensity of one's radicalism depends on the extent to which the institutions of a country cause one suffering and disappointment.
Shelley says in Julian and Maddalo:
Most wretched men Are cradled into poetry by wrong, They learn in suffering what they teach in song.
A description of Shelley's radicalism then must take account of all the circumstances that tended to make him dissatisfied with existing institutions.
Some of these circumstances may seem trifling, but then it must be remembered that events which appear insignificant sometimes have far-reaching effects.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Radicalism of Shelley and Its Sources

Chapter II

Chapter 2 of The Radicalism of Shelley and Its Sources is here in full — 431 sentences across 87 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/86 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
EARLY INFLUENCES The intensity of one's radicalism depends on the extent to which the institutions of a country cause one suffering and disappointment.
Line 2
Shelley says in Julian and Maddalo:
Line 3
Most wretched men Are cradled into poetry by wrong, They learn in suffering what they teach in song.
Line 4
A description of Shelley's radicalism then must take account of all the circumstances that tended to make him dissatisfied with existing institutions.
/ə dɪˈskrɪpʃən ʌv ˈʃeliz ˈrædɪkəlɪzəm ðen mʌst teɪk əˈkaʊnt ʌv ɔːl ðə ˈsɜːrkəmstænsəz ðæt ˈtendɪd tuː meɪk hɪm dɪˈsætəsfaɪd wɪð ɪɡˈzɪstɪŋ ˌɪnstɪˈtuːʃənz/
Line 5
Some of these circumstances may seem trifling, but then it must be remembered that events which appear insignificant sometimes have far-reaching effects.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

dissatisfied adjective US /dɪˈsætəsfaɪd/

in a state of sulky dissatisfaction

From this reading “A description of Shelley's radicalism then must take account of all the circumstances that tended to make him dissatisfied with existing institutions.”

existing adjective US /ɪɡˈzɪstɪŋ/

presently existing

From this reading “A description of Shelley's radicalism then must take account of all the circumstances that tended to make him dissatisfied with existing institutions.”

insignificant adjective US /ˌɪnsɪɡˈnjɪfɪkənt/

signifying nothing

From this reading “Some of these circumstances may seem trifling, but then it must be remembered that events which appear insignificant sometimes have far-reaching effects.”

institutions noun US /ˌɪnstɪˈtuːʃənz/

plural of “institution” — an organization founded and united for a specific purpose

From this reading “EARLY INFLUENCES The intensity of one's radicalism depends on the extent to which the institutions of a country cause one suffering and disappointment.”

radicalism noun US /ˈrædɪkəlɪzəm/

the political orientation of those who favor revolutionary change in government and society

From this reading “EARLY INFLUENCES The intensity of one's radicalism depends on the extent to which the institutions of a country cause one suffering and disappointment.”

Shelley noun US /ˈʃeli/

English writer who created Frankenstein's monster and married Percy Bysshe Shelley (1797-1851)

From this reading “Shelley says in Julian and Maddalo:”

Shelley's noun US /ˈʃeliz/

possessive form of “shelley” — English writer who created Frankenstein's monster and married Percy Bysshe Shelley (1797-1851)

From this reading “A description of Shelley's radicalism then must take account of all the circumstances that tended to make him dissatisfied with existing institutions.”

tended verb US /ˈtendɪd/

past form of “tend” — have a tendency or disposition to do or be something; be inclined

From this reading “A description of Shelley's radicalism then must take account of all the circumstances that tended to make him dissatisfied with existing institutions.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

depends on verb + particle counted as “depend on”

be contingent on

In this reading “EARLY INFLUENCES The intensity of one's radicalism depends on the extent to which the institutions of a country cause one suffering and disappointment.”

Most wretched adverb + adjective

In this reading “Most wretched men Are cradled into poetry by wrong, They learn in suffering what they teach in song.”

All words in this reading · 70

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading EARLY INFLUENCES The intensity of one's radicalism depends on the extent to which the institutions of a country cause one suffering and disappointment.

accountnounUS /əˈkaʊnt/

a record or narrative description of past events

From this reading A description of Shelley's radicalism then must take account of all the circumstances that tended to make him dissatisfied with existing institutions.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading A description of Shelley's radicalism then must take account of all the circumstances that tended to make him dissatisfied with existing institutions.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading EARLY INFLUENCES The intensity of one's radicalism depends on the extent to which the institutions of a country cause one suffering and disappointment.

appearverbUS /əˈpɪr/

give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect

From this reading Some of these circumstances may seem trifling, but then it must be remembered that events which appear insignificant sometimes have far-reaching effects.

Areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Most wretched men Are cradled into poetry by wrong, They learn in suffering what they teach in song.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading Some of these circumstances may seem trifling, but then it must be remembered that events which appear insignificant sometimes have far-reaching effects.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading Some of these circumstances may seem trifling, but then it must be remembered that events which appear insignificant sometimes have far-reaching effects.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading Most wretched men Are cradled into poetry by wrong, They learn in suffering what they teach in song.

causenounUS /kɑːz/

events that provide the generative force that is the origin of something

From this reading EARLY INFLUENCES The intensity of one's radicalism depends on the extent to which the institutions of a country cause one suffering and disappointment.

circumstancesnounUS /ˈsɜːrkəmstænsəz/

your overall circumstances or condition in life (including everything that happens to you)

From this reading A description of Shelley's radicalism then must take account of all the circumstances that tended to make him dissatisfied with existing institutions.

countrynounUS /ˈkʌntri/

a politically organized body of people under a single government

From this reading EARLY INFLUENCES The intensity of one's radicalism depends on the extent to which the institutions of a country cause one suffering and disappointment.

cradled

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Most wretched men Are cradled into poetry by wrong, They learn in suffering what they teach in song.

dependsverbUS /dɪˈpendz/

third-person singular of “depend” — be contingent upon (something that is elided)

From this reading EARLY INFLUENCES The intensity of one's radicalism depends on the extent to which the institutions of a country cause one suffering and disappointment.

descriptionnounUS /dɪˈskrɪpʃən/

a statement that represents something in words

From this reading A description of Shelley's radicalism then must take account of all the circumstances that tended to make him dissatisfied with existing institutions.

disappointmentnounUS /ˌdɪsəˈpɔɪntmənt/

a feeling of dissatisfaction that results when your expectations are not realized

From this reading EARLY INFLUENCES The intensity of one's radicalism depends on the extent to which the institutions of a country cause one suffering and disappointment.

dissatisfiedadjectiveUS /dɪˈsætəsfaɪd/

in a state of sulky dissatisfaction

From this reading A description of Shelley's radicalism then must take account of all the circumstances that tended to make him dissatisfied with existing institutions.

EARLYadjectiveUS /ˈɜːrli/

at or near the beginning of a period of time or course of events or before the usual or expected time

From this reading EARLY INFLUENCES The intensity of one's radicalism depends on the extent to which the institutions of a country cause one suffering and disappointment.

effectsnounUS /ɪˈfekts/

property of a personal character that is portable but not used in business

From this reading Some of these circumstances may seem trifling, but then it must be remembered that events which appear insignificant sometimes have far-reaching effects.

eventsnounUS /ɪˈvents/

plural of “event” — something that happens at a given place and time

From this reading Some of these circumstances may seem trifling, but then it must be remembered that events which appear insignificant sometimes have far-reaching effects.

existingadjectiveUS /ɪɡˈzɪstɪŋ/

presently existing

From this reading A description of Shelley's radicalism then must take account of all the circumstances that tended to make him dissatisfied with existing institutions.

extentnounUS /ɪkˈstent/

the point or degree to which something extends

From this reading EARLY INFLUENCES The intensity of one's radicalism depends on the extent to which the institutions of a country cause one suffering and disappointment.

far-reaching

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Some of these circumstances may seem trifling, but then it must be remembered that events which appear insignificant sometimes have far-reaching effects.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading Some of these circumstances may seem trifling, but then it must be remembered that events which appear insignificant sometimes have far-reaching effects.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading A description of Shelley's radicalism then must take account of all the circumstances that tended to make him dissatisfied with existing institutions.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Shelley says in Julian and Maddalo:

INFLUENCESnounUS /ˈɪnfluːənsɪz/

plural of “influence” — a power to affect persons or events especially power based on prestige etc

From this reading EARLY INFLUENCES The intensity of one's radicalism depends on the extent to which the institutions of a country cause one suffering and disappointment.

insignificantadjectiveUS /ˌɪnsɪɡˈnjɪfɪkənt/

signifying nothing

From this reading Some of these circumstances may seem trifling, but then it must be remembered that events which appear insignificant sometimes have far-reaching effects.

institutionsnounUS /ˌɪnstɪˈtuːʃənz/

plural of “institution” — an organization founded and united for a specific purpose

From this reading EARLY INFLUENCES The intensity of one's radicalism depends on the extent to which the institutions of a country cause one suffering and disappointment.

intensitynounUS /ɪnˈtensəti/

the amount of energy transmitted (as by acoustic or electromagnetic radiation)

From this reading EARLY INFLUENCES The intensity of one's radicalism depends on the extent to which the institutions of a country cause one suffering and disappointment.

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading Most wretched men Are cradled into poetry by wrong, They learn in suffering what they teach in song.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading Some of these circumstances may seem trifling, but then it must be remembered that events which appear insignificant sometimes have far-reaching effects.

JuliannounUS /ˈdʒuːliən/

Roman Emperor and nephew of Constantine; he restored paganism as the official religion of the Roman Empire and destroyed Christian temples but his decision was reversed after his death (331?-363)

From this reading Shelley says in Julian and Maddalo:

learnverbUS /lɜːrn/

gain knowledge or skills

From this reading Most wretched men Are cradled into poetry by wrong, They learn in suffering what they teach in song.

Maddalo

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Shelley says in Julian and Maddalo:

makeverbUS /meɪk/

engage in

From this reading A description of Shelley's radicalism then must take account of all the circumstances that tended to make him dissatisfied with existing institutions.

maymodal verbUS /meɪ/

used to say something is possible, or to give permission

From this reading Some of these circumstances may seem trifling, but then it must be remembered that events which appear insignificant sometimes have far-reaching effects.

mennounUS /men/

the force of workers available

From this reading Most wretched men Are cradled into poetry by wrong, They learn in suffering what they teach in song.

MostadverbUS /moʊst/

used to form the superlative

From this reading Most wretched men Are cradled into poetry by wrong, They learn in suffering what they teach in song.

mustmodal verbUS /mʌst/

used to say something is necessary, or almost certainly true

From this reading A description of Shelley's radicalism then must take account of all the circumstances that tended to make him dissatisfied with existing institutions.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading EARLY INFLUENCES The intensity of one's radicalism depends on the extent to which the institutions of a country cause one suffering and disappointment.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading EARLY INFLUENCES The intensity of one's radicalism depends on the extent to which the institutions of a country cause one suffering and disappointment.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading EARLY INFLUENCES The intensity of one's radicalism depends on the extent to which the institutions of a country cause one suffering and disappointment.

one's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading EARLY INFLUENCES The intensity of one's radicalism depends on the extent to which the institutions of a country cause one suffering and disappointment.

poetrynounUS /ˈpoʊətri/

literature in metrical form

From this reading Most wretched men Are cradled into poetry by wrong, They learn in suffering what they teach in song.

radicalismnounUS /ˈrædɪkəlɪzəm/

the political orientation of those who favor revolutionary change in government and society

From this reading EARLY INFLUENCES The intensity of one's radicalism depends on the extent to which the institutions of a country cause one suffering and disappointment.

rememberedverbUS /rɪˈmembərd/

past form of “remember” — recall knowledge from memory; have a recollection

From this reading Some of these circumstances may seem trifling, but then it must be remembered that events which appear insignificant sometimes have far-reaching effects.

saysnounUS /sez/

plural of “say” — the chance to speak

From this reading Shelley says in Julian and Maddalo:

seemverbUS /siːm/

give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect

From this reading Some of these circumstances may seem trifling, but then it must be remembered that events which appear insignificant sometimes have far-reaching effects.

ShelleynounUS /ˈʃeli/

English writer who created Frankenstein's monster and married Percy Bysshe Shelley (1797-1851)

From this reading Shelley says in Julian and Maddalo:

Shelley'snounUS /ˈʃeliz/

possessive form of “shelley” — English writer who created Frankenstein's monster and married Percy Bysshe Shelley (1797-1851)

From this reading A description of Shelley's radicalism then must take account of all the circumstances that tended to make him dissatisfied with existing institutions.

SomeadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading Some of these circumstances may seem trifling, but then it must be remembered that events which appear insignificant sometimes have far-reaching effects.

sometimesadverbUS /səmˈtaɪmz/

on certain occasions or in certain cases but not always

From this reading Some of these circumstances may seem trifling, but then it must be remembered that events which appear insignificant sometimes have far-reaching effects.

songnounUS /sɔːŋ/

a short musical composition with words

From this reading Most wretched men Are cradled into poetry by wrong, They learn in suffering what they teach in song.

sufferingnounUS /ˈsʌfərɪŋ/

a state of acute pain

From this reading EARLY INFLUENCES The intensity of one's radicalism depends on the extent to which the institutions of a country cause one suffering and disappointment.

takeverbUS /teɪk/

carry out

From this reading A description of Shelley's radicalism then must take account of all the circumstances that tended to make him dissatisfied with existing institutions.

teachverbUS /tiːtʃ/

impart skills or knowledge to

From this reading Most wretched men Are cradled into poetry by wrong, They learn in suffering what they teach in song.

tendedverbUS /ˈtendɪd/

past form of “tend” — have a tendency or disposition to do or be something; be inclined

From this reading A description of Shelley's radicalism then must take account of all the circumstances that tended to make him dissatisfied with existing institutions.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading A description of Shelley's radicalism then must take account of all the circumstances that tended to make him dissatisfied with existing institutions.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading EARLY INFLUENCES The intensity of one's radicalism depends on the extent to which the institutions of a country cause one suffering and disappointment.

thenadverbUS /ðen/

subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors)

From this reading A description of Shelley's radicalism then must take account of all the circumstances that tended to make him dissatisfied with existing institutions.

thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading Some of these circumstances may seem trifling, but then it must be remembered that events which appear insignificant sometimes have far-reaching effects.

TheypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Most wretched men Are cradled into poetry by wrong, They learn in suffering what they teach in song.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading EARLY INFLUENCES The intensity of one's radicalism depends on the extent to which the institutions of a country cause one suffering and disappointment.

triflingnounUS /ˈtraɪflɪŋ/

the deliberate act of delaying and playing instead of working

From this reading Some of these circumstances may seem trifling, but then it must be remembered that events which appear insignificant sometimes have far-reaching effects.

whatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading Most wretched men Are cradled into poetry by wrong, They learn in suffering what they teach in song.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading EARLY INFLUENCES The intensity of one's radicalism depends on the extent to which the institutions of a country cause one suffering and disappointment.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading A description of Shelley's radicalism then must take account of all the circumstances that tended to make him dissatisfied with existing institutions.

wretchedadjectiveUS /ˈretʃɪd/

of very poor quality or condition

From this reading Most wretched men Are cradled into poetry by wrong, They learn in suffering what they teach in song.

wrongadjectiveUS /rɔːŋ/

not correct; not in conformity with fact or truth

From this reading Most wretched men Are cradled into poetry by wrong, They learn in suffering what they teach in song.

Chapter 2 of The Radicalism of Shelley and Its Sources by Daniel J. MacDonald holds 431 sentences, grouped into 87 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 2 of The Radicalism of Shelley and Its Sources contain?

Chapter 2 holds 431 sentences of The Radicalism of Shelley and Its Sources, unabridged, divided into 87 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 2 of The Radicalism of Shelley and Its Sources by Daniel J. MacDonald exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 431 sentences, grouped into 87 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 2 of The Radicalism of Shelley and Its Sources?

Work through the 87 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 87 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 2 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 2 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

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Project Gutenberg eBook #35495, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

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About 214 minutes of reading across 515 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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Vocabulary met early in The Radicalism of Shelley and Its Sources

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Radicalism of Shelley and Its Sources, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Weakness
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Radicalism of Shelley and Its Sources; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Radical
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Radicalism of Shelley and Its Sources; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Shelley--strength
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Radicalism of Shelley and Its Sources; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Shelley
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Radicalism of Shelley and Its Sources; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.