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The Radicalism of Shelley and Its Sources
The Radicalism of Shelley and Its Sources

Chapter IV

Chapter 4 of The Radicalism of Shelley and Its Sources is here in full — 340 sentences across 68 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/68 · 5 lines
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POLITICS Someone has said that if Shelley had not been a poet he would have been a politician.
Certain it is that he gave to politics a great deal of thought and study.
On January 26, 1819, Shelley wrote to Peacock: "I consider poetry very subordinate to political science, and, if I were well, certainly I would aspire to the latter, for I can conceive a great work embodying the discoveries of all ages, and harmonizing the contending creeds by which mankind have been ruled."[82] Shelley was not one who beheld the woe In which mankind was bound, and deem'd that fate Which made them abject, would preserve them so.
On the contrary, he firmly believed in man's capacity to work out his own regeneration.
His tuneful lyre was ever at the service of the Goddess of Freedom; and he took occasion often to pour forth music calculated to rouse the nations from their apathy.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Radicalism of Shelley and Its Sources

Chapter IV

Chapter 4 of The Radicalism of Shelley and Its Sources is here in full — 340 sentences across 68 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/68 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
POLITICS Someone has said that if Shelley had not been a poet he would have been a politician.
/ˈpɑːlətɪks ˈsʌmwʌn hæz sed ðæt ɪf ˈʃeli hæd nɑːt bɪn ə ˈpoʊət hiː wʊd hæv bɪn ə ˌpɑːləˈtɪʃən/
Line 2
Certain it is that he gave to politics a great deal of thought and study.
/ˈsɜːrtən ɪt ɪz ðæt hiː ɡeɪv tuː ˈpɑːlətɪks ə ɡreɪt diːl ʌv θɔːt ənd ˈstʌdi/
Line 3
On January 26, 1819, Shelley wrote to Peacock: "I consider poetry very subordinate to political science, and, if I were well, certainly I would aspire to the latter, for I can conceive a great work embodying the discoveries of all ages, and harmonizing the contending creeds by which mankind have been ruled."[82] Shelley was not one who beheld the woe In which mankind was bound, and deem'd that fate Which made them abject, would preserve them so.
Line 4
On the contrary, he firmly believed in man's capacity to work out his own regeneration.
/ɑːn ðə ˈkɑːntreri hiː ˈfɜːrmli bɪˈliːvd ɪn mænz kəˈpæsəti tuː wɜːrk aʊt hɪz oʊn riˈdʒenərˈeɪʃən/
Line 5
His tuneful lyre was ever at the service of the Goddess of Freedom; and he took occasion often to pour forth music calculated to rouse the nations from their apathy.
/hɪz ˈtuːnfəl laɪr wɑːz ˈevər æt ðə ˈsɜːrvəs ʌv ðə ˈɡɑːdəs ʌv ˈfriːdəm ənd hiː tʊk əˈkeɪʒən ˈɔːfən tuː pɔːr fɔːrθ ˈmjuːzɪk ˈkælkjəleɪtɪd tuː raʊs ðə ˈneɪʃənz frʌm ðer ˈæpəθi/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

apathy noun US /ˈæpəθi/

an absence of emotion or enthusiasm

From this reading “His tuneful lyre was ever at the service of the Goddess of Freedom; and he took occasion often to pour forth music calculated to rouse the nations from their apathy.”

aspire verb US /əˈspaɪr/

have an ambitious plan or a lofty goal

From this reading “On January 26, 1819, Shelley wrote to Peacock: "I consider poetry very subordinate to political science, and, if I were well, certainly I would aspire to the latter, for I can conceive a great work embodying the discoveries of all ages, and harmonizing the contending creeds by which mankind have been ruled."[82] Shelley was not one who beheld the woe In which mankind was bound, and deem'd that fate Which made them abject, would preserve them so.”

creeds noun US /kriːdz/

plural of “creed” — any system of principles or beliefs

From this reading “On January 26, 1819, Shelley wrote to Peacock: "I consider poetry very subordinate to political science, and, if I were well, certainly I would aspire to the latter, for I can conceive a great work embodying the discoveries of all ages, and harmonizing the contending creeds by which mankind have been ruled."[82] Shelley was not one who beheld the woe In which mankind was bound, and deem'd that fate Which made them abject, would preserve them so.”

embodying verb US /ɪmˈbɑːdiɪŋ/

-ing form of “embody” — represent in bodily form

From this reading “On January 26, 1819, Shelley wrote to Peacock: "I consider poetry very subordinate to political science, and, if I were well, certainly I would aspire to the latter, for I can conceive a great work embodying the discoveries of all ages, and harmonizing the contending creeds by which mankind have been ruled."[82] Shelley was not one who beheld the woe In which mankind was bound, and deem'd that fate Which made them abject, would preserve them so.”

harmonizing verb US /ˈhɑːrmənaɪzɪŋ/

-ing form of “harmonize” — go together

From this reading “On January 26, 1819, Shelley wrote to Peacock: "I consider poetry very subordinate to political science, and, if I were well, certainly I would aspire to the latter, for I can conceive a great work embodying the discoveries of all ages, and harmonizing the contending creeds by which mankind have been ruled."[82] Shelley was not one who beheld the woe In which mankind was bound, and deem'd that fate Which made them abject, would preserve them so.”

lyre noun US /laɪr/

a harp used by ancient Greeks for accompaniment

From this reading “His tuneful lyre was ever at the service of the Goddess of Freedom; and he took occasion often to pour forth music calculated to rouse the nations from their apathy.”

regeneration noun US /riˈdʒenərˈeɪʃən/

(biology) growth anew of lost tissue or destroyed parts or organs

From this reading “On the contrary, he firmly believed in man's capacity to work out his own regeneration.”

tuneful adjective US /ˈtuːnfəl/

having a musical sound; especially a pleasing tune

From this reading “His tuneful lyre was ever at the service of the Goddess of Freedom; and he took occasion often to pour forth music calculated to rouse the nations from their apathy.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

pour forth verb + particle

pour out in drops or small quantities or as if in drops or small quantities

In this reading “His tuneful lyre was ever at the service of the Goddess of Freedom; and he took occasion often to pour forth music calculated to rouse the nations from their apathy.”

took occasion verb + noun counted as “take occasion”

In this reading “His tuneful lyre was ever at the service of the Goddess of Freedom; and he took occasion often to pour forth music calculated to rouse the nations from their apathy.”

deal of verb + particle

In this reading “Certain it is that he gave to politics a great deal of thought and study.”

work out verb + adjective

come up with

In this reading “On the contrary, he firmly believed in man's capacity to work out his own regeneration.”

All words in this reading · 104

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1819

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading On January 26, 1819, Shelley wrote to Peacock: "I consider poetry very subordinate to political science, and, if I were well, certainly I would aspire to the latter, for I can conceive a great work embodying the discoveries of all ages, and harmonizing the contending creeds by which mankind have been ruled."[82] Shelley was not one who beheld the woe In which mankind was bound, and deem'd that fate Which made them abject, would preserve them so.

26

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading On January 26, 1819, Shelley wrote to Peacock: "I consider poetry very subordinate to political science, and, if I were well, certainly I would aspire to the latter, for I can conceive a great work embodying the discoveries of all ages, and harmonizing the contending creeds by which mankind have been ruled."[82] Shelley was not one who beheld the woe In which mankind was bound, and deem'd that fate Which made them abject, would preserve them so.

82

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading On January 26, 1819, Shelley wrote to Peacock: "I consider poetry very subordinate to political science, and, if I were well, certainly I would aspire to the latter, for I can conceive a great work embodying the discoveries of all ages, and harmonizing the contending creeds by which mankind have been ruled."[82] Shelley was not one who beheld the woe In which mankind was bound, and deem'd that fate Which made them abject, would preserve them so.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading POLITICS Someone has said that if Shelley had not been a poet he would have been a politician.

abjectadjectiveUS /ˈæbdʒekt/

of the most contemptible kind

From this reading On January 26, 1819, Shelley wrote to Peacock: "I consider poetry very subordinate to political science, and, if I were well, certainly I would aspire to the latter, for I can conceive a great work embodying the discoveries of all ages, and harmonizing the contending creeds by which mankind have been ruled."[82] Shelley was not one who beheld the woe In which mankind was bound, and deem'd that fate Which made them abject, would preserve them so.

agesnounUS /ˈeɪdʒəz/

plural of “age” — how long something has existed

From this reading On January 26, 1819, Shelley wrote to Peacock: "I consider poetry very subordinate to political science, and, if I were well, certainly I would aspire to the latter, for I can conceive a great work embodying the discoveries of all ages, and harmonizing the contending creeds by which mankind have been ruled."[82] Shelley was not one who beheld the woe In which mankind was bound, and deem'd that fate Which made them abject, would preserve them so.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading On January 26, 1819, Shelley wrote to Peacock: "I consider poetry very subordinate to political science, and, if I were well, certainly I would aspire to the latter, for I can conceive a great work embodying the discoveries of all ages, and harmonizing the contending creeds by which mankind have been ruled."[82] Shelley was not one who beheld the woe In which mankind was bound, and deem'd that fate Which made them abject, would preserve them so.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Certain it is that he gave to politics a great deal of thought and study.

apathynounUS /ˈæpəθi/

an absence of emotion or enthusiasm

From this reading His tuneful lyre was ever at the service of the Goddess of Freedom; and he took occasion often to pour forth music calculated to rouse the nations from their apathy.

aspireverbUS /əˈspaɪr/

have an ambitious plan or a lofty goal

From this reading On January 26, 1819, Shelley wrote to Peacock: "I consider poetry very subordinate to political science, and, if I were well, certainly I would aspire to the latter, for I can conceive a great work embodying the discoveries of all ages, and harmonizing the contending creeds by which mankind have been ruled."[82] Shelley was not one who beheld the woe In which mankind was bound, and deem'd that fate Which made them abject, would preserve them so.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading His tuneful lyre was ever at the service of the Goddess of Freedom; and he took occasion often to pour forth music calculated to rouse the nations from their apathy.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading POLITICS Someone has said that if Shelley had not been a poet he would have been a politician.

beheldverbUS /biˈheld/

inflected form of “behold” — see with attention

From this reading On January 26, 1819, Shelley wrote to Peacock: "I consider poetry very subordinate to political science, and, if I were well, certainly I would aspire to the latter, for I can conceive a great work embodying the discoveries of all ages, and harmonizing the contending creeds by which mankind have been ruled."[82] Shelley was not one who beheld the woe In which mankind was bound, and deem'd that fate Which made them abject, would preserve them so.

believedverbUS /bɪˈliːvd/

past form of “believe” — accept as true; take to be true

From this reading On the contrary, he firmly believed in man's capacity to work out his own regeneration.

boundadjectiveUS /baʊnd/

confined by bonds

From this reading On January 26, 1819, Shelley wrote to Peacock: "I consider poetry very subordinate to political science, and, if I were well, certainly I would aspire to the latter, for I can conceive a great work embodying the discoveries of all ages, and harmonizing the contending creeds by which mankind have been ruled."[82] Shelley was not one who beheld the woe In which mankind was bound, and deem'd that fate Which made them abject, would preserve them so.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading On January 26, 1819, Shelley wrote to Peacock: "I consider poetry very subordinate to political science, and, if I were well, certainly I would aspire to the latter, for I can conceive a great work embodying the discoveries of all ages, and harmonizing the contending creeds by which mankind have been ruled."[82] Shelley was not one who beheld the woe In which mankind was bound, and deem'd that fate Which made them abject, would preserve them so.

calculatedadjectiveUS /ˈkælkjəleɪtɪd/

carefully thought out in advance

From this reading His tuneful lyre was ever at the service of the Goddess of Freedom; and he took occasion often to pour forth music calculated to rouse the nations from their apathy.

canmodal verbUS /kæn/

to be able to, or to be allowed to

From this reading On January 26, 1819, Shelley wrote to Peacock: "I consider poetry very subordinate to political science, and, if I were well, certainly I would aspire to the latter, for I can conceive a great work embodying the discoveries of all ages, and harmonizing the contending creeds by which mankind have been ruled."[82] Shelley was not one who beheld the woe In which mankind was bound, and deem'd that fate Which made them abject, would preserve them so.

capacitynounUS /kəˈpæsəti/

capability to perform or produce

From this reading On the contrary, he firmly believed in man's capacity to work out his own regeneration.

CertainadjectiveUS /ˈsɜːrtən/

definite but not specified or identified

From this reading Certain it is that he gave to politics a great deal of thought and study.

certainlyadverbUS /ˈsɜːrtənli/

definitely or positively (“sure” is sometimes used informally for “surely”)

From this reading On January 26, 1819, Shelley wrote to Peacock: "I consider poetry very subordinate to political science, and, if I were well, certainly I would aspire to the latter, for I can conceive a great work embodying the discoveries of all ages, and harmonizing the contending creeds by which mankind have been ruled."[82] Shelley was not one who beheld the woe In which mankind was bound, and deem'd that fate Which made them abject, would preserve them so.

conceiveverbUS /kənˈsiːv/

have the idea for

From this reading On January 26, 1819, Shelley wrote to Peacock: "I consider poetry very subordinate to political science, and, if I were well, certainly I would aspire to the latter, for I can conceive a great work embodying the discoveries of all ages, and harmonizing the contending creeds by which mankind have been ruled."[82] Shelley was not one who beheld the woe In which mankind was bound, and deem'd that fate Which made them abject, would preserve them so.

considerverbUS /kənˈsɪdər/

deem to be

From this reading On January 26, 1819, Shelley wrote to Peacock: "I consider poetry very subordinate to political science, and, if I were well, certainly I would aspire to the latter, for I can conceive a great work embodying the discoveries of all ages, and harmonizing the contending creeds by which mankind have been ruled."[82] Shelley was not one who beheld the woe In which mankind was bound, and deem'd that fate Which made them abject, would preserve them so.

contendingverbUS /kənˈtendɪŋ/

-ing form of “contend” — maintain or assert

From this reading On January 26, 1819, Shelley wrote to Peacock: "I consider poetry very subordinate to political science, and, if I were well, certainly I would aspire to the latter, for I can conceive a great work embodying the discoveries of all ages, and harmonizing the contending creeds by which mankind have been ruled."[82] Shelley was not one who beheld the woe In which mankind was bound, and deem'd that fate Which made them abject, would preserve them so.

contraryadjectiveUS /ˈkɑːntreri/

very opposed in nature or character or purpose

From this reading On the contrary, he firmly believed in man's capacity to work out his own regeneration.

creedsnounUS /kriːdz/

plural of “creed” — any system of principles or beliefs

From this reading On January 26, 1819, Shelley wrote to Peacock: "I consider poetry very subordinate to political science, and, if I were well, certainly I would aspire to the latter, for I can conceive a great work embodying the discoveries of all ages, and harmonizing the contending creeds by which mankind have been ruled."[82] Shelley was not one who beheld the woe In which mankind was bound, and deem'd that fate Which made them abject, would preserve them so.

dealverbUS /diːl/

act on verbally or in some form of artistic expression

From this reading Certain it is that he gave to politics a great deal of thought and study.

deem'd

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading On January 26, 1819, Shelley wrote to Peacock: "I consider poetry very subordinate to political science, and, if I were well, certainly I would aspire to the latter, for I can conceive a great work embodying the discoveries of all ages, and harmonizing the contending creeds by which mankind have been ruled."[82] Shelley was not one who beheld the woe In which mankind was bound, and deem'd that fate Which made them abject, would preserve them so.

discoveriesnounUS /dɪˈskʌvəriz/

plural of “discovery” — the act of discovering something

From this reading On January 26, 1819, Shelley wrote to Peacock: "I consider poetry very subordinate to political science, and, if I were well, certainly I would aspire to the latter, for I can conceive a great work embodying the discoveries of all ages, and harmonizing the contending creeds by which mankind have been ruled."[82] Shelley was not one who beheld the woe In which mankind was bound, and deem'd that fate Which made them abject, would preserve them so.

embodyingverbUS /ɪmˈbɑːdiɪŋ/

-ing form of “embody” — represent in bodily form

From this reading On January 26, 1819, Shelley wrote to Peacock: "I consider poetry very subordinate to political science, and, if I were well, certainly I would aspire to the latter, for I can conceive a great work embodying the discoveries of all ages, and harmonizing the contending creeds by which mankind have been ruled."[82] Shelley was not one who beheld the woe In which mankind was bound, and deem'd that fate Which made them abject, would preserve them so.

everadverbUS /ˈevər/

at any time

From this reading His tuneful lyre was ever at the service of the Goddess of Freedom; and he took occasion often to pour forth music calculated to rouse the nations from their apathy.

fatenounUS /feɪt/

an event (or a course of events) that will inevitably happen in the future

From this reading On January 26, 1819, Shelley wrote to Peacock: "I consider poetry very subordinate to political science, and, if I were well, certainly I would aspire to the latter, for I can conceive a great work embodying the discoveries of all ages, and harmonizing the contending creeds by which mankind have been ruled."[82] Shelley was not one who beheld the woe In which mankind was bound, and deem'd that fate Which made them abject, would preserve them so.

firmlyadverbUS /ˈfɜːrmli/

with resolute determination

From this reading On the contrary, he firmly believed in man's capacity to work out his own regeneration.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading On January 26, 1819, Shelley wrote to Peacock: "I consider poetry very subordinate to political science, and, if I were well, certainly I would aspire to the latter, for I can conceive a great work embodying the discoveries of all ages, and harmonizing the contending creeds by which mankind have been ruled."[82] Shelley was not one who beheld the woe In which mankind was bound, and deem'd that fate Which made them abject, would preserve them so.

forthadverbUS /fɔːrθ/

from a particular thing or place or position (“forth” is obsolete)

From this reading His tuneful lyre was ever at the service of the Goddess of Freedom; and he took occasion often to pour forth music calculated to rouse the nations from their apathy.

FreedomnounUS /ˈfriːdəm/

the condition of being free; the power to act or speak or think without externally imposed restraints

From this reading His tuneful lyre was ever at the service of the Goddess of Freedom; and he took occasion often to pour forth music calculated to rouse the nations from their apathy.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading His tuneful lyre was ever at the service of the Goddess of Freedom; and he took occasion often to pour forth music calculated to rouse the nations from their apathy.

gaveverbUS /ɡeɪv/

inflected form of “give” — cause to have, in the abstract sense or physical sense

From this reading Certain it is that he gave to politics a great deal of thought and study.

GoddessnounUS /ˈɡɑːdəs/

a female deity

From this reading His tuneful lyre was ever at the service of the Goddess of Freedom; and he took occasion often to pour forth music calculated to rouse the nations from their apathy.

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading Certain it is that he gave to politics a great deal of thought and study.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading POLITICS Someone has said that if Shelley had not been a poet he would have been a politician.

harmonizingverbUS /ˈhɑːrmənaɪzɪŋ/

-ing form of “harmonize” — go together

From this reading On January 26, 1819, Shelley wrote to Peacock: "I consider poetry very subordinate to political science, and, if I were well, certainly I would aspire to the latter, for I can conceive a great work embodying the discoveries of all ages, and harmonizing the contending creeds by which mankind have been ruled."[82] Shelley was not one who beheld the woe In which mankind was bound, and deem'd that fate Which made them abject, would preserve them so.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading POLITICS Someone has said that if Shelley had not been a poet he would have been a politician.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading POLITICS Someone has said that if Shelley had not been a poet he would have been a politician.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading POLITICS Someone has said that if Shelley had not been a poet he would have been a politician.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading On the contrary, he firmly believed in man's capacity to work out his own regeneration.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading On January 26, 1819, Shelley wrote to Peacock: "I consider poetry very subordinate to political science, and, if I were well, certainly I would aspire to the latter, for I can conceive a great work embodying the discoveries of all ages, and harmonizing the contending creeds by which mankind have been ruled."[82] Shelley was not one who beheld the woe In which mankind was bound, and deem'd that fate Which made them abject, would preserve them so.

ifconjunctionUS /ɪf/

on condition that; in the event that

From this reading POLITICS Someone has said that if Shelley had not been a poet he would have been a politician.

InprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading On January 26, 1819, Shelley wrote to Peacock: "I consider poetry very subordinate to political science, and, if I were well, certainly I would aspire to the latter, for I can conceive a great work embodying the discoveries of all ages, and harmonizing the contending creeds by which mankind have been ruled."[82] Shelley was not one who beheld the woe In which mankind was bound, and deem'd that fate Which made them abject, would preserve them so.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Certain it is that he gave to politics a great deal of thought and study.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading Certain it is that he gave to politics a great deal of thought and study.

JanuarynounUS /ˈdʒænjuːeri/

the first month of the year; begins 10 days after the winter solstice

From this reading On January 26, 1819, Shelley wrote to Peacock: "I consider poetry very subordinate to political science, and, if I were well, certainly I would aspire to the latter, for I can conceive a great work embodying the discoveries of all ages, and harmonizing the contending creeds by which mankind have been ruled."[82] Shelley was not one who beheld the woe In which mankind was bound, and deem'd that fate Which made them abject, would preserve them so.

latteradjectiveUS /ˈlætər/

referring to the second of two things or persons mentioned (or the last one or ones of several)

From this reading On January 26, 1819, Shelley wrote to Peacock: "I consider poetry very subordinate to political science, and, if I were well, certainly I would aspire to the latter, for I can conceive a great work embodying the discoveries of all ages, and harmonizing the contending creeds by which mankind have been ruled."[82] Shelley was not one who beheld the woe In which mankind was bound, and deem'd that fate Which made them abject, would preserve them so.

lyrenounUS /laɪr/

a harp used by ancient Greeks for accompaniment

From this reading His tuneful lyre was ever at the service of the Goddess of Freedom; and he took occasion often to pour forth music calculated to rouse the nations from their apathy.

madeadjectiveUS /meɪd/

produced by a manufacturing process

From this reading On January 26, 1819, Shelley wrote to Peacock: "I consider poetry very subordinate to political science, and, if I were well, certainly I would aspire to the latter, for I can conceive a great work embodying the discoveries of all ages, and harmonizing the contending creeds by which mankind have been ruled."[82] Shelley was not one who beheld the woe In which mankind was bound, and deem'd that fate Which made them abject, would preserve them so.

man'snounUS /mænz/

possessive form of “man” — an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)

From this reading On the contrary, he firmly believed in man's capacity to work out his own regeneration.

mankindnounUS /ˈmænˈkaɪnd/

all of the living human inhabitants of the earth

From this reading On January 26, 1819, Shelley wrote to Peacock: "I consider poetry very subordinate to political science, and, if I were well, certainly I would aspire to the latter, for I can conceive a great work embodying the discoveries of all ages, and harmonizing the contending creeds by which mankind have been ruled."[82] Shelley was not one who beheld the woe In which mankind was bound, and deem'd that fate Which made them abject, would preserve them so.

musicnounUS /ˈmjuːzɪk/

an artistic form of auditory communication incorporating instrumental or vocal tones in a structured and continuous manner

From this reading His tuneful lyre was ever at the service of the Goddess of Freedom; and he took occasion often to pour forth music calculated to rouse the nations from their apathy.

nationsnounUS /ˈneɪʃənz/

plural of “nation” — a politically organized body of people under a single government

From this reading His tuneful lyre was ever at the service of the Goddess of Freedom; and he took occasion often to pour forth music calculated to rouse the nations from their apathy.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading POLITICS Someone has said that if Shelley had not been a poet he would have been a politician.

occasionnounUS /əˈkeɪʒən/

an event that occurs at a critical time

From this reading His tuneful lyre was ever at the service of the Goddess of Freedom; and he took occasion often to pour forth music calculated to rouse the nations from their apathy.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Certain it is that he gave to politics a great deal of thought and study.

oftenadverbUS /ˈɔːfən/

many times at short intervals

From this reading His tuneful lyre was ever at the service of the Goddess of Freedom; and he took occasion often to pour forth music calculated to rouse the nations from their apathy.

OnprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading On January 26, 1819, Shelley wrote to Peacock: "I consider poetry very subordinate to political science, and, if I were well, certainly I would aspire to the latter, for I can conceive a great work embodying the discoveries of all ages, and harmonizing the contending creeds by which mankind have been ruled."[82] Shelley was not one who beheld the woe In which mankind was bound, and deem'd that fate Which made them abject, would preserve them so.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading On January 26, 1819, Shelley wrote to Peacock: "I consider poetry very subordinate to political science, and, if I were well, certainly I would aspire to the latter, for I can conceive a great work embodying the discoveries of all ages, and harmonizing the contending creeds by which mankind have been ruled."[82] Shelley was not one who beheld the woe In which mankind was bound, and deem'd that fate Which made them abject, would preserve them so.

outadjectiveUS /aʊt/

not allowed to continue to bat or run

From this reading On the contrary, he firmly believed in man's capacity to work out his own regeneration.

ownverbUS /oʊn/

have ownership or possession of

From this reading On the contrary, he firmly believed in man's capacity to work out his own regeneration.

PeacocknounUS /ˈpiːkɑːk/

European butterfly having reddish-brown wings each marked with a purple eyespot

From this reading On January 26, 1819, Shelley wrote to Peacock: "I consider poetry very subordinate to political science, and, if I were well, certainly I would aspire to the latter, for I can conceive a great work embodying the discoveries of all ages, and harmonizing the contending creeds by which mankind have been ruled."[82] Shelley was not one who beheld the woe In which mankind was bound, and deem'd that fate Which made them abject, would preserve them so.

poetnounUS /ˈpoʊət/

a writer of poems (the term is usually reserved for writers of good poetry)

From this reading POLITICS Someone has said that if Shelley had not been a poet he would have been a politician.

poetrynounUS /ˈpoʊətri/

literature in metrical form

From this reading On January 26, 1819, Shelley wrote to Peacock: "I consider poetry very subordinate to political science, and, if I were well, certainly I would aspire to the latter, for I can conceive a great work embodying the discoveries of all ages, and harmonizing the contending creeds by which mankind have been ruled."[82] Shelley was not one who beheld the woe In which mankind was bound, and deem'd that fate Which made them abject, would preserve them so.

politicaladjectiveUS /pəˈlɪtəkəl/

involving or characteristic of politics or parties or politicians

From this reading On January 26, 1819, Shelley wrote to Peacock: "I consider poetry very subordinate to political science, and, if I were well, certainly I would aspire to the latter, for I can conceive a great work embodying the discoveries of all ages, and harmonizing the contending creeds by which mankind have been ruled."[82] Shelley was not one who beheld the woe In which mankind was bound, and deem'd that fate Which made them abject, would preserve them so.

politiciannounUS /ˌpɑːləˈtɪʃən/

a leader engaged in civil administration

From this reading POLITICS Someone has said that if Shelley had not been a poet he would have been a politician.

POLITICSnounUS /ˈpɑːlətɪks/

social relations involving intrigue to gain authority or power

From this reading POLITICS Someone has said that if Shelley had not been a poet he would have been a politician.

pourverbUS /pɔːr/

cause to run

From this reading His tuneful lyre was ever at the service of the Goddess of Freedom; and he took occasion often to pour forth music calculated to rouse the nations from their apathy.

preserveverbUS /prəˈzɜːrv/

keep or maintain in unaltered condition; cause to remain or last

From this reading On January 26, 1819, Shelley wrote to Peacock: "I consider poetry very subordinate to political science, and, if I were well, certainly I would aspire to the latter, for I can conceive a great work embodying the discoveries of all ages, and harmonizing the contending creeds by which mankind have been ruled."[82] Shelley was not one who beheld the woe In which mankind was bound, and deem'd that fate Which made them abject, would preserve them so.

regenerationnounUS /riˈdʒenərˈeɪʃən/

(biology) growth anew of lost tissue or destroyed parts or organs

From this reading On the contrary, he firmly believed in man's capacity to work out his own regeneration.

rouseverbUS /raʊs/

become active

From this reading His tuneful lyre was ever at the service of the Goddess of Freedom; and he took occasion often to pour forth music calculated to rouse the nations from their apathy.

ruledadjectiveUS /ruːld/

subject to a ruling authority

From this reading On January 26, 1819, Shelley wrote to Peacock: "I consider poetry very subordinate to political science, and, if I were well, certainly I would aspire to the latter, for I can conceive a great work embodying the discoveries of all ages, and harmonizing the contending creeds by which mankind have been ruled."[82] Shelley was not one who beheld the woe In which mankind was bound, and deem'd that fate Which made them abject, would preserve them so.

saidadjectiveUS /sed/

being the one previously mentioned or spoken of

From this reading POLITICS Someone has said that if Shelley had not been a poet he would have been a politician.

sciencenounUS /ˈsaɪəns/

a particular branch of scientific knowledge

From this reading On January 26, 1819, Shelley wrote to Peacock: "I consider poetry very subordinate to political science, and, if I were well, certainly I would aspire to the latter, for I can conceive a great work embodying the discoveries of all ages, and harmonizing the contending creeds by which mankind have been ruled."[82] Shelley was not one who beheld the woe In which mankind was bound, and deem'd that fate Which made them abject, would preserve them so.

servicenounUS /ˈsɜːrvəs/

work done by one person or group that benefits another

From this reading His tuneful lyre was ever at the service of the Goddess of Freedom; and he took occasion often to pour forth music calculated to rouse the nations from their apathy.

ShelleynounUS /ˈʃeli/

English writer who created Frankenstein's monster and married Percy Bysshe Shelley (1797-1851)

From this reading POLITICS Someone has said that if Shelley had not been a poet he would have been a politician.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading On January 26, 1819, Shelley wrote to Peacock: "I consider poetry very subordinate to political science, and, if I were well, certainly I would aspire to the latter, for I can conceive a great work embodying the discoveries of all ages, and harmonizing the contending creeds by which mankind have been ruled."[82] Shelley was not one who beheld the woe In which mankind was bound, and deem'd that fate Which made them abject, would preserve them so.

SomeonepronounUS /ˈsʌmwʌn/

a person, without saying who

From this reading POLITICS Someone has said that if Shelley had not been a poet he would have been a politician.

studynounUS /ˈstʌdi/

a detailed critical inspection

From this reading Certain it is that he gave to politics a great deal of thought and study.

subordinateadjectiveUS /səˈbɔːrdəneɪt/

lower in rank or importance

From this reading On January 26, 1819, Shelley wrote to Peacock: "I consider poetry very subordinate to political science, and, if I were well, certainly I would aspire to the latter, for I can conceive a great work embodying the discoveries of all ages, and harmonizing the contending creeds by which mankind have been ruled."[82] Shelley was not one who beheld the woe In which mankind was bound, and deem'd that fate Which made them abject, would preserve them so.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading POLITICS Someone has said that if Shelley had not been a poet he would have been a politician.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading On January 26, 1819, Shelley wrote to Peacock: "I consider poetry very subordinate to political science, and, if I were well, certainly I would aspire to the latter, for I can conceive a great work embodying the discoveries of all ages, and harmonizing the contending creeds by which mankind have been ruled."[82] Shelley was not one who beheld the woe In which mankind was bound, and deem'd that fate Which made them abject, would preserve them so.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading His tuneful lyre was ever at the service of the Goddess of Freedom; and he took occasion often to pour forth music calculated to rouse the nations from their apathy.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading On January 26, 1819, Shelley wrote to Peacock: "I consider poetry very subordinate to political science, and, if I were well, certainly I would aspire to the latter, for I can conceive a great work embodying the discoveries of all ages, and harmonizing the contending creeds by which mankind have been ruled."[82] Shelley was not one who beheld the woe In which mankind was bound, and deem'd that fate Which made them abject, would preserve them so.

thoughtnounUS /θɔːt/

the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about

From this reading Certain it is that he gave to politics a great deal of thought and study.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Certain it is that he gave to politics a great deal of thought and study.

tookverbUS /tʊk/

inflected form of “take” — carry out

From this reading His tuneful lyre was ever at the service of the Goddess of Freedom; and he took occasion often to pour forth music calculated to rouse the nations from their apathy.

tunefuladjectiveUS /ˈtuːnfəl/

having a musical sound; especially a pleasing tune

From this reading His tuneful lyre was ever at the service of the Goddess of Freedom; and he took occasion often to pour forth music calculated to rouse the nations from their apathy.

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading On January 26, 1819, Shelley wrote to Peacock: "I consider poetry very subordinate to political science, and, if I were well, certainly I would aspire to the latter, for I can conceive a great work embodying the discoveries of all ages, and harmonizing the contending creeds by which mankind have been ruled."[82] Shelley was not one who beheld the woe In which mankind was bound, and deem'd that fate Which made them abject, would preserve them so.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading On January 26, 1819, Shelley wrote to Peacock: "I consider poetry very subordinate to political science, and, if I were well, certainly I would aspire to the latter, for I can conceive a great work embodying the discoveries of all ages, and harmonizing the contending creeds by which mankind have been ruled."[82] Shelley was not one who beheld the woe In which mankind was bound, and deem'd that fate Which made them abject, would preserve them so.

welladverbUS /wel/

(often used as a combining form) in a good or proper or satisfactory manner or to a high standard (“good” is a nonstandard dialectal variant for “well”)

From this reading On January 26, 1819, Shelley wrote to Peacock: "I consider poetry very subordinate to political science, and, if I were well, certainly I would aspire to the latter, for I can conceive a great work embodying the discoveries of all ages, and harmonizing the contending creeds by which mankind have been ruled."[82] Shelley was not one who beheld the woe In which mankind was bound, and deem'd that fate Which made them abject, would preserve them so.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading On January 26, 1819, Shelley wrote to Peacock: "I consider poetry very subordinate to political science, and, if I were well, certainly I would aspire to the latter, for I can conceive a great work embodying the discoveries of all ages, and harmonizing the contending creeds by which mankind have been ruled."[82] Shelley was not one who beheld the woe In which mankind was bound, and deem'd that fate Which made them abject, would preserve them so.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading On January 26, 1819, Shelley wrote to Peacock: "I consider poetry very subordinate to political science, and, if I were well, certainly I would aspire to the latter, for I can conceive a great work embodying the discoveries of all ages, and harmonizing the contending creeds by which mankind have been ruled."[82] Shelley was not one who beheld the woe In which mankind was bound, and deem'd that fate Which made them abject, would preserve them so.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading On January 26, 1819, Shelley wrote to Peacock: "I consider poetry very subordinate to political science, and, if I were well, certainly I would aspire to the latter, for I can conceive a great work embodying the discoveries of all ages, and harmonizing the contending creeds by which mankind have been ruled."[82] Shelley was not one who beheld the woe In which mankind was bound, and deem'd that fate Which made them abject, would preserve them so.

woenounUS /woʊ/

misery resulting from affliction

From this reading On January 26, 1819, Shelley wrote to Peacock: "I consider poetry very subordinate to political science, and, if I were well, certainly I would aspire to the latter, for I can conceive a great work embodying the discoveries of all ages, and harmonizing the contending creeds by which mankind have been ruled."[82] Shelley was not one who beheld the woe In which mankind was bound, and deem'd that fate Which made them abject, would preserve them so.

workverbUS /wɜːrk/

exert oneself by doing mental or physical work for a purpose or out of necessity

From this reading On January 26, 1819, Shelley wrote to Peacock: "I consider poetry very subordinate to political science, and, if I were well, certainly I would aspire to the latter, for I can conceive a great work embodying the discoveries of all ages, and harmonizing the contending creeds by which mankind have been ruled."[82] Shelley was not one who beheld the woe In which mankind was bound, and deem'd that fate Which made them abject, would preserve them so.

wouldmodal verbUS /wʊd/

used for something imagined, polite, or habitual in the past

From this reading POLITICS Someone has said that if Shelley had not been a poet he would have been a politician.

wroteverbUS /roʊt/

inflected form of “write” — produce a literary work

From this reading On January 26, 1819, Shelley wrote to Peacock: "I consider poetry very subordinate to political science, and, if I were well, certainly I would aspire to the latter, for I can conceive a great work embodying the discoveries of all ages, and harmonizing the contending creeds by which mankind have been ruled."[82] Shelley was not one who beheld the woe In which mankind was bound, and deem'd that fate Which made them abject, would preserve them so.

Chapter 4 of The Radicalism of Shelley and Its Sources by Daniel J. MacDonald holds 340 sentences, grouped into 68 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

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Chapter 4 holds 340 sentences of The Radicalism of Shelley and Its Sources, unabridged, divided into 68 reading sections.

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Vocabulary met early in The Radicalism of Shelley and Its Sources

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Radicalism of Shelley and Its Sources, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Weakness
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Radicalism of Shelley and Its Sources; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Radical
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Radicalism of Shelley and Its Sources; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Shelley--strength
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Radicalism of Shelley and Its Sources; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Shelley
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Radicalism of Shelley and Its Sources; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.