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The Red Year: A Story of the Indian Mutiny
The Red Year: A Story of the Indian Mutiny

Chapter XIII

Chapter 13 of The Red Year: A Story of the Indian Mutiny is here in full — 240 sentences across 48 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/48 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
THE MEN WHO WORE SKIRTS That was what the rebels called the 78th,--"the men who wore skirts."
Now, Highland regiments had fought in India for many a year before the Mutiny, and the kilt was no new thing in native eyes.
The phrase, therefore, is significant.
It crystallizes the legend that went round--that an army of savage English was marching from Allahabad, and that its most ferocious corps was dressed in skirts, the men having sworn never to assume male clothing until they had avenged their murdered women-folk.
There could be no better proof that the sepoys and their helpers were well aware that they had outraged all the laws of war and humanity by their excesses, and there was a further reason why the garb of old Gaul was more dreaded throughout India than any other British uniform during the autumn and cold weather of 1857.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Red Year: A Story of the Indian Mutiny

Chapter XIII

Chapter 13 of The Red Year: A Story of the Indian Mutiny is here in full — 240 sentences across 48 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/48 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
THE MEN WHO WORE SKIRTS That was what the rebels called the 78th,--"the men who wore skirts."
Line 2
Now, Highland regiments had fought in India for many a year before the Mutiny, and the kilt was no new thing in native eyes.
/naʊ ˈhaɪlənd ˈredʒəmənts hæd fɔːt ɪn ˈɪndiə fɔːr ˈmeni ə jɪr bɪˈfɔːr ðə ˈmjuːtəni ənd ðə kɪlt wɑːz noʊ nuː θɪŋ ɪn ˈneɪtɪv aɪz/
Line 3
The phrase, therefore, is significant.
/ðə freɪz ˈðerfɔːr ɪz səɡˈnɪfɪkənt/
Line 4
It crystallizes the legend that went round--that an army of savage English was marching from Allahabad, and that its most ferocious corps was dressed in skirts, the men having sworn never to assume male clothing until they had avenged their murdered women-folk.
Line 5
There could be no better proof that the sepoys and their helpers were well aware that they had outraged all the laws of war and humanity by their excesses, and there was a further reason why the garb of old Gaul was more dreaded throughout India than any other British uniform during the autumn and cold weather of 1857.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

avenged adjective US /əˈvendʒd/

for which vengeance has been taken

From this reading “It crystallizes the legend that went round--that an army of savage English was marching from Allahabad, and that its most ferocious corps was dressed in skirts, the men having sworn never to assume male clothing until they had avenged their murdered women-folk.”

crystallizes verb US /ˈkrɪstəlaɪzɪz/

third-person singular of “crystallize” — cause to take on a definite and clear shape

From this reading “It crystallizes the legend that went round--that an army of savage English was marching from Allahabad, and that its most ferocious corps was dressed in skirts, the men having sworn never to assume male clothing until they had avenged their murdered women-folk.”

excesses noun US /ˌekˈsesɪz/

plural of “excess” — a quantity much larger than is needed

From this reading “There could be no better proof that the sepoys and their helpers were well aware that they had outraged all the laws of war and humanity by their excesses, and there was a further reason why the garb of old Gaul was more dreaded throughout India than any other British uniform during the autumn and cold weather of 1857.”

Gaul noun US /ɡɔːl/

a person of French descent

From this reading “There could be no better proof that the sepoys and their helpers were well aware that they had outraged all the laws of war and humanity by their excesses, and there was a further reason why the garb of old Gaul was more dreaded throughout India than any other British uniform during the autumn and cold weather of 1857.”

helpers noun US /ˈhelpərz/

plural of “helper” — a person who contributes to the fulfillment of a need or furtherance of an effort or purpose

From this reading “There could be no better proof that the sepoys and their helpers were well aware that they had outraged all the laws of war and humanity by their excesses, and there was a further reason why the garb of old Gaul was more dreaded throughout India than any other British uniform during the autumn and cold weather of 1857.”

kilt noun US /kɪlt/

a knee-length pleated tartan skirt worn by men as part of the traditional dress in the Highlands of northern Scotland

From this reading “Now, Highland regiments had fought in India for many a year before the Mutiny, and the kilt was no new thing in native eyes.”

Mutiny noun US /ˈmjuːtəni/

open rebellion against constituted authority (especially by seamen or soldiers against their officers)

From this reading “Now, Highland regiments had fought in India for many a year before the Mutiny, and the kilt was no new thing in native eyes.”

outraged adjective US /ˈaʊtreɪdʒd/

angered at something unjust or wrong

From this reading “There could be no better proof that the sepoys and their helpers were well aware that they had outraged all the laws of war and humanity by their excesses, and there was a further reason why the garb of old Gaul was more dreaded throughout India than any other British uniform during the autumn and cold weather of 1857.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

cold weather adjective + noun

a period of unusually cold weather

In this reading “There could be no better proof that the sepoys and their helpers were well aware that they had outraged all the laws of war and humanity by their excesses, and there was a further reason why the garb of old Gaul was more dreaded throughout India than any other British uniform during the autumn and cold weather of 1857.”

reason why noun + noun

In this reading “There could be no better proof that the sepoys and their helpers were well aware that they had outraged all the laws of war and humanity by their excesses, and there was a further reason why the garb of old Gaul was more dreaded throughout India than any other British uniform during the autumn and cold weather of 1857.”

most ferocious adverb + adjective

In this reading “It crystallizes the legend that went round--that an army of savage English was marching from Allahabad, and that its most ferocious corps was dressed in skirts, the men having sworn never to assume male clothing until they had avenged their murdered women-folk.”

well aware adverb + adjective

In this reading “There could be no better proof that the sepoys and their helpers were well aware that they had outraged all the laws of war and humanity by their excesses, and there was a further reason why the garb of old Gaul was more dreaded throughout India than any other British uniform during the autumn and cold weather of 1857.”

All words in this reading · 102

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1857

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading There could be no better proof that the sepoys and their helpers were well aware that they had outraged all the laws of war and humanity by their excesses, and there was a further reason why the garb of old Gaul was more dreaded throughout India than any other British uniform during the autumn and cold weather of 1857.

78th

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading THE MEN WHO WORE SKIRTS That was what the rebels called the 78th,--"the men who wore skirts."

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Now, Highland regiments had fought in India for many a year before the Mutiny, and the kilt was no new thing in native eyes.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading There could be no better proof that the sepoys and their helpers were well aware that they had outraged all the laws of war and humanity by their excesses, and there was a further reason why the garb of old Gaul was more dreaded throughout India than any other British uniform during the autumn and cold weather of 1857.

Allahabad

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It crystallizes the legend that went round--that an army of savage English was marching from Allahabad, and that its most ferocious corps was dressed in skirts, the men having sworn never to assume male clothing until they had avenged their murdered women-folk.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading It crystallizes the legend that went round--that an army of savage English was marching from Allahabad, and that its most ferocious corps was dressed in skirts, the men having sworn never to assume male clothing until they had avenged their murdered women-folk.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Now, Highland regiments had fought in India for many a year before the Mutiny, and the kilt was no new thing in native eyes.

anyadjectiveUS /ˈeni/

one or some or every or all without specification

From this reading There could be no better proof that the sepoys and their helpers were well aware that they had outraged all the laws of war and humanity by their excesses, and there was a further reason why the garb of old Gaul was more dreaded throughout India than any other British uniform during the autumn and cold weather of 1857.

armynounUS /ˈɑːrmi/

a permanent organization of the military land forces of a nation or state

From this reading It crystallizes the legend that went round--that an army of savage English was marching from Allahabad, and that its most ferocious corps was dressed in skirts, the men having sworn never to assume male clothing until they had avenged their murdered women-folk.

assumeverbUS /əˈsuːm/

take to be the case or to be true; accept without verification or proof

From this reading It crystallizes the legend that went round--that an army of savage English was marching from Allahabad, and that its most ferocious corps was dressed in skirts, the men having sworn never to assume male clothing until they had avenged their murdered women-folk.

autumnnounUS /ˈɔːtəm/

the season when the leaves fall from the trees

From this reading There could be no better proof that the sepoys and their helpers were well aware that they had outraged all the laws of war and humanity by their excesses, and there was a further reason why the garb of old Gaul was more dreaded throughout India than any other British uniform during the autumn and cold weather of 1857.

avengedadjectiveUS /əˈvendʒd/

for which vengeance has been taken

From this reading It crystallizes the legend that went round--that an army of savage English was marching from Allahabad, and that its most ferocious corps was dressed in skirts, the men having sworn never to assume male clothing until they had avenged their murdered women-folk.

awareadjectiveUS /əˈwer/

(sometimes followed by “of”) having or showing knowledge or understanding or realization or perception

From this reading There could be no better proof that the sepoys and their helpers were well aware that they had outraged all the laws of war and humanity by their excesses, and there was a further reason why the garb of old Gaul was more dreaded throughout India than any other British uniform during the autumn and cold weather of 1857.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading There could be no better proof that the sepoys and their helpers were well aware that they had outraged all the laws of war and humanity by their excesses, and there was a further reason why the garb of old Gaul was more dreaded throughout India than any other British uniform during the autumn and cold weather of 1857.

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading Now, Highland regiments had fought in India for many a year before the Mutiny, and the kilt was no new thing in native eyes.

betteradjectiveUS /ˈbetər/

(comparative of “good”) superior to another (of the same class or set or kind) in excellence or quality or desirability or suitability; more highly skilled than another

From this reading There could be no better proof that the sepoys and their helpers were well aware that they had outraged all the laws of war and humanity by their excesses, and there was a further reason why the garb of old Gaul was more dreaded throughout India than any other British uniform during the autumn and cold weather of 1857.

BritishnounUS /ˈbrɪtɪʃ/

the people of Great Britain

From this reading There could be no better proof that the sepoys and their helpers were well aware that they had outraged all the laws of war and humanity by their excesses, and there was a further reason why the garb of old Gaul was more dreaded throughout India than any other British uniform during the autumn and cold weather of 1857.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading There could be no better proof that the sepoys and their helpers were well aware that they had outraged all the laws of war and humanity by their excesses, and there was a further reason why the garb of old Gaul was more dreaded throughout India than any other British uniform during the autumn and cold weather of 1857.

calledverbUS /kɔːld/

past form of “call” — assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading THE MEN WHO WORE SKIRTS That was what the rebels called the 78th,--"the men who wore skirts."

clothingnounUS /ˈkloʊðɪŋ/

a covering designed to be worn on a person's body

From this reading It crystallizes the legend that went round--that an army of savage English was marching from Allahabad, and that its most ferocious corps was dressed in skirts, the men having sworn never to assume male clothing until they had avenged their murdered women-folk.

coldadjectiveUS /koʊld/

having a low or inadequate temperature or feeling a sensation of coldness or having been made cold by e.g. ice or refrigeration

From this reading There could be no better proof that the sepoys and their helpers were well aware that they had outraged all the laws of war and humanity by their excesses, and there was a further reason why the garb of old Gaul was more dreaded throughout India than any other British uniform during the autumn and cold weather of 1857.

corpsnounUS /kɔːr/

an army unit usually consisting of two or more divisions and their support

From this reading It crystallizes the legend that went round--that an army of savage English was marching from Allahabad, and that its most ferocious corps was dressed in skirts, the men having sworn never to assume male clothing until they had avenged their murdered women-folk.

couldmodal verbUS /kʊd/

the past of “can”; used for possibility or polite requests

From this reading There could be no better proof that the sepoys and their helpers were well aware that they had outraged all the laws of war and humanity by their excesses, and there was a further reason why the garb of old Gaul was more dreaded throughout India than any other British uniform during the autumn and cold weather of 1857.

crystallizesverbUS /ˈkrɪstəlaɪzɪz/

third-person singular of “crystallize” — cause to take on a definite and clear shape

From this reading It crystallizes the legend that went round--that an army of savage English was marching from Allahabad, and that its most ferocious corps was dressed in skirts, the men having sworn never to assume male clothing until they had avenged their murdered women-folk.

dreadedadjectiveUS /ˈdredɪd/

causing fear or dread or terror

From this reading There could be no better proof that the sepoys and their helpers were well aware that they had outraged all the laws of war and humanity by their excesses, and there was a further reason why the garb of old Gaul was more dreaded throughout India than any other British uniform during the autumn and cold weather of 1857.

dressedadjectiveUS /drest/

dressed or clothed especially in fine attire; often used in combination

From this reading It crystallizes the legend that went round--that an army of savage English was marching from Allahabad, and that its most ferocious corps was dressed in skirts, the men having sworn never to assume male clothing until they had avenged their murdered women-folk.

duringprepositionUS /ˈdʊrɪŋ/

all through a period, or at some point within it

From this reading There could be no better proof that the sepoys and their helpers were well aware that they had outraged all the laws of war and humanity by their excesses, and there was a further reason why the garb of old Gaul was more dreaded throughout India than any other British uniform during the autumn and cold weather of 1857.

EnglishnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/

an Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch; the official language of Britain and the United States and most of the commonwealth countries

From this reading It crystallizes the legend that went round--that an army of savage English was marching from Allahabad, and that its most ferocious corps was dressed in skirts, the men having sworn never to assume male clothing until they had avenged their murdered women-folk.

excessesnounUS /ˌekˈsesɪz/

plural of “excess” — a quantity much larger than is needed

From this reading There could be no better proof that the sepoys and their helpers were well aware that they had outraged all the laws of war and humanity by their excesses, and there was a further reason why the garb of old Gaul was more dreaded throughout India than any other British uniform during the autumn and cold weather of 1857.

eyesnounUS /aɪz/

opinion or judgment

From this reading Now, Highland regiments had fought in India for many a year before the Mutiny, and the kilt was no new thing in native eyes.

ferociousadjectiveUS /fərˈoʊʃəs/

marked by extreme and violent energy

From this reading It crystallizes the legend that went round--that an army of savage English was marching from Allahabad, and that its most ferocious corps was dressed in skirts, the men having sworn never to assume male clothing until they had avenged their murdered women-folk.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading Now, Highland regiments had fought in India for many a year before the Mutiny, and the kilt was no new thing in native eyes.

foughtverbUS /fɔːt/

inflected form of “fight” — be engaged in a fight; carry on a fight

From this reading Now, Highland regiments had fought in India for many a year before the Mutiny, and the kilt was no new thing in native eyes.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading It crystallizes the legend that went round--that an army of savage English was marching from Allahabad, and that its most ferocious corps was dressed in skirts, the men having sworn never to assume male clothing until they had avenged their murdered women-folk.

furtheradverbUS /ˈfɜːrðər/

to or at a greater extent or degree or a more advanced stage (“further” is used more often than “farther” in this abstract sense)

From this reading There could be no better proof that the sepoys and their helpers were well aware that they had outraged all the laws of war and humanity by their excesses, and there was a further reason why the garb of old Gaul was more dreaded throughout India than any other British uniform during the autumn and cold weather of 1857.

garbnounUS /ɡɑːrb/

clothing of a distinctive style or for a particular occasion

From this reading There could be no better proof that the sepoys and their helpers were well aware that they had outraged all the laws of war and humanity by their excesses, and there was a further reason why the garb of old Gaul was more dreaded throughout India than any other British uniform during the autumn and cold weather of 1857.

GaulnounUS /ɡɔːl/

a person of French descent

From this reading There could be no better proof that the sepoys and their helpers were well aware that they had outraged all the laws of war and humanity by their excesses, and there was a further reason why the garb of old Gaul was more dreaded throughout India than any other British uniform during the autumn and cold weather of 1857.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading Now, Highland regiments had fought in India for many a year before the Mutiny, and the kilt was no new thing in native eyes.

havingauxiliary verbUS /ˈhævɪŋ/

the -ing form of “have”

From this reading It crystallizes the legend that went round--that an army of savage English was marching from Allahabad, and that its most ferocious corps was dressed in skirts, the men having sworn never to assume male clothing until they had avenged their murdered women-folk.

helpersnounUS /ˈhelpərz/

plural of “helper” — a person who contributes to the fulfillment of a need or furtherance of an effort or purpose

From this reading There could be no better proof that the sepoys and their helpers were well aware that they had outraged all the laws of war and humanity by their excesses, and there was a further reason why the garb of old Gaul was more dreaded throughout India than any other British uniform during the autumn and cold weather of 1857.

HighlandnounUS /ˈhaɪlənd/

elevated (e.g., mountainous) land

From this reading Now, Highland regiments had fought in India for many a year before the Mutiny, and the kilt was no new thing in native eyes.

humanitynounUS /hjuːˈmænɪti/

the quality of being humane

From this reading There could be no better proof that the sepoys and their helpers were well aware that they had outraged all the laws of war and humanity by their excesses, and there was a further reason why the garb of old Gaul was more dreaded throughout India than any other British uniform during the autumn and cold weather of 1857.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Now, Highland regiments had fought in India for many a year before the Mutiny, and the kilt was no new thing in native eyes.

IndianounUS /ˈɪndiə/

a republic in the Asian subcontinent in southern Asia; second most populous country in the world; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1947

From this reading Now, Highland regiments had fought in India for many a year before the Mutiny, and the kilt was no new thing in native eyes.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The phrase, therefore, is significant.

ItpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading It crystallizes the legend that went round--that an army of savage English was marching from Allahabad, and that its most ferocious corps was dressed in skirts, the men having sworn never to assume male clothing until they had avenged their murdered women-folk.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading It crystallizes the legend that went round--that an army of savage English was marching from Allahabad, and that its most ferocious corps was dressed in skirts, the men having sworn never to assume male clothing until they had avenged their murdered women-folk.

kiltnounUS /kɪlt/

a knee-length pleated tartan skirt worn by men as part of the traditional dress in the Highlands of northern Scotland

From this reading Now, Highland regiments had fought in India for many a year before the Mutiny, and the kilt was no new thing in native eyes.

lawsnounUS /lɔːz/

the first of three divisions of the Hebrew Scriptures comprising the first five books of the Hebrew Bible considered as a unit

From this reading There could be no better proof that the sepoys and their helpers were well aware that they had outraged all the laws of war and humanity by their excesses, and there was a further reason why the garb of old Gaul was more dreaded throughout India than any other British uniform during the autumn and cold weather of 1857.

legendnounUS /ˈledʒənd/

a story about mythical or supernatural beings or events

From this reading It crystallizes the legend that went round--that an army of savage English was marching from Allahabad, and that its most ferocious corps was dressed in skirts, the men having sworn never to assume male clothing until they had avenged their murdered women-folk.

malenounUS /meɪl/

an animal that produces gametes (spermatozoa) that can fertilize female gametes

From this reading It crystallizes the legend that went round--that an army of savage English was marching from Allahabad, and that its most ferocious corps was dressed in skirts, the men having sworn never to assume male clothing until they had avenged their murdered women-folk.

manyadjectiveUS /ˈmeni/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “as” or “too” or “so” or “that”; amounting to a large but indefinite number

From this reading Now, Highland regiments had fought in India for many a year before the Mutiny, and the kilt was no new thing in native eyes.

marchingnounUS /ˈmɑːrtʃɪŋ/

the act of marching; walking with regular steps (especially in a procession of some kind)

From this reading It crystallizes the legend that went round--that an army of savage English was marching from Allahabad, and that its most ferocious corps was dressed in skirts, the men having sworn never to assume male clothing until they had avenged their murdered women-folk.

MENnounUS /men/

the force of workers available

From this reading THE MEN WHO WORE SKIRTS That was what the rebels called the 78th,--"the men who wore skirts."

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading There could be no better proof that the sepoys and their helpers were well aware that they had outraged all the laws of war and humanity by their excesses, and there was a further reason why the garb of old Gaul was more dreaded throughout India than any other British uniform during the autumn and cold weather of 1857.

mostadverbUS /moʊst/

used to form the superlative

From this reading It crystallizes the legend that went round--that an army of savage English was marching from Allahabad, and that its most ferocious corps was dressed in skirts, the men having sworn never to assume male clothing until they had avenged their murdered women-folk.

murderedadjectiveUS /ˈmɜːrdərd/

killed unlawfully

From this reading It crystallizes the legend that went round--that an army of savage English was marching from Allahabad, and that its most ferocious corps was dressed in skirts, the men having sworn never to assume male clothing until they had avenged their murdered women-folk.

MutinynounUS /ˈmjuːtəni/

open rebellion against constituted authority (especially by seamen or soldiers against their officers)

From this reading Now, Highland regiments had fought in India for many a year before the Mutiny, and the kilt was no new thing in native eyes.

nativeadjectiveUS /ˈneɪtɪv/

characteristic of or existing by virtue of geographic origin

From this reading Now, Highland regiments had fought in India for many a year before the Mutiny, and the kilt was no new thing in native eyes.

neveradverbUS /ˈnevər/

not ever; at no time in the past or future

From this reading It crystallizes the legend that went round--that an army of savage English was marching from Allahabad, and that its most ferocious corps was dressed in skirts, the men having sworn never to assume male clothing until they had avenged their murdered women-folk.

newadjectiveUS /nuː/

not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered

From this reading Now, Highland regiments had fought in India for many a year before the Mutiny, and the kilt was no new thing in native eyes.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading Now, Highland regiments had fought in India for many a year before the Mutiny, and the kilt was no new thing in native eyes.

NowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading Now, Highland regiments had fought in India for many a year before the Mutiny, and the kilt was no new thing in native eyes.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading It crystallizes the legend that went round--that an army of savage English was marching from Allahabad, and that its most ferocious corps was dressed in skirts, the men having sworn never to assume male clothing until they had avenged their murdered women-folk.

oldadjectiveUS /oʊld/

(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading There could be no better proof that the sepoys and their helpers were well aware that they had outraged all the laws of war and humanity by their excesses, and there was a further reason why the garb of old Gaul was more dreaded throughout India than any other British uniform during the autumn and cold weather of 1857.

otheradjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading There could be no better proof that the sepoys and their helpers were well aware that they had outraged all the laws of war and humanity by their excesses, and there was a further reason why the garb of old Gaul was more dreaded throughout India than any other British uniform during the autumn and cold weather of 1857.

outragedadjectiveUS /ˈaʊtreɪdʒd/

angered at something unjust or wrong

From this reading There could be no better proof that the sepoys and their helpers were well aware that they had outraged all the laws of war and humanity by their excesses, and there was a further reason why the garb of old Gaul was more dreaded throughout India than any other British uniform during the autumn and cold weather of 1857.

phrasenounUS /freɪz/

an expression consisting of one or more words forming a grammatical constituent of a sentence

From this reading The phrase, therefore, is significant.

proofnounUS /pruːf/

any factual evidence that helps to establish the truth of something

From this reading There could be no better proof that the sepoys and their helpers were well aware that they had outraged all the laws of war and humanity by their excesses, and there was a further reason why the garb of old Gaul was more dreaded throughout India than any other British uniform during the autumn and cold weather of 1857.

reasonnounUS /ˈriːzən/

a rational motive for a belief or action

From this reading There could be no better proof that the sepoys and their helpers were well aware that they had outraged all the laws of war and humanity by their excesses, and there was a further reason why the garb of old Gaul was more dreaded throughout India than any other British uniform during the autumn and cold weather of 1857.

rebelsnounUS /ˈrebəlz/

plural of “rebel” — “Johnny” was applied as a nickname for Confederate soldiers by the Federal soldiers in the American Civil War; “greyback” derived from their grey Confederate uniforms

From this reading THE MEN WHO WORE SKIRTS That was what the rebels called the 78th,--"the men who wore skirts."

regimentsnounUS /ˈredʒəmənts/

plural of “regiment” — army unit smaller than a division

From this reading Now, Highland regiments had fought in India for many a year before the Mutiny, and the kilt was no new thing in native eyes.

roundnounUS /raʊnd/

a charge of ammunition for a single shot

From this reading It crystallizes the legend that went round--that an army of savage English was marching from Allahabad, and that its most ferocious corps was dressed in skirts, the men having sworn never to assume male clothing until they had avenged their murdered women-folk.

savageadjectiveUS /ˈsævədʒ/

(of persons or their actions) able or disposed to inflict pain or suffering

From this reading It crystallizes the legend that went round--that an army of savage English was marching from Allahabad, and that its most ferocious corps was dressed in skirts, the men having sworn never to assume male clothing until they had avenged their murdered women-folk.

sepoys

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading There could be no better proof that the sepoys and their helpers were well aware that they had outraged all the laws of war and humanity by their excesses, and there was a further reason why the garb of old Gaul was more dreaded throughout India than any other British uniform during the autumn and cold weather of 1857.

significantadjectiveUS /səɡˈnɪfɪkənt/

important in effect or meaning

From this reading The phrase, therefore, is significant.

SKIRTSnounUS /skɜːrts/

plural of “skirt” — cloth covering that forms the part of a garment below the waist

From this reading THE MEN WHO WORE SKIRTS That was what the rebels called the 78th,--"the men who wore skirts."

swornadjectiveUS /swɔːrn/

bound by or as if by an oath

From this reading It crystallizes the legend that went round--that an army of savage English was marching from Allahabad, and that its most ferocious corps was dressed in skirts, the men having sworn never to assume male clothing until they had avenged their murdered women-folk.

thanconjunctionUS /ðæn/

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading There could be no better proof that the sepoys and their helpers were well aware that they had outraged all the laws of war and humanity by their excesses, and there was a further reason why the garb of old Gaul was more dreaded throughout India than any other British uniform during the autumn and cold weather of 1857.

ThatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading THE MEN WHO WORE SKIRTS That was what the rebels called the 78th,--"the men who wore skirts."

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE MEN WHO WORE SKIRTS That was what the rebels called the 78th,--"the men who wore skirts."

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading It crystallizes the legend that went round--that an army of savage English was marching from Allahabad, and that its most ferocious corps was dressed in skirts, the men having sworn never to assume male clothing until they had avenged their murdered women-folk.

ThereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading There could be no better proof that the sepoys and their helpers were well aware that they had outraged all the laws of war and humanity by their excesses, and there was a further reason why the garb of old Gaul was more dreaded throughout India than any other British uniform during the autumn and cold weather of 1857.

thereforeadverbUS /ˈðerfɔːr/

for that reason; as a result

From this reading The phrase, therefore, is significant.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading It crystallizes the legend that went round--that an army of savage English was marching from Allahabad, and that its most ferocious corps was dressed in skirts, the men having sworn never to assume male clothing until they had avenged their murdered women-folk.

thingnounUS /θɪŋ/

a special situation

From this reading Now, Highland regiments had fought in India for many a year before the Mutiny, and the kilt was no new thing in native eyes.

throughoutprepositionUS /θruːˈaʊt/

in every part of a place, or for the whole of a period

From this reading There could be no better proof that the sepoys and their helpers were well aware that they had outraged all the laws of war and humanity by their excesses, and there was a further reason why the garb of old Gaul was more dreaded throughout India than any other British uniform during the autumn and cold weather of 1857.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading It crystallizes the legend that went round--that an army of savage English was marching from Allahabad, and that its most ferocious corps was dressed in skirts, the men having sworn never to assume male clothing until they had avenged their murdered women-folk.

uniformadjectiveUS /ˈjuːnəfɔːrm/

always the same; showing a single form or character in all occurrences

From this reading There could be no better proof that the sepoys and their helpers were well aware that they had outraged all the laws of war and humanity by their excesses, and there was a further reason why the garb of old Gaul was more dreaded throughout India than any other British uniform during the autumn and cold weather of 1857.

untilprepositionUS /ənˈtɪl/

up to a particular time

From this reading It crystallizes the legend that went round--that an army of savage English was marching from Allahabad, and that its most ferocious corps was dressed in skirts, the men having sworn never to assume male clothing until they had avenged their murdered women-folk.

warnounUS /wɔːr/

the waging of armed conflict against an enemy

From this reading There could be no better proof that the sepoys and their helpers were well aware that they had outraged all the laws of war and humanity by their excesses, and there was a further reason why the garb of old Gaul was more dreaded throughout India than any other British uniform during the autumn and cold weather of 1857.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading THE MEN WHO WORE SKIRTS That was what the rebels called the 78th,--"the men who wore skirts."

weathernounUS /ˈweðər/

the atmospheric conditions that comprise the state of the atmosphere in terms of temperature and wind and clouds and precipitation

From this reading There could be no better proof that the sepoys and their helpers were well aware that they had outraged all the laws of war and humanity by their excesses, and there was a further reason why the garb of old Gaul was more dreaded throughout India than any other British uniform during the autumn and cold weather of 1857.

welladverbUS /wel/

(often used as a combining form) in a good or proper or satisfactory manner or to a high standard (“good” is a nonstandard dialectal variant for “well”)

From this reading There could be no better proof that the sepoys and their helpers were well aware that they had outraged all the laws of war and humanity by their excesses, and there was a further reason why the garb of old Gaul was more dreaded throughout India than any other British uniform during the autumn and cold weather of 1857.

wentverbUS /went/

inflected form of “go” — change location; move, travel, or proceed, also metaphorically

From this reading It crystallizes the legend that went round--that an army of savage English was marching from Allahabad, and that its most ferocious corps was dressed in skirts, the men having sworn never to assume male clothing until they had avenged their murdered women-folk.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading There could be no better proof that the sepoys and their helpers were well aware that they had outraged all the laws of war and humanity by their excesses, and there was a further reason why the garb of old Gaul was more dreaded throughout India than any other British uniform during the autumn and cold weather of 1857.

whatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading THE MEN WHO WORE SKIRTS That was what the rebels called the 78th,--"the men who wore skirts."

WHOpronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading THE MEN WHO WORE SKIRTS That was what the rebels called the 78th,--"the men who wore skirts."

whynounUS /waɪ/

the cause or intention underlying an action or situation, especially in the phrase “the whys and wherefores”

From this reading There could be no better proof that the sepoys and their helpers were well aware that they had outraged all the laws of war and humanity by their excesses, and there was a further reason why the garb of old Gaul was more dreaded throughout India than any other British uniform during the autumn and cold weather of 1857.

women-folk

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It crystallizes the legend that went round--that an army of savage English was marching from Allahabad, and that its most ferocious corps was dressed in skirts, the men having sworn never to assume male clothing until they had avenged their murdered women-folk.

WOREverbUS /wɔːr/

inflected form of “wear” — be dressed in

From this reading THE MEN WHO WORE SKIRTS That was what the rebels called the 78th,--"the men who wore skirts."

yearnounUS /jɪr/

a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days

From this reading Now, Highland regiments had fought in India for many a year before the Mutiny, and the kilt was no new thing in native eyes.

Chapter 13 of The Red Year: A Story of the Indian Mutiny by Louis Tracy holds 240 sentences, grouped into 48 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 13 of The Red Year: A Story of the Indian Mutiny contain?

Chapter 13 holds 240 sentences of The Red Year: A Story of the Indian Mutiny, unabridged, divided into 48 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 13 of The Red Year: A Story of the Indian Mutiny by Louis Tracy exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 240 sentences, grouped into 48 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 13 of The Red Year: A Story of the Indian Mutiny?

Work through the 48 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 48 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 13 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 13 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The Red Year: A Story of the Indian Mutiny

Common questions about reading The Red Year: A Story of the Indian Mutiny by Louis Tracy on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The Red Year: A Story of the Indian Mutiny?

Yes. All 4504 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #36478 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The Red Year: A Story of the Indian Mutiny is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #36478, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The Red Year: A Story of the Indian Mutiny take to read?

About 375 minutes of reading across 901 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read The Red Year: A Story of the Indian Mutiny section by section

How to work through The Red Year: A Story of the Indian Mutiny section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

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  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in The Red Year: A Story of the Indian Mutiny

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Red Year: A Story of the Indian Mutiny, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Author
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Red Year: A Story of the Indian Mutiny; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Wings
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Red Year: A Story of the Indian Mutiny; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Morning
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Red Year: A Story of the Indian Mutiny; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Pillar
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Red Year: A Story of the Indian Mutiny; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.