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The Reign of Law
The Reign of Law

Chapter VII · Chapter 7

Chapter 7 of The Reign of Law is here in full — 400 sentences across 80 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/80 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
In those years a westward movement was taking place among the Kentuckians--a sad exodus.
Many families rendered insolvent or bankrupt by the war and the loss of their slaves, while others interspersed among them had grown richer by Government contracts, were now being bought out, forced out, by debt or mortgage, and were seeking new homes where lay cheaper lands and escape from the suffering of living on, ruined, amid old prosperous acquaintances.
It was a profound historic disturbance of population, destined later on to affect profoundly many younger commonwealths.
This was the situation now bearing heavily on David's father, on three sides of whose fragmentary estate lay rich neighbors, one of whom especially desired it.
The young man threw his axe over his shoulder again and took a line straight toward the house.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Reign of Law

Chapter VII · Chapter 7

Chapter 7 of The Reign of Law is here in full — 400 sentences across 80 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/80 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
In those years a westward movement was taking place among the Kentuckians--a sad exodus.
Line 2
Many families rendered insolvent or bankrupt by the war and the loss of their slaves, while others interspersed among them had grown richer by Government contracts, were now being bought out, forced out, by debt or mortgage, and were seeking new homes where lay cheaper lands and escape from the suffering of living on, ruined, amid old prosperous acquaintances.
Line 3
It was a profound historic disturbance of population, destined later on to affect profoundly many younger commonwealths.
Line 4
This was the situation now bearing heavily on David's father, on three sides of whose fragmentary estate lay rich neighbors, one of whom especially desired it.
/ðɪs wɑːz ðə ˌsɪtʃuːˈeɪʃən naʊ ˈberɪŋ ˈhevəli ɑːn ˈdeɪvɪdz ˈfɑːðər ɑːn θriː saɪdz ʌv huːz ˈfræɡmənteri ɪˈsteɪt leɪ rɪtʃ ˈneɪbərz wʌn ʌv huːm əˈspeʃli dɪˈzaɪərd ɪt/
Line 5
The young man threw his axe over his shoulder again and took a line straight toward the house.
/ðə jʌŋ mæn θruː hɪz æks ˈoʊvər hɪz ˈʃoʊldər əˈɡen ənd tʊk ə laɪn streɪt təˈwɔːrd ðə haʊs/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

bankrupt verb US /ˈbæŋkrəpt/

reduce to bankruptcy

From this reading “Many families rendered insolvent or bankrupt by the war and the loss of their slaves, while others interspersed among them had grown richer by Government contracts, were now being bought out, forced out, by debt or mortgage, and were seeking new homes where lay cheaper lands and escape from the suffering of living on, ruined, amid old prosperous acquaintances.”

contracts noun US /ˈkɑːntrækts/

plural of “contract” — a binding agreement between two or more persons that is enforceable by law

From this reading “Many families rendered insolvent or bankrupt by the war and the loss of their slaves, while others interspersed among them had grown richer by Government contracts, were now being bought out, forced out, by debt or mortgage, and were seeking new homes where lay cheaper lands and escape from the suffering of living on, ruined, amid old prosperous acquaintances.”

David's noun US /ˈdeɪvɪdz/

possessive form of “david” — patron saint of Wales (circa 520-600)

From this reading “This was the situation now bearing heavily on David's father, on three sides of whose fragmentary estate lay rich neighbors, one of whom especially desired it.”

exodus noun US /ˈeksədəs/

a journey by a large group to escape from a hostile environment

From this reading “In those years a westward movement was taking place among the Kentuckians--a sad exodus.”

fragmentary adjective US /ˈfræɡmənteri/

consisting of small disconnected parts

From this reading “This was the situation now bearing heavily on David's father, on three sides of whose fragmentary estate lay rich neighbors, one of whom especially desired it.”

insolvent noun US /ˌɪnˈsɑːlvənt/

someone who has insufficient assets to cover their debts

From this reading “Many families rendered insolvent or bankrupt by the war and the loss of their slaves, while others interspersed among them had grown richer by Government contracts, were now being bought out, forced out, by debt or mortgage, and were seeking new homes where lay cheaper lands and escape from the suffering of living on, ruined, amid old prosperous acquaintances.”

interspersed verb US /ˌɪntərˈspɜːrst/

past form of “intersperse” — place at intervals in or among

From this reading “Many families rendered insolvent or bankrupt by the war and the loss of their slaves, while others interspersed among them had grown richer by Government contracts, were now being bought out, forced out, by debt or mortgage, and were seeking new homes where lay cheaper lands and escape from the suffering of living on, ruined, amid old prosperous acquaintances.”

Kentuckians noun US /ˌkenˈtʌkiənz/

plural of “kentuckian” — a native or resident of Kentucky

From this reading “In those years a westward movement was taking place among the Kentuckians--a sad exodus.”

All words in this reading · 103

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading In those years a westward movement was taking place among the Kentuckians--a sad exodus.

acquaintancesnounUS /əˈkweɪntənsɪz/

plural of “acquaintance” — personal knowledge or information about someone or something

From this reading Many families rendered insolvent or bankrupt by the war and the loss of their slaves, while others interspersed among them had grown richer by Government contracts, were now being bought out, forced out, by debt or mortgage, and were seeking new homes where lay cheaper lands and escape from the suffering of living on, ruined, amid old prosperous acquaintances.

affectverbUS /əˈfekt/

have an effect upon

From this reading It was a profound historic disturbance of population, destined later on to affect profoundly many younger commonwealths.

againadverbUS /əˈɡen/

anew

From this reading The young man threw his axe over his shoulder again and took a line straight toward the house.

amidprepositionUS /əˈmɪd/

in the middle of; surrounded by

From this reading Many families rendered insolvent or bankrupt by the war and the loss of their slaves, while others interspersed among them had grown richer by Government contracts, were now being bought out, forced out, by debt or mortgage, and were seeking new homes where lay cheaper lands and escape from the suffering of living on, ruined, amid old prosperous acquaintances.

amongprepositionUS /əˈmʌŋ/

surrounded by; in the middle of a group

From this reading In those years a westward movement was taking place among the Kentuckians--a sad exodus.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Many families rendered insolvent or bankrupt by the war and the loss of their slaves, while others interspersed among them had grown richer by Government contracts, were now being bought out, forced out, by debt or mortgage, and were seeking new homes where lay cheaper lands and escape from the suffering of living on, ruined, amid old prosperous acquaintances.

axenounUS /æks/

an edge tool with a heavy bladed head mounted across a handle

From this reading The young man threw his axe over his shoulder again and took a line straight toward the house.

bankruptverbUS /ˈbæŋkrəpt/

reduce to bankruptcy

From this reading Many families rendered insolvent or bankrupt by the war and the loss of their slaves, while others interspersed among them had grown richer by Government contracts, were now being bought out, forced out, by debt or mortgage, and were seeking new homes where lay cheaper lands and escape from the suffering of living on, ruined, amid old prosperous acquaintances.

bearingnounUS /ˈberɪŋ/

relevant relation or interconnection

From this reading This was the situation now bearing heavily on David's father, on three sides of whose fragmentary estate lay rich neighbors, one of whom especially desired it.

beingauxiliary verbUS /ˈbiːɪŋ/

the -ing form of “be”

From this reading Many families rendered insolvent or bankrupt by the war and the loss of their slaves, while others interspersed among them had grown richer by Government contracts, were now being bought out, forced out, by debt or mortgage, and were seeking new homes where lay cheaper lands and escape from the suffering of living on, ruined, amid old prosperous acquaintances.

boughtverbUS /bɑːt/

inflected form of “buy” — obtain by purchase; acquire by means of a financial transaction

From this reading Many families rendered insolvent or bankrupt by the war and the loss of their slaves, while others interspersed among them had grown richer by Government contracts, were now being bought out, forced out, by debt or mortgage, and were seeking new homes where lay cheaper lands and escape from the suffering of living on, ruined, amid old prosperous acquaintances.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading Many families rendered insolvent or bankrupt by the war and the loss of their slaves, while others interspersed among them had grown richer by Government contracts, were now being bought out, forced out, by debt or mortgage, and were seeking new homes where lay cheaper lands and escape from the suffering of living on, ruined, amid old prosperous acquaintances.

cheaperadjectiveUS /ˈtʃiːpər/

comparative of “cheap” — relatively low in price or charging low prices

From this reading Many families rendered insolvent or bankrupt by the war and the loss of their slaves, while others interspersed among them had grown richer by Government contracts, were now being bought out, forced out, by debt or mortgage, and were seeking new homes where lay cheaper lands and escape from the suffering of living on, ruined, amid old prosperous acquaintances.

commonwealths

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It was a profound historic disturbance of population, destined later on to affect profoundly many younger commonwealths.

contractsnounUS /ˈkɑːntrækts/

plural of “contract” — a binding agreement between two or more persons that is enforceable by law

From this reading Many families rendered insolvent or bankrupt by the war and the loss of their slaves, while others interspersed among them had grown richer by Government contracts, were now being bought out, forced out, by debt or mortgage, and were seeking new homes where lay cheaper lands and escape from the suffering of living on, ruined, amid old prosperous acquaintances.

David'snounUS /ˈdeɪvɪdz/

possessive form of “david” — patron saint of Wales (circa 520-600)

From this reading This was the situation now bearing heavily on David's father, on three sides of whose fragmentary estate lay rich neighbors, one of whom especially desired it.

debtnounUS /det/

the state of owing something (especially money)

From this reading Many families rendered insolvent or bankrupt by the war and the loss of their slaves, while others interspersed among them had grown richer by Government contracts, were now being bought out, forced out, by debt or mortgage, and were seeking new homes where lay cheaper lands and escape from the suffering of living on, ruined, amid old prosperous acquaintances.

desiredadjectiveUS /dɪˈzaɪərd/

wanted intensely

From this reading This was the situation now bearing heavily on David's father, on three sides of whose fragmentary estate lay rich neighbors, one of whom especially desired it.

destinedadjectiveUS /ˈdestɪnd/

headed or intending to head in a certain direction; often used as a combining form as in “college-bound students”

From this reading It was a profound historic disturbance of population, destined later on to affect profoundly many younger commonwealths.

disturbancenounUS /dɪˈstɜːrbəns/

activity that is a malfunction, intrusion, or interruption

From this reading It was a profound historic disturbance of population, destined later on to affect profoundly many younger commonwealths.

escapenounUS /ɪˈskeɪp/

the act of escaping physically

From this reading Many families rendered insolvent or bankrupt by the war and the loss of their slaves, while others interspersed among them had grown richer by Government contracts, were now being bought out, forced out, by debt or mortgage, and were seeking new homes where lay cheaper lands and escape from the suffering of living on, ruined, amid old prosperous acquaintances.

especiallyadverbUS /əˈspeʃli/

to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common

From this reading This was the situation now bearing heavily on David's father, on three sides of whose fragmentary estate lay rich neighbors, one of whom especially desired it.

estatenounUS /ɪˈsteɪt/

everything you own; all of your assets (whether real property or personal property) and liabilities

From this reading This was the situation now bearing heavily on David's father, on three sides of whose fragmentary estate lay rich neighbors, one of whom especially desired it.

exodusnounUS /ˈeksədəs/

a journey by a large group to escape from a hostile environment

From this reading In those years a westward movement was taking place among the Kentuckians--a sad exodus.

familiesnounUS /ˈfæməliz/

plural of “family” — a social unit living together

From this reading Many families rendered insolvent or bankrupt by the war and the loss of their slaves, while others interspersed among them had grown richer by Government contracts, were now being bought out, forced out, by debt or mortgage, and were seeking new homes where lay cheaper lands and escape from the suffering of living on, ruined, amid old prosperous acquaintances.

fathernounUS /ˈfɑːðər/

a male parent (also used as a term of address to your father)

From this reading This was the situation now bearing heavily on David's father, on three sides of whose fragmentary estate lay rich neighbors, one of whom especially desired it.

forcedadjectiveUS /fɔːrst/

produced by or subjected to forcing

From this reading Many families rendered insolvent or bankrupt by the war and the loss of their slaves, while others interspersed among them had grown richer by Government contracts, were now being bought out, forced out, by debt or mortgage, and were seeking new homes where lay cheaper lands and escape from the suffering of living on, ruined, amid old prosperous acquaintances.

fragmentaryadjectiveUS /ˈfræɡmənteri/

consisting of small disconnected parts

From this reading This was the situation now bearing heavily on David's father, on three sides of whose fragmentary estate lay rich neighbors, one of whom especially desired it.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading Many families rendered insolvent or bankrupt by the war and the loss of their slaves, while others interspersed among them had grown richer by Government contracts, were now being bought out, forced out, by debt or mortgage, and were seeking new homes where lay cheaper lands and escape from the suffering of living on, ruined, amid old prosperous acquaintances.

GovernmentnounUS /ˈɡʌvərmənt/

the organization that is the governing authority of a political unit

From this reading Many families rendered insolvent or bankrupt by the war and the loss of their slaves, while others interspersed among them had grown richer by Government contracts, were now being bought out, forced out, by debt or mortgage, and were seeking new homes where lay cheaper lands and escape from the suffering of living on, ruined, amid old prosperous acquaintances.

grownadjectiveUS /ɡroʊn/

(of animals) fully developed

From this reading Many families rendered insolvent or bankrupt by the war and the loss of their slaves, while others interspersed among them had grown richer by Government contracts, were now being bought out, forced out, by debt or mortgage, and were seeking new homes where lay cheaper lands and escape from the suffering of living on, ruined, amid old prosperous acquaintances.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading Many families rendered insolvent or bankrupt by the war and the loss of their slaves, while others interspersed among them had grown richer by Government contracts, were now being bought out, forced out, by debt or mortgage, and were seeking new homes where lay cheaper lands and escape from the suffering of living on, ruined, amid old prosperous acquaintances.

heavilyadverbUS /ˈhevəli/

to a considerable degree

From this reading This was the situation now bearing heavily on David's father, on three sides of whose fragmentary estate lay rich neighbors, one of whom especially desired it.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading The young man threw his axe over his shoulder again and took a line straight toward the house.

historicadjectiveUS /hɪˈstɔːrɪk/

belonging to the past; of what is important or famous in the past

From this reading It was a profound historic disturbance of population, destined later on to affect profoundly many younger commonwealths.

homesnounUS /hoʊmz/

plural of “home” — where you live at a particular time

From this reading Many families rendered insolvent or bankrupt by the war and the loss of their slaves, while others interspersed among them had grown richer by Government contracts, were now being bought out, forced out, by debt or mortgage, and were seeking new homes where lay cheaper lands and escape from the suffering of living on, ruined, amid old prosperous acquaintances.

housenounUS /haʊs/

a dwelling that serves as living quarters for one or more families

From this reading The young man threw his axe over his shoulder again and took a line straight toward the house.

InprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading In those years a westward movement was taking place among the Kentuckians--a sad exodus.

insolventnounUS /ˌɪnˈsɑːlvənt/

someone who has insufficient assets to cover their debts

From this reading Many families rendered insolvent or bankrupt by the war and the loss of their slaves, while others interspersed among them had grown richer by Government contracts, were now being bought out, forced out, by debt or mortgage, and were seeking new homes where lay cheaper lands and escape from the suffering of living on, ruined, amid old prosperous acquaintances.

interspersedverbUS /ˌɪntərˈspɜːrst/

past form of “intersperse” — place at intervals in or among

From this reading Many families rendered insolvent or bankrupt by the war and the loss of their slaves, while others interspersed among them had grown richer by Government contracts, were now being bought out, forced out, by debt or mortgage, and were seeking new homes where lay cheaper lands and escape from the suffering of living on, ruined, amid old prosperous acquaintances.

ItpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading It was a profound historic disturbance of population, destined later on to affect profoundly many younger commonwealths.

KentuckiansnounUS /ˌkenˈtʌkiənz/

plural of “kentuckian” — a native or resident of Kentucky

From this reading In those years a westward movement was taking place among the Kentuckians--a sad exodus.

landsnounUS /lændz/

plural of “land” — the land on which real estate is located

From this reading Many families rendered insolvent or bankrupt by the war and the loss of their slaves, while others interspersed among them had grown richer by Government contracts, were now being bought out, forced out, by debt or mortgage, and were seeking new homes where lay cheaper lands and escape from the suffering of living on, ruined, amid old prosperous acquaintances.

lateradverbUS /ˈleɪtər/

happening at a time subsequent to a reference time

From this reading It was a profound historic disturbance of population, destined later on to affect profoundly many younger commonwealths.

layverbUS /leɪ/

put into a certain place or abstract location

From this reading Many families rendered insolvent or bankrupt by the war and the loss of their slaves, while others interspersed among them had grown richer by Government contracts, were now being bought out, forced out, by debt or mortgage, and were seeking new homes where lay cheaper lands and escape from the suffering of living on, ruined, amid old prosperous acquaintances.

linenounUS /laɪn/

a formation of people or things one beside another

From this reading The young man threw his axe over his shoulder again and took a line straight toward the house.

livingnounUS /ˈlɪvɪŋ/

the experience of being alive; the course of human events and activities

From this reading Many families rendered insolvent or bankrupt by the war and the loss of their slaves, while others interspersed among them had grown richer by Government contracts, were now being bought out, forced out, by debt or mortgage, and were seeking new homes where lay cheaper lands and escape from the suffering of living on, ruined, amid old prosperous acquaintances.

lossnounUS /lɔːs/

something that is lost

From this reading Many families rendered insolvent or bankrupt by the war and the loss of their slaves, while others interspersed among them had grown richer by Government contracts, were now being bought out, forced out, by debt or mortgage, and were seeking new homes where lay cheaper lands and escape from the suffering of living on, ruined, amid old prosperous acquaintances.

mannounUS /mæn/

an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)

From this reading The young man threw his axe over his shoulder again and took a line straight toward the house.

ManyadjectiveUS /ˈmeni/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “as” or “too” or “so” or “that”; amounting to a large but indefinite number

From this reading Many families rendered insolvent or bankrupt by the war and the loss of their slaves, while others interspersed among them had grown richer by Government contracts, were now being bought out, forced out, by debt or mortgage, and were seeking new homes where lay cheaper lands and escape from the suffering of living on, ruined, amid old prosperous acquaintances.

mortgagenounUS /ˈmɔːrɡədʒ/

a conditional conveyance of property as security for the repayment of a loan

From this reading Many families rendered insolvent or bankrupt by the war and the loss of their slaves, while others interspersed among them had grown richer by Government contracts, were now being bought out, forced out, by debt or mortgage, and were seeking new homes where lay cheaper lands and escape from the suffering of living on, ruined, amid old prosperous acquaintances.

movementnounUS /ˈmuːvmənt/

a change of position that does not entail a change of location

From this reading In those years a westward movement was taking place among the Kentuckians--a sad exodus.

neighborsnounUS /ˈneɪbərz/

plural of “neighbor” — a person who lives (or is located) near another

From this reading This was the situation now bearing heavily on David's father, on three sides of whose fragmentary estate lay rich neighbors, one of whom especially desired it.

newadjectiveUS /nuː/

not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered

From this reading Many families rendered insolvent or bankrupt by the war and the loss of their slaves, while others interspersed among them had grown richer by Government contracts, were now being bought out, forced out, by debt or mortgage, and were seeking new homes where lay cheaper lands and escape from the suffering of living on, ruined, amid old prosperous acquaintances.

nowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading Many families rendered insolvent or bankrupt by the war and the loss of their slaves, while others interspersed among them had grown richer by Government contracts, were now being bought out, forced out, by debt or mortgage, and were seeking new homes where lay cheaper lands and escape from the suffering of living on, ruined, amid old prosperous acquaintances.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Many families rendered insolvent or bankrupt by the war and the loss of their slaves, while others interspersed among them had grown richer by Government contracts, were now being bought out, forced out, by debt or mortgage, and were seeking new homes where lay cheaper lands and escape from the suffering of living on, ruined, amid old prosperous acquaintances.

oldadjectiveUS /oʊld/

(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading Many families rendered insolvent or bankrupt by the war and the loss of their slaves, while others interspersed among them had grown richer by Government contracts, were now being bought out, forced out, by debt or mortgage, and were seeking new homes where lay cheaper lands and escape from the suffering of living on, ruined, amid old prosperous acquaintances.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading Many families rendered insolvent or bankrupt by the war and the loss of their slaves, while others interspersed among them had grown richer by Government contracts, were now being bought out, forced out, by debt or mortgage, and were seeking new homes where lay cheaper lands and escape from the suffering of living on, ruined, amid old prosperous acquaintances.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading This was the situation now bearing heavily on David's father, on three sides of whose fragmentary estate lay rich neighbors, one of whom especially desired it.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading Many families rendered insolvent or bankrupt by the war and the loss of their slaves, while others interspersed among them had grown richer by Government contracts, were now being bought out, forced out, by debt or mortgage, and were seeking new homes where lay cheaper lands and escape from the suffering of living on, ruined, amid old prosperous acquaintances.

others

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Many families rendered insolvent or bankrupt by the war and the loss of their slaves, while others interspersed among them had grown richer by Government contracts, were now being bought out, forced out, by debt or mortgage, and were seeking new homes where lay cheaper lands and escape from the suffering of living on, ruined, amid old prosperous acquaintances.

outadjectiveUS /aʊt/

not allowed to continue to bat or run

From this reading Many families rendered insolvent or bankrupt by the war and the loss of their slaves, while others interspersed among them had grown richer by Government contracts, were now being bought out, forced out, by debt or mortgage, and were seeking new homes where lay cheaper lands and escape from the suffering of living on, ruined, amid old prosperous acquaintances.

overprepositionUS /ˈoʊvər/

above and across; more than

From this reading The young man threw his axe over his shoulder again and took a line straight toward the house.

placenounUS /pleɪs/

a point located with respect to surface features of some region

From this reading In those years a westward movement was taking place among the Kentuckians--a sad exodus.

populationnounUS /ˌpɑːpjəˈleɪʃən/

the people who inhabit a territory or state

From this reading It was a profound historic disturbance of population, destined later on to affect profoundly many younger commonwealths.

profoundadjectiveUS /proʊˈfaʊnd/

showing intellectual penetration or emotional depth

From this reading It was a profound historic disturbance of population, destined later on to affect profoundly many younger commonwealths.

profoundlyadverbUS /proʊˈfaʊndli/

to a great depth psychologically or emotionally

From this reading It was a profound historic disturbance of population, destined later on to affect profoundly many younger commonwealths.

prosperousadjectiveUS /ˈprɑːspərəs/

in fortunate circumstances financially; moderately rich

From this reading Many families rendered insolvent or bankrupt by the war and the loss of their slaves, while others interspersed among them had grown richer by Government contracts, were now being bought out, forced out, by debt or mortgage, and were seeking new homes where lay cheaper lands and escape from the suffering of living on, ruined, amid old prosperous acquaintances.

renderedverbUS /ˈrendərd/

past form of “render” — cause to become

From this reading Many families rendered insolvent or bankrupt by the war and the loss of their slaves, while others interspersed among them had grown richer by Government contracts, were now being bought out, forced out, by debt or mortgage, and were seeking new homes where lay cheaper lands and escape from the suffering of living on, ruined, amid old prosperous acquaintances.

richadjectiveUS /rɪtʃ/

possessing material wealth

From this reading This was the situation now bearing heavily on David's father, on three sides of whose fragmentary estate lay rich neighbors, one of whom especially desired it.

richeradjectiveUS /ˈrɪtʃər/

comparative of “rich” — possessing material wealth

From this reading Many families rendered insolvent or bankrupt by the war and the loss of their slaves, while others interspersed among them had grown richer by Government contracts, were now being bought out, forced out, by debt or mortgage, and were seeking new homes where lay cheaper lands and escape from the suffering of living on, ruined, amid old prosperous acquaintances.

ruinedadjectiveUS /ˈruːənd/

destroyed physically or morally

From this reading Many families rendered insolvent or bankrupt by the war and the loss of their slaves, while others interspersed among them had grown richer by Government contracts, were now being bought out, forced out, by debt or mortgage, and were seeking new homes where lay cheaper lands and escape from the suffering of living on, ruined, amid old prosperous acquaintances.

sadadjectiveUS /sæd/

experiencing or showing sorrow or unhappiness

From this reading In those years a westward movement was taking place among the Kentuckians--a sad exodus.

seekingnounUS /ˈsiːkɪŋ/

the act of searching for something

From this reading Many families rendered insolvent or bankrupt by the war and the loss of their slaves, while others interspersed among them had grown richer by Government contracts, were now being bought out, forced out, by debt or mortgage, and were seeking new homes where lay cheaper lands and escape from the suffering of living on, ruined, amid old prosperous acquaintances.

shoulderverbUS /ˈʃoʊldər/

lift onto one's shoulders

From this reading The young man threw his axe over his shoulder again and took a line straight toward the house.

sidesnounUS /saɪdz/

plural of “side” — a place within a region identified relative to a center or reference location

From this reading This was the situation now bearing heavily on David's father, on three sides of whose fragmentary estate lay rich neighbors, one of whom especially desired it.

situationnounUS /ˌsɪtʃuːˈeɪʃən/

the general state of things; the combination of circumstances at a given time

From this reading This was the situation now bearing heavily on David's father, on three sides of whose fragmentary estate lay rich neighbors, one of whom especially desired it.

slavesnounUS /sleɪvz/

plural of “slave” — a person who is owned by someone

From this reading Many families rendered insolvent or bankrupt by the war and the loss of their slaves, while others interspersed among them had grown richer by Government contracts, were now being bought out, forced out, by debt or mortgage, and were seeking new homes where lay cheaper lands and escape from the suffering of living on, ruined, amid old prosperous acquaintances.

straightadjectiveUS /streɪt/

successive (without a break)

From this reading The young man threw his axe over his shoulder again and took a line straight toward the house.

sufferingnounUS /ˈsʌfərɪŋ/

a state of acute pain

From this reading Many families rendered insolvent or bankrupt by the war and the loss of their slaves, while others interspersed among them had grown richer by Government contracts, were now being bought out, forced out, by debt or mortgage, and were seeking new homes where lay cheaper lands and escape from the suffering of living on, ruined, amid old prosperous acquaintances.

takingnounUS /ˈteɪkɪŋ/

the act of someone who picks up or takes something

From this reading In those years a westward movement was taking place among the Kentuckians--a sad exodus.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading In those years a westward movement was taking place among the Kentuckians--a sad exodus.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading Many families rendered insolvent or bankrupt by the war and the loss of their slaves, while others interspersed among them had grown richer by Government contracts, were now being bought out, forced out, by debt or mortgage, and were seeking new homes where lay cheaper lands and escape from the suffering of living on, ruined, amid old prosperous acquaintances.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading Many families rendered insolvent or bankrupt by the war and the loss of their slaves, while others interspersed among them had grown richer by Government contracts, were now being bought out, forced out, by debt or mortgage, and were seeking new homes where lay cheaper lands and escape from the suffering of living on, ruined, amid old prosperous acquaintances.

ThisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading This was the situation now bearing heavily on David's father, on three sides of whose fragmentary estate lay rich neighbors, one of whom especially desired it.

thosedeterminerUS /ðoʊz/

the plural of “that”: the people or things further away, or already known

From this reading In those years a westward movement was taking place among the Kentuckians--a sad exodus.

threenounUS /θriː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one and one

From this reading This was the situation now bearing heavily on David's father, on three sides of whose fragmentary estate lay rich neighbors, one of whom especially desired it.

threwverbUS /θruː/

inflected form of “throw” — propel through the air

From this reading The young man threw his axe over his shoulder again and took a line straight toward the house.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading It was a profound historic disturbance of population, destined later on to affect profoundly many younger commonwealths.

tookverbUS /tʊk/

inflected form of “take” — carry out

From this reading The young man threw his axe over his shoulder again and took a line straight toward the house.

towardprepositionUS /təˈwɔːrd/

in the direction of

From this reading The young man threw his axe over his shoulder again and took a line straight toward the house.

warnounUS /wɔːr/

the waging of armed conflict against an enemy

From this reading Many families rendered insolvent or bankrupt by the war and the loss of their slaves, while others interspersed among them had grown richer by Government contracts, were now being bought out, forced out, by debt or mortgage, and were seeking new homes where lay cheaper lands and escape from the suffering of living on, ruined, amid old prosperous acquaintances.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading In those years a westward movement was taking place among the Kentuckians--a sad exodus.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Many families rendered insolvent or bankrupt by the war and the loss of their slaves, while others interspersed among them had grown richer by Government contracts, were now being bought out, forced out, by debt or mortgage, and were seeking new homes where lay cheaper lands and escape from the suffering of living on, ruined, amid old prosperous acquaintances.

westwardadverbUS /ˈwestwərd/

toward the west

From this reading In those years a westward movement was taking place among the Kentuckians--a sad exodus.

whereconjunctionUS /wer/

in or at the place that

From this reading Many families rendered insolvent or bankrupt by the war and the loss of their slaves, while others interspersed among them had grown richer by Government contracts, were now being bought out, forced out, by debt or mortgage, and were seeking new homes where lay cheaper lands and escape from the suffering of living on, ruined, amid old prosperous acquaintances.

whileconjunctionUS /waɪl/

during the time that

From this reading Many families rendered insolvent or bankrupt by the war and the loss of their slaves, while others interspersed among them had grown richer by Government contracts, were now being bought out, forced out, by debt or mortgage, and were seeking new homes where lay cheaper lands and escape from the suffering of living on, ruined, amid old prosperous acquaintances.

whompronounUS /huːm/

the form of “who” used as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading This was the situation now bearing heavily on David's father, on three sides of whose fragmentary estate lay rich neighbors, one of whom especially desired it.

whosedeterminerUS /huːz/

belonging to which person

From this reading This was the situation now bearing heavily on David's father, on three sides of whose fragmentary estate lay rich neighbors, one of whom especially desired it.

yearsnounUS /jɪrz/

a late time of life

From this reading In those years a westward movement was taking place among the Kentuckians--a sad exodus.

youngadjectiveUS /jʌŋ/

(used of living things especially persons) in an early period of life or development or growth

From this reading The young man threw his axe over his shoulder again and took a line straight toward the house.

youngeradjectiveUS /ˈjʌŋɡər/

used of the younger of two persons of the same name especially used to distinguish a son from his father

From this reading It was a profound historic disturbance of population, destined later on to affect profoundly many younger commonwealths.

Chapter 7 of The Reign of Law by James Lane Allen holds 400 sentences, grouped into 80 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the public-domain source, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 7 of The Reign of Law contain?

Chapter 7 holds 400 sentences of The Reign of Law, unabridged, divided into 80 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 7 of The Reign of Law by James Lane Allen exactly as it stands in the public-domain source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 400 sentences, grouped into 80 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 7 of The Reign of Law?

Work through the 80 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 80 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 7 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 7 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The Reign of Law

Common questions about reading The Reign of Law by James Lane Allen on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The Reign of Law?

Yes. All 3223 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #3791 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The Reign of Law is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #3791, a public-domain edition. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The Reign of Law take to read?

About 268 minutes of reading across 645 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read The Reign of Law section by section

How to work through The Reign of Law section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

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Vocabulary met early in The Reign of Law

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Reign of Law, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Anglo-saxon
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Reign of Law; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Farmers
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Reign of Law; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Scarce
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Reign of Law; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Conquered
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Reign of Law; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.