Learn English through classic literature • Five-line readings • Clear US narration
VELMORA ACADEMY
Academy of Archival Languages & Memory Studies
Menu Close
The Romance and Tragedy of a Widely Known
The Romance and Tragedy of a Widely Known

Chapter XXXI · Chapter 31

Chapter 31 of The Romance and Tragedy of a Widely Known is here in full — 120 sentences across 24 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for The Romance and Tragedy of a Widely Known
Context Illustration Reading 1/24 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
THE STRUGGLE CONTINUED At the commencement of 1897 it seemed as if everything was against me.
In the trade the fight for my customers was waged with renewed vigor, and one after another names which had been on our books for years were dropped from the lists of our supporters.
We tried to retain them and they tried to have us do so, giving us every possible advantage, but it was useless.
We could not compete against the wealth of our competitors.
In our efforts to do this we made losses, small in individual instances, but we knew if continued our little capital would soon be exhausted.
0:00 / 0:00
Speed 0.75x
AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Romance and Tragedy of a Widely Known

Chapter XXXI · Chapter 31

Chapter 31 of The Romance and Tragedy of a Widely Known is here in full — 120 sentences across 24 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/24 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
THE STRUGGLE CONTINUED At the commencement of 1897 it seemed as if everything was against me.
Line 2
In the trade the fight for my customers was waged with renewed vigor, and one after another names which had been on our books for years were dropped from the lists of our supporters.
/ɪn ðə treɪd ðə faɪt fɔːr maɪ ˈkʌstəmərz wɑːz weɪdʒd wɪð rɪˈnuːd ˈvɪɡər ənd wʌn ˈæftər əˈnʌðər neɪmz wɪtʃ hæd bɪn ɑːn ˈaʊər bʊks fɔːr jɪrz wɜːr drɑːpt frʌm ðə lɪsts ʌv ˈaʊər səˈpɔːrtərz/
Line 3
We tried to retain them and they tried to have us do so, giving us every possible advantage, but it was useless.
/wiː traɪd tuː rɪˈteɪn ðem ənd ðeɪ traɪd tuː hæv ʌs duː soʊ ˈɡɪvɪŋ ʌs ˈevəri ˈpɑːsəbəl ædˈvæntɪdʒ bʌt ɪt wɑːz ˈjuːsləs/
Line 4
We could not compete against the wealth of our competitors.
/wiː kʊd nɑːt kəmˈpiːt əˈɡenst ðə welθ ʌv ˈaʊər kəmˈpetətərz/
Line 5
In our efforts to do this we made losses, small in individual instances, but we knew if continued our little capital would soon be exhausted.
/ɪn ˈaʊər ˈefərts tuː duː ðɪs wiː meɪd ˈlɔːsəz smɔːl ɪn ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəwəl ˈɪnstənsəz bʌt wiː nuː ɪf kənˈtɪnjuːd ˈaʊər ˈlɪtəl ˈkæpətəl wʊd suːn biː ɪɡˈzɔːstɪd/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

commencement noun US /kəˈmensmənt/

the time at which something is supposed to begin

From this reading “THE STRUGGLE CONTINUED At the commencement of 1897 it seemed as if everything was against me.”

compete verb US /kəmˈpiːt/

compete for something; engage in a contest; measure oneself against others

From this reading “We could not compete against the wealth of our competitors.”

competitors noun US /kəmˈpetətərz/

plural of “competitor” — the contestant you hope to defeat

From this reading “We could not compete against the wealth of our competitors.”

lists noun US /lɪsts/

plural of “list” — a database containing an ordered array of items (names or topics)

From this reading “In the trade the fight for my customers was waged with renewed vigor, and one after another names which had been on our books for years were dropped from the lists of our supporters.”

losses noun US /ˈlɔːsəz/

something lost (especially money lost at gambling)

From this reading “In our efforts to do this we made losses, small in individual instances, but we knew if continued our little capital would soon be exhausted.”

supporters noun US /səˈpɔːrtərz/

plural of “supporter” — a person who backs a politician or a team etc.

From this reading “In the trade the fight for my customers was waged with renewed vigor, and one after another names which had been on our books for years were dropped from the lists of our supporters.”

vigor noun US /ˈvɪɡər/

forceful exertion

From this reading “In the trade the fight for my customers was waged with renewed vigor, and one after another names which had been on our books for years were dropped from the lists of our supporters.”

waged verb US /weɪdʒd/

past form of “wage” — carry on (wars, battles, or campaigns)

From this reading “In the trade the fight for my customers was waged with renewed vigor, and one after another names which had been on our books for years were dropped from the lists of our supporters.”

All words in this reading · 77

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1897

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading THE STRUGGLE CONTINUED At the commencement of 1897 it seemed as if everything was against me.

advantagenounUS /ædˈvæntɪdʒ/

the quality of having a superior or more favorable position

From this reading We tried to retain them and they tried to have us do so, giving us every possible advantage, but it was useless.

afterprepositionUS /ˈæftər/

later than; following

From this reading In the trade the fight for my customers was waged with renewed vigor, and one after another names which had been on our books for years were dropped from the lists of our supporters.

againstprepositionUS /əˈɡenst/

touching and pressing; in opposition to

From this reading THE STRUGGLE CONTINUED At the commencement of 1897 it seemed as if everything was against me.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading In the trade the fight for my customers was waged with renewed vigor, and one after another names which had been on our books for years were dropped from the lists of our supporters.

anotherdeterminerUS /əˈnʌðər/

one more of the same kind, or a different one

From this reading In the trade the fight for my customers was waged with renewed vigor, and one after another names which had been on our books for years were dropped from the lists of our supporters.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading THE STRUGGLE CONTINUED At the commencement of 1897 it seemed as if everything was against me.

AtprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading THE STRUGGLE CONTINUED At the commencement of 1897 it seemed as if everything was against me.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading In our efforts to do this we made losses, small in individual instances, but we knew if continued our little capital would soon be exhausted.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading In the trade the fight for my customers was waged with renewed vigor, and one after another names which had been on our books for years were dropped from the lists of our supporters.

booksnounUS /bʊks/

Bound written or printed works.

From this reading In the trade the fight for my customers was waged with renewed vigor, and one after another names which had been on our books for years were dropped from the lists of our supporters.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading We tried to retain them and they tried to have us do so, giving us every possible advantage, but it was useless.

capitalnounUS /ˈkæpətəl/

assets available for use in the production of further assets

From this reading In our efforts to do this we made losses, small in individual instances, but we knew if continued our little capital would soon be exhausted.

commencementnounUS /kəˈmensmənt/

the time at which something is supposed to begin

From this reading THE STRUGGLE CONTINUED At the commencement of 1897 it seemed as if everything was against me.

competeverbUS /kəmˈpiːt/

compete for something; engage in a contest; measure oneself against others

From this reading We could not compete against the wealth of our competitors.

competitorsnounUS /kəmˈpetətərz/

plural of “competitor” — the contestant you hope to defeat

From this reading We could not compete against the wealth of our competitors.

CONTINUEDadjectiveUS /kənˈtɪnjuːd/

without stop or interruption

From this reading THE STRUGGLE CONTINUED At the commencement of 1897 it seemed as if everything was against me.

couldmodal verbUS /kʊd/

the past of “can”; used for possibility or polite requests

From this reading We could not compete against the wealth of our competitors.

customersnounUS /ˈkʌstəmərz/

plural of “customer” — someone who pays for goods or services

From this reading In the trade the fight for my customers was waged with renewed vigor, and one after another names which had been on our books for years were dropped from the lists of our supporters.

doauxiliary verbUS /duː/

used to form questions and negatives, and to give emphasis

From this reading We tried to retain them and they tried to have us do so, giving us every possible advantage, but it was useless.

droppedverbUS /drɑːpt/

inflected form of “drop” — let fall to the ground

From this reading In the trade the fight for my customers was waged with renewed vigor, and one after another names which had been on our books for years were dropped from the lists of our supporters.

effortsnounUS /ˈefərts/

plural of “effort” — earnest and conscientious activity intended to do or accomplish something

From this reading In our efforts to do this we made losses, small in individual instances, but we knew if continued our little capital would soon be exhausted.

everydeterminerUS /ˈevəri/

all the members of a group, with none left out

From this reading We tried to retain them and they tried to have us do so, giving us every possible advantage, but it was useless.

everythingpronounUS /ˈevriθɪŋ/

all things; all of a situation

From this reading THE STRUGGLE CONTINUED At the commencement of 1897 it seemed as if everything was against me.

exhaustedadjectiveUS /ɪɡˈzɔːstɪd/

drained of energy or effectiveness; extremely tired; completely exhausted

From this reading In our efforts to do this we made losses, small in individual instances, but we knew if continued our little capital would soon be exhausted.

fightverbUS /faɪt/

be engaged in a fight; carry on a fight

From this reading In the trade the fight for my customers was waged with renewed vigor, and one after another names which had been on our books for years were dropped from the lists of our supporters.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading In the trade the fight for my customers was waged with renewed vigor, and one after another names which had been on our books for years were dropped from the lists of our supporters.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading In the trade the fight for my customers was waged with renewed vigor, and one after another names which had been on our books for years were dropped from the lists of our supporters.

givingnounUS /ˈɡɪvɪŋ/

the act of giving

From this reading We tried to retain them and they tried to have us do so, giving us every possible advantage, but it was useless.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading In the trade the fight for my customers was waged with renewed vigor, and one after another names which had been on our books for years were dropped from the lists of our supporters.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading We tried to retain them and they tried to have us do so, giving us every possible advantage, but it was useless.

ifconjunctionUS /ɪf/

on condition that; in the event that

From this reading THE STRUGGLE CONTINUED At the commencement of 1897 it seemed as if everything was against me.

InprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading In the trade the fight for my customers was waged with renewed vigor, and one after another names which had been on our books for years were dropped from the lists of our supporters.

individualadjectiveUS /ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəwəl/

being or characteristic of a single thing or person

From this reading In our efforts to do this we made losses, small in individual instances, but we knew if continued our little capital would soon be exhausted.

instancesnounUS /ˈɪnstənsəz/

plural of “instance” — an occurrence of something

From this reading In our efforts to do this we made losses, small in individual instances, but we knew if continued our little capital would soon be exhausted.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading THE STRUGGLE CONTINUED At the commencement of 1897 it seemed as if everything was against me.

knewverbUS /nuː/

inflected form of “know” — be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about

From this reading In our efforts to do this we made losses, small in individual instances, but we knew if continued our little capital would soon be exhausted.

listsnounUS /lɪsts/

plural of “list” — a database containing an ordered array of items (names or topics)

From this reading In the trade the fight for my customers was waged with renewed vigor, and one after another names which had been on our books for years were dropped from the lists of our supporters.

littleadjectiveUS /ˈlɪtəl/

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading In our efforts to do this we made losses, small in individual instances, but we knew if continued our little capital would soon be exhausted.

lossesnounUS /ˈlɔːsəz/

something lost (especially money lost at gambling)

From this reading In our efforts to do this we made losses, small in individual instances, but we knew if continued our little capital would soon be exhausted.

madeadjectiveUS /meɪd/

produced by a manufacturing process

From this reading In our efforts to do this we made losses, small in individual instances, but we knew if continued our little capital would soon be exhausted.

mepronounUS /miː/

the person speaking, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading THE STRUGGLE CONTINUED At the commencement of 1897 it seemed as if everything was against me.

mydeterminerUS /maɪ/

belonging to the person speaking

From this reading In the trade the fight for my customers was waged with renewed vigor, and one after another names which had been on our books for years were dropped from the lists of our supporters.

namesnounUS /neɪmz/

verbal abuse; a crude substitute for argument

From this reading In the trade the fight for my customers was waged with renewed vigor, and one after another names which had been on our books for years were dropped from the lists of our supporters.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading We could not compete against the wealth of our competitors.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading THE STRUGGLE CONTINUED At the commencement of 1897 it seemed as if everything was against me.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading In the trade the fight for my customers was waged with renewed vigor, and one after another names which had been on our books for years were dropped from the lists of our supporters.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading In the trade the fight for my customers was waged with renewed vigor, and one after another names which had been on our books for years were dropped from the lists of our supporters.

ourdeterminerUS /ˈaʊər/

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading In the trade the fight for my customers was waged with renewed vigor, and one after another names which had been on our books for years were dropped from the lists of our supporters.

possibleadjectiveUS /ˈpɑːsəbəl/

capable of happening or existing

From this reading We tried to retain them and they tried to have us do so, giving us every possible advantage, but it was useless.

renewedadjectiveUS /rɪˈnuːd/

restored to a new condition

From this reading In the trade the fight for my customers was waged with renewed vigor, and one after another names which had been on our books for years were dropped from the lists of our supporters.

retainverbUS /rɪˈteɪn/

hold back within

From this reading We tried to retain them and they tried to have us do so, giving us every possible advantage, but it was useless.

seemedverbUS /siːmd/

past form of “seem” — give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect

From this reading THE STRUGGLE CONTINUED At the commencement of 1897 it seemed as if everything was against me.

smalladjectiveUS /smɔːl/

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading In our efforts to do this we made losses, small in individual instances, but we knew if continued our little capital would soon be exhausted.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading We tried to retain them and they tried to have us do so, giving us every possible advantage, but it was useless.

soonadverbUS /suːn/

in the near future

From this reading In our efforts to do this we made losses, small in individual instances, but we knew if continued our little capital would soon be exhausted.

STRUGGLEverbUS /ˈstrʌɡəl/

make a strenuous or labored effort

From this reading THE STRUGGLE CONTINUED At the commencement of 1897 it seemed as if everything was against me.

supportersnounUS /səˈpɔːrtərz/

plural of “supporter” — a person who backs a politician or a team etc.

From this reading In the trade the fight for my customers was waged with renewed vigor, and one after another names which had been on our books for years were dropped from the lists of our supporters.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE STRUGGLE CONTINUED At the commencement of 1897 it seemed as if everything was against me.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading We tried to retain them and they tried to have us do so, giving us every possible advantage, but it was useless.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading We tried to retain them and they tried to have us do so, giving us every possible advantage, but it was useless.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading In our efforts to do this we made losses, small in individual instances, but we knew if continued our little capital would soon be exhausted.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading We tried to retain them and they tried to have us do so, giving us every possible advantage, but it was useless.

tradenounUS /treɪd/

the commercial exchange (buying and selling on domestic or international markets) of goods and services

From this reading In the trade the fight for my customers was waged with renewed vigor, and one after another names which had been on our books for years were dropped from the lists of our supporters.

triedadjectiveUS /traɪd/

tested and proved useful or correct

From this reading We tried to retain them and they tried to have us do so, giving us every possible advantage, but it was useless.

uspronounUS /ʌs/

the speaker and others, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading We tried to retain them and they tried to have us do so, giving us every possible advantage, but it was useless.

uselessadjectiveUS /ˈjuːsləs/

having no beneficial use or incapable of functioning usefully

From this reading We tried to retain them and they tried to have us do so, giving us every possible advantage, but it was useless.

vigornounUS /ˈvɪɡər/

forceful exertion

From this reading In the trade the fight for my customers was waged with renewed vigor, and one after another names which had been on our books for years were dropped from the lists of our supporters.

wagedverbUS /weɪdʒd/

past form of “wage” — carry on (wars, battles, or campaigns)

From this reading In the trade the fight for my customers was waged with renewed vigor, and one after another names which had been on our books for years were dropped from the lists of our supporters.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading THE STRUGGLE CONTINUED At the commencement of 1897 it seemed as if everything was against me.

WepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading We tried to retain them and they tried to have us do so, giving us every possible advantage, but it was useless.

wealthnounUS /welθ/

the state of being rich and affluent; having a plentiful supply of material goods and money

From this reading We could not compete against the wealth of our competitors.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading In the trade the fight for my customers was waged with renewed vigor, and one after another names which had been on our books for years were dropped from the lists of our supporters.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading In the trade the fight for my customers was waged with renewed vigor, and one after another names which had been on our books for years were dropped from the lists of our supporters.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading In the trade the fight for my customers was waged with renewed vigor, and one after another names which had been on our books for years were dropped from the lists of our supporters.

wouldmodal verbUS /wʊd/

used for something imagined, polite, or habitual in the past

From this reading In our efforts to do this we made losses, small in individual instances, but we knew if continued our little capital would soon be exhausted.

yearsnounUS /jɪrz/

a late time of life

From this reading In the trade the fight for my customers was waged with renewed vigor, and one after another names which had been on our books for years were dropped from the lists of our supporters.

Chapter 31 of The Romance and Tragedy of a Widely Known by William Ingraham Russell holds 120 sentences, grouped into 24 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 31 of The Romance and Tragedy of a Widely Known contain?

Chapter 31 holds 120 sentences of The Romance and Tragedy of a Widely Known, unabridged, divided into 24 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 31 of The Romance and Tragedy of a Widely Known by William Ingraham Russell exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 120 sentences, grouped into 24 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 31 of The Romance and Tragedy of a Widely Known?

Work through the 24 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 24 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 31 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 31 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The Romance and Tragedy of a Widely Known

Common questions about reading The Romance and Tragedy of a Widely Known by William Ingraham Russell on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The Romance and Tragedy of a Widely Known?

Yes. All 2417 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #6163 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The Romance and Tragedy of a Widely Known is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #6163, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The Romance and Tragedy of a Widely Known take to read?

About 201 minutes of reading across 484 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read The Romance and Tragedy of a Widely Known section by section

How to work through The Romance and Tragedy of a Widely Known section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 40 chapters of The Romance and Tragedy of a Widely Known to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in The Romance and Tragedy of a Widely Known

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Romance and Tragedy of a Widely Known, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Brooklyn
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Romance and Tragedy of a Widely Known; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Mother's
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Romance and Tragedy of a Widely Known; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Family
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Romance and Tragedy of a Widely Known; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Dutch
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Romance and Tragedy of a Widely Known; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.