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Chapter XXXVII

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Context Illustration Reading 1/22 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
Dull, misty, and gray, a cold damp morning in early March dawned upon the mountain.
The sun could not penetrate the dense clouds.
The ancient city of Medenus had long since been abandoned by its Carthaginian and Roman founders and builders.
Most of the houses, constructed of stone from the mountain, stood deserted and ruinous.
Nomad Moors used the few which still had roofs as places of refuge in winter.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Scarlet Banner

Chapter XXXVII

Reading 1/22 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Dull, misty, and gray, a cold damp morning in early March dawned upon the mountain.
Line 2
The sun could not penetrate the dense clouds.
Line 3
The ancient city of Medenus had long since been abandoned by its Carthaginian and Roman founders and builders.
Line 4
Most of the houses, constructed of stone from the mountain, stood deserted and ruinous.
Line 5
Nomad Moors used the few which still had roofs as places of refuge in winter.

Learner Dictionary

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, audio, and collocations from this reading.

Ancient adjective US /ˈeɪn.ʃənt/

Belonging to the very distant past and no longer in existence or deeply revered.

From this reading “The ancient city of Medenus had long since been abandoned by its Carthaginian and Roman founders and builders.”

Been auxiliary verb US /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading “The ancient city of Medenus had long since been abandoned by its Carthaginian and Roman founders and builders.”

Could modal verb US /kʊd/

the past of “can”; used for possibility or polite requests

From this reading “The sun could not penetrate the dense clouds.”

Deserted verb US /dɪˈzɜːrtɪd/

left a place or vessel without intending to return

From this reading “Most of the houses, constructed of stone from the mountain, stood deserted and ruinous.”

Long noun US /long/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “The ancient city of Medenus had long since been abandoned by its Carthaginian and Roman founders and builders.”

Morning noun US /morning/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “Dull, misty, and gray, a cold damp morning in early March dawned upon the mountain.”

Since preposition US /sɪns/

from a time in the past until now

From this reading “The ancient city of Medenus had long since been abandoned by its Carthaginian and Roman founders and builders.”

Still noun US /still/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “Nomad Moors used the few which still had roofs as places of refuge in winter.”

Stood noun US /stood/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “Most of the houses, constructed of stone from the mountain, stood deserted and ruinous.”

Upon preposition US /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading “Dull, misty, and gray, a cold damp morning in early March dawned upon the mountain.”

All words in this reading · 55

Every word is available to listen to. Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Dull, misty, and gray, a cold damp morning in early March dawned upon the mountain.

abandoned

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The ancient city of Medenus had long since been abandoned by its Carthaginian and Roman founders and builders.

ancientadjectiveUS /ˈeɪn.ʃənt/

Belonging to the very distant past and no longer in existence or deeply revered.

From this reading The ancient city of Medenus had long since been abandoned by its Carthaginian and Roman founders and builders.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Dull, misty, and gray, a cold damp morning in early March dawned upon the mountain.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading Nomad Moors used the few which still had roofs as places of refuge in winter.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading The ancient city of Medenus had long since been abandoned by its Carthaginian and Roman founders and builders.

builders

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The ancient city of Medenus had long since been abandoned by its Carthaginian and Roman founders and builders.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading The ancient city of Medenus had long since been abandoned by its Carthaginian and Roman founders and builders.

Carthaginian

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The ancient city of Medenus had long since been abandoned by its Carthaginian and Roman founders and builders.

city

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The ancient city of Medenus had long since been abandoned by its Carthaginian and Roman founders and builders.

clouds

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The sun could not penetrate the dense clouds.

cold

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Dull, misty, and gray, a cold damp morning in early March dawned upon the mountain.

constructed

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Most of the houses, constructed of stone from the mountain, stood deserted and ruinous.

couldmodal verbUS /kʊd/

the past of “can”; used for possibility or polite requests

From this reading The sun could not penetrate the dense clouds.

damp

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Dull, misty, and gray, a cold damp morning in early March dawned upon the mountain.

dawned

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Dull, misty, and gray, a cold damp morning in early March dawned upon the mountain.

dense

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The sun could not penetrate the dense clouds.

desertedverbUS /dɪˈzɜːrtɪd/

left a place or vessel without intending to return

From this reading Most of the houses, constructed of stone from the mountain, stood deserted and ruinous.

Dull

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Dull, misty, and gray, a cold damp morning in early March dawned upon the mountain.

early

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Dull, misty, and gray, a cold damp morning in early March dawned upon the mountain.

few

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Nomad Moors used the few which still had roofs as places of refuge in winter.

founders

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The ancient city of Medenus had long since been abandoned by its Carthaginian and Roman founders and builders.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading Most of the houses, constructed of stone from the mountain, stood deserted and ruinous.

gray

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Dull, misty, and gray, a cold damp morning in early March dawned upon the mountain.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading The ancient city of Medenus had long since been abandoned by its Carthaginian and Roman founders and builders.

houses

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Most of the houses, constructed of stone from the mountain, stood deserted and ruinous.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Dull, misty, and gray, a cold damp morning in early March dawned upon the mountain.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading The ancient city of Medenus had long since been abandoned by its Carthaginian and Roman founders and builders.

longnounUS /long/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading The ancient city of Medenus had long since been abandoned by its Carthaginian and Roman founders and builders.

March

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Dull, misty, and gray, a cold damp morning in early March dawned upon the mountain.

Medenus

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The ancient city of Medenus had long since been abandoned by its Carthaginian and Roman founders and builders.

misty

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Dull, misty, and gray, a cold damp morning in early March dawned upon the mountain.

Moors

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Nomad Moors used the few which still had roofs as places of refuge in winter.

morningnounUS /morning/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading Dull, misty, and gray, a cold damp morning in early March dawned upon the mountain.

Most

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Most of the houses, constructed of stone from the mountain, stood deserted and ruinous.

mountain

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Dull, misty, and gray, a cold damp morning in early March dawned upon the mountain.

Nomad

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Nomad Moors used the few which still had roofs as places of refuge in winter.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading The sun could not penetrate the dense clouds.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading The ancient city of Medenus had long since been abandoned by its Carthaginian and Roman founders and builders.

penetrate

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The sun could not penetrate the dense clouds.

places

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Nomad Moors used the few which still had roofs as places of refuge in winter.

refuge

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Nomad Moors used the few which still had roofs as places of refuge in winter.

Roman

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The ancient city of Medenus had long since been abandoned by its Carthaginian and Roman founders and builders.

roofs

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Nomad Moors used the few which still had roofs as places of refuge in winter.

ruinous

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Most of the houses, constructed of stone from the mountain, stood deserted and ruinous.

sinceprepositionUS /sɪns/

from a time in the past until now

From this reading The ancient city of Medenus had long since been abandoned by its Carthaginian and Roman founders and builders.

stillnounUS /still/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading Nomad Moors used the few which still had roofs as places of refuge in winter.

stone

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Most of the houses, constructed of stone from the mountain, stood deserted and ruinous.

stoodnounUS /stood/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading Most of the houses, constructed of stone from the mountain, stood deserted and ruinous.

sun

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The sun could not penetrate the dense clouds.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Dull, misty, and gray, a cold damp morning in early March dawned upon the mountain.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading Dull, misty, and gray, a cold damp morning in early March dawned upon the mountain.

used

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Nomad Moors used the few which still had roofs as places of refuge in winter.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading Nomad Moors used the few which still had roofs as places of refuge in winter.

winter

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Nomad Moors used the few which still had roofs as places of refuge in winter.