Complete classic literature • Five-line readings • Clear US narration
VELMORA ACADEMY
Academy of Archival Languages & Memory Studies
Menu Close
The Shadow of a Crime: A Cumbrian Romance
The Shadow of a Crime: A Cumbrian Romance

Chapter I · Chapter 1

Chapter 1 of The Shadow of a Crime: A Cumbrian Romance is here in full — 234 sentences across 47 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for The Shadow of a Crime: A Cumbrian Romance
Context Illustration Reading 12/46 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
In manner he was neither so austere and taciturn as his father, nor so gentle and amiable as his mother.
He was by no means a scholar, and only the strong hand of his father had kept him as a boy in fear of the penalties incurred by the truant.
Courage and resolution were his distinguishing characteristics.
On one occasion, when rambling over the fells with a company of schoolfellows, a poor blind lamb ran bleating past them, a black cloud of ravens, crows, and owl-eagles flying about it.
The merciless birds had fallen upon the innocent creature as it lay sleeping under the shadow of a tree, had picked at its eyes and fed on them, and now, as the blood trickled in red beads down its nose, they croaked and cried and screamed to drive it to the edge of a precipice and then over to its death in the gulf beneath, there to feast on its carcass.
0:00 / 0:00
Speed 0.75x
AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Shadow of a Crime: A Cumbrian Romance

Chapter I · Chapter 1

Chapter 1 of The Shadow of a Crime: A Cumbrian Romance is here in full — 234 sentences across 47 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 12/46 · 5 reading units · Lines 56–60

Line 1
In manner he was neither so austere and taciturn as his father, nor so gentle and amiable as his mother.
/ɪn ˈmænər hiː wɑːz ˈniːðər soʊ ɔːˈstɪr ənd ˈtæsɪtɜːrn æz hɪz ˈfɑːðər nɔːr soʊ ˈdʒentəl ənd ˈeɪmiəbəl æz hɪz ˈmʌðər/
Line 2
He was by no means a scholar, and only the strong hand of his father had kept him as a boy in fear of the penalties incurred by the truant.
/hiː wɑːz baɪ noʊ miːnz ə ˈskɒl.ər ənd ˈoʊnli ðə strɔːŋ hænd ʌv hɪz ˈfɑːðər hæd kept hɪm æz ə bɔɪ ɪn fɪr ʌv ðə ˈpenəltiz ˌɪnˈkɜːrd baɪ ðə ˈtruːənt/
Line 3
Courage and resolution were his distinguishing characteristics.
/ˈkɜːrədʒ ənd ˌrezəˈluːʃən wɜːr hɪz dɪˈstɪŋɡwɪʃɪŋ ˌkerəktərˈɪstɪks/
Line 4
On one occasion, when rambling over the fells with a company of schoolfellows, a poor blind lamb ran bleating past them, a black cloud of ravens, crows, and owl-eagles flying about it.
Line 5
The merciless birds had fallen upon the innocent creature as it lay sleeping under the shadow of a tree, had picked at its eyes and fed on them, and now, as the blood trickled in red beads down its nose, they croaked and cried and screamed to drive it to the edge of a precipice and then over to its death in the gulf beneath, there to feast on its carcass.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

distinguishing verb US /dɪˈstɪŋɡwɪʃɪŋ/

-ing form of “distinguish” — mark as different

From this reading “Courage and resolution were his distinguishing characteristics.”

fells noun US /felz/

plural of “fell” — the dressed skin of an animal (especially a large animal)

From this reading “On one occasion, when rambling over the fells with a company of schoolfellows, a poor blind lamb ran bleating past them, a black cloud of ravens, crows, and owl-eagles flying about it.”

incurred verb US /ˌɪnˈkɜːrd/

inflected form of “incur” — make oneself subject to; bring upon oneself; become liable to

From this reading “He was by no means a scholar, and only the strong hand of his father had kept him as a boy in fear of the penalties incurred by the truant.”

penalties noun US /ˈpenəltiz/

plural of “penalty” — the act of punishing

From this reading “He was by no means a scholar, and only the strong hand of his father had kept him as a boy in fear of the penalties incurred by the truant.”

ravens noun US /ˈreɪvənz/

plural of “raven” — large black bird with a straight bill and long wedge-shaped tail

From this reading “On one occasion, when rambling over the fells with a company of schoolfellows, a poor blind lamb ran bleating past them, a black cloud of ravens, crows, and owl-eagles flying about it.”

taciturn adjective US /ˈtæsɪtɜːrn/

habitually reserved and uncommunicative

From this reading “In manner he was neither so austere and taciturn as his father, nor so gentle and amiable as his mother.”

trickled verb US /ˈtrɪkəld/

past form of “trickle” — run or flow slowly, as in drops or in an unsteady stream

From this reading “The merciless birds had fallen upon the innocent creature as it lay sleeping under the shadow of a tree, had picked at its eyes and fed on them, and now, as the blood trickled in red beads down its nose, they croaked and cried and screamed to drive it to the edge of a precipice and then over to its death in the gulf beneath, there to feast on its carcass.”

truant noun US /ˈtruːənt/

one who is absent from school without permission

From this reading “He was by no means a scholar, and only the strong hand of his father had kept him as a boy in fear of the penalties incurred by the truant.”

All words in this reading · 102

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading He was by no means a scholar, and only the strong hand of his father had kept him as a boy in fear of the penalties incurred by the truant.

aboutprepositionUS /əˈbaʊt/

on the subject of; concerning

From this reading On one occasion, when rambling over the fells with a company of schoolfellows, a poor blind lamb ran bleating past them, a black cloud of ravens, crows, and owl-eagles flying about it.

amiableadjectiveUS /ˈeɪmiəbəl/

disposed to please

From this reading In manner he was neither so austere and taciturn as his father, nor so gentle and amiable as his mother.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading In manner he was neither so austere and taciturn as his father, nor so gentle and amiable as his mother.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading In manner he was neither so austere and taciturn as his father, nor so gentle and amiable as his mother.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading The merciless birds had fallen upon the innocent creature as it lay sleeping under the shadow of a tree, had picked at its eyes and fed on them, and now, as the blood trickled in red beads down its nose, they croaked and cried and screamed to drive it to the edge of a precipice and then over to its death in the gulf beneath, there to feast on its carcass.

austereadjectiveUS /ɔːˈstɪr/

severely simple

From this reading In manner he was neither so austere and taciturn as his father, nor so gentle and amiable as his mother.

beadsnounUS /biːdz/

several beads threaded together on a string

From this reading The merciless birds had fallen upon the innocent creature as it lay sleeping under the shadow of a tree, had picked at its eyes and fed on them, and now, as the blood trickled in red beads down its nose, they croaked and cried and screamed to drive it to the edge of a precipice and then over to its death in the gulf beneath, there to feast on its carcass.

beneathprepositionUS /bɪˈniːθ/

Directly under; in or to a lower position than.

From this reading The merciless birds had fallen upon the innocent creature as it lay sleeping under the shadow of a tree, had picked at its eyes and fed on them, and now, as the blood trickled in red beads down its nose, they croaked and cried and screamed to drive it to the edge of a precipice and then over to its death in the gulf beneath, there to feast on its carcass.

birdsnounUS /bɜːrdz/

plural of “bird” — warm-blooded egg-laying vertebrates characterized by feathers and forelimbs modified as wings

From this reading The merciless birds had fallen upon the innocent creature as it lay sleeping under the shadow of a tree, had picked at its eyes and fed on them, and now, as the blood trickled in red beads down its nose, they croaked and cried and screamed to drive it to the edge of a precipice and then over to its death in the gulf beneath, there to feast on its carcass.

blackadjectiveUS /blæk/

being of the achromatic color of maximum darkness; having little or no hue owing to absorption of almost all incident light

From this reading On one occasion, when rambling over the fells with a company of schoolfellows, a poor blind lamb ran bleating past them, a black cloud of ravens, crows, and owl-eagles flying about it.

bleating

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading On one occasion, when rambling over the fells with a company of schoolfellows, a poor blind lamb ran bleating past them, a black cloud of ravens, crows, and owl-eagles flying about it.

blindnounUS /blaɪnd/

people who have severe visual impairments, considered as a group

From this reading On one occasion, when rambling over the fells with a company of schoolfellows, a poor blind lamb ran bleating past them, a black cloud of ravens, crows, and owl-eagles flying about it.

bloodnounUS /blʌd/

The red fluid that circulates in the heart and blood vessels.

From this reading The merciless birds had fallen upon the innocent creature as it lay sleeping under the shadow of a tree, had picked at its eyes and fed on them, and now, as the blood trickled in red beads down its nose, they croaked and cried and screamed to drive it to the edge of a precipice and then over to its death in the gulf beneath, there to feast on its carcass.

boynounUS /bɔɪ/

a youthful male person

From this reading He was by no means a scholar, and only the strong hand of his father had kept him as a boy in fear of the penalties incurred by the truant.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading He was by no means a scholar, and only the strong hand of his father had kept him as a boy in fear of the penalties incurred by the truant.

carcassnounUS /ˈkɑːrkəs/

the dead body of an animal especially one slaughtered and dressed for food

From this reading The merciless birds had fallen upon the innocent creature as it lay sleeping under the shadow of a tree, had picked at its eyes and fed on them, and now, as the blood trickled in red beads down its nose, they croaked and cried and screamed to drive it to the edge of a precipice and then over to its death in the gulf beneath, there to feast on its carcass.

characteristicsnounUS /ˌkerəktərˈɪstɪks/

plural of “characteristic” — a prominent attribute or aspect of something

From this reading Courage and resolution were his distinguishing characteristics.

cloudverbUS /klaʊd/

make overcast or cloudy

From this reading On one occasion, when rambling over the fells with a company of schoolfellows, a poor blind lamb ran bleating past them, a black cloud of ravens, crows, and owl-eagles flying about it.

companynounUS /ˈkʌmpəniː/

an institution created to conduct business

From this reading On one occasion, when rambling over the fells with a company of schoolfellows, a poor blind lamb ran bleating past them, a black cloud of ravens, crows, and owl-eagles flying about it.

CouragenounUS /ˈkɜːrədʒ/

a quality of spirit that enables you to face danger or pain without showing fear

From this reading Courage and resolution were his distinguishing characteristics.

creaturenounUS /ˈkriːtʃər/

a living organism characterized by voluntary movement

From this reading The merciless birds had fallen upon the innocent creature as it lay sleeping under the shadow of a tree, had picked at its eyes and fed on them, and now, as the blood trickled in red beads down its nose, they croaked and cried and screamed to drive it to the edge of a precipice and then over to its death in the gulf beneath, there to feast on its carcass.

criedverbUS /kraɪd/

inflected form of “cry” — utter a sudden loud cry

From this reading The merciless birds had fallen upon the innocent creature as it lay sleeping under the shadow of a tree, had picked at its eyes and fed on them, and now, as the blood trickled in red beads down its nose, they croaked and cried and screamed to drive it to the edge of a precipice and then over to its death in the gulf beneath, there to feast on its carcass.

croaked

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The merciless birds had fallen upon the innocent creature as it lay sleeping under the shadow of a tree, had picked at its eyes and fed on them, and now, as the blood trickled in red beads down its nose, they croaked and cried and screamed to drive it to the edge of a precipice and then over to its death in the gulf beneath, there to feast on its carcass.

crowsnounUS /kroʊz/

plural of “crow” — black birds having a raucous call

From this reading On one occasion, when rambling over the fells with a company of schoolfellows, a poor blind lamb ran bleating past them, a black cloud of ravens, crows, and owl-eagles flying about it.

deathnounUS /deθ/

the event of dying or departure from life

From this reading The merciless birds had fallen upon the innocent creature as it lay sleeping under the shadow of a tree, had picked at its eyes and fed on them, and now, as the blood trickled in red beads down its nose, they croaked and cried and screamed to drive it to the edge of a precipice and then over to its death in the gulf beneath, there to feast on its carcass.

distinguishingverbUS /dɪˈstɪŋɡwɪʃɪŋ/

-ing form of “distinguish” — mark as different

From this reading Courage and resolution were his distinguishing characteristics.

downadjectiveUS /daʊn/

being or moving lower in position or less in some value

From this reading The merciless birds had fallen upon the innocent creature as it lay sleeping under the shadow of a tree, had picked at its eyes and fed on them, and now, as the blood trickled in red beads down its nose, they croaked and cried and screamed to drive it to the edge of a precipice and then over to its death in the gulf beneath, there to feast on its carcass.

driveverbUS /draɪv/

operate or control a vehicle

From this reading The merciless birds had fallen upon the innocent creature as it lay sleeping under the shadow of a tree, had picked at its eyes and fed on them, and now, as the blood trickled in red beads down its nose, they croaked and cried and screamed to drive it to the edge of a precipice and then over to its death in the gulf beneath, there to feast on its carcass.

edgenounUS /edʒ/

the boundary of a surface

From this reading The merciless birds had fallen upon the innocent creature as it lay sleeping under the shadow of a tree, had picked at its eyes and fed on them, and now, as the blood trickled in red beads down its nose, they croaked and cried and screamed to drive it to the edge of a precipice and then over to its death in the gulf beneath, there to feast on its carcass.

eyesnounUS /aɪz/

opinion or judgment

From this reading The merciless birds had fallen upon the innocent creature as it lay sleeping under the shadow of a tree, had picked at its eyes and fed on them, and now, as the blood trickled in red beads down its nose, they croaked and cried and screamed to drive it to the edge of a precipice and then over to its death in the gulf beneath, there to feast on its carcass.

fallenadjectiveUS /ˈfɑːlən/

having dropped by the force of gravity

From this reading The merciless birds had fallen upon the innocent creature as it lay sleeping under the shadow of a tree, had picked at its eyes and fed on them, and now, as the blood trickled in red beads down its nose, they croaked and cried and screamed to drive it to the edge of a precipice and then over to its death in the gulf beneath, there to feast on its carcass.

fathernounUS /ˈfɑːðər/

a male parent (also used as a term of address to your father)

From this reading In manner he was neither so austere and taciturn as his father, nor so gentle and amiable as his mother.

fearverbUS /fɪr/

be afraid or feel anxious or apprehensive about a possible or probable situation or event

From this reading He was by no means a scholar, and only the strong hand of his father had kept him as a boy in fear of the penalties incurred by the truant.

feastnounUS /fiːst/

a ceremonial dinner party for many people

From this reading The merciless birds had fallen upon the innocent creature as it lay sleeping under the shadow of a tree, had picked at its eyes and fed on them, and now, as the blood trickled in red beads down its nose, they croaked and cried and screamed to drive it to the edge of a precipice and then over to its death in the gulf beneath, there to feast on its carcass.

fednounUS /fed/

any federal law-enforcement officer

From this reading The merciless birds had fallen upon the innocent creature as it lay sleeping under the shadow of a tree, had picked at its eyes and fed on them, and now, as the blood trickled in red beads down its nose, they croaked and cried and screamed to drive it to the edge of a precipice and then over to its death in the gulf beneath, there to feast on its carcass.

fellsnounUS /felz/

plural of “fell” — the dressed skin of an animal (especially a large animal)

From this reading On one occasion, when rambling over the fells with a company of schoolfellows, a poor blind lamb ran bleating past them, a black cloud of ravens, crows, and owl-eagles flying about it.

flyingadjectiveUS /ˈflaɪɪŋ/

moving swiftly

From this reading On one occasion, when rambling over the fells with a company of schoolfellows, a poor blind lamb ran bleating past them, a black cloud of ravens, crows, and owl-eagles flying about it.

gentleadjectiveUS /ˈdʒentəl/

soft and mild; not harsh or stern or severe

From this reading In manner he was neither so austere and taciturn as his father, nor so gentle and amiable as his mother.

gulfnounUS /ɡʌlf/

an arm of a sea or ocean partly enclosed by land; larger than a bay

From this reading The merciless birds had fallen upon the innocent creature as it lay sleeping under the shadow of a tree, had picked at its eyes and fed on them, and now, as the blood trickled in red beads down its nose, they croaked and cried and screamed to drive it to the edge of a precipice and then over to its death in the gulf beneath, there to feast on its carcass.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading He was by no means a scholar, and only the strong hand of his father had kept him as a boy in fear of the penalties incurred by the truant.

handnounUS /hænd/

the (prehensile) extremity of the superior limb

From this reading He was by no means a scholar, and only the strong hand of his father had kept him as a boy in fear of the penalties incurred by the truant.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading In manner he was neither so austere and taciturn as his father, nor so gentle and amiable as his mother.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading He was by no means a scholar, and only the strong hand of his father had kept him as a boy in fear of the penalties incurred by the truant.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading In manner he was neither so austere and taciturn as his father, nor so gentle and amiable as his mother.

InprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading In manner he was neither so austere and taciturn as his father, nor so gentle and amiable as his mother.

incurredverbUS /ˌɪnˈkɜːrd/

inflected form of “incur” — make oneself subject to; bring upon oneself; become liable to

From this reading He was by no means a scholar, and only the strong hand of his father had kept him as a boy in fear of the penalties incurred by the truant.

innocentadjectiveUS /ˈɪnəsənt/

free from evil or guilt

From this reading The merciless birds had fallen upon the innocent creature as it lay sleeping under the shadow of a tree, had picked at its eyes and fed on them, and now, as the blood trickled in red beads down its nose, they croaked and cried and screamed to drive it to the edge of a precipice and then over to its death in the gulf beneath, there to feast on its carcass.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading On one occasion, when rambling over the fells with a company of schoolfellows, a poor blind lamb ran bleating past them, a black cloud of ravens, crows, and owl-eagles flying about it.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading The merciless birds had fallen upon the innocent creature as it lay sleeping under the shadow of a tree, had picked at its eyes and fed on them, and now, as the blood trickled in red beads down its nose, they croaked and cried and screamed to drive it to the edge of a precipice and then over to its death in the gulf beneath, there to feast on its carcass.

keptadjectiveUS /kept/

(especially of promises or contracts) not violated or disregarded

From this reading He was by no means a scholar, and only the strong hand of his father had kept him as a boy in fear of the penalties incurred by the truant.

lambnounUS /læm/

young sheep

From this reading On one occasion, when rambling over the fells with a company of schoolfellows, a poor blind lamb ran bleating past them, a black cloud of ravens, crows, and owl-eagles flying about it.

layverbUS /leɪ/

put into a certain place or abstract location

From this reading The merciless birds had fallen upon the innocent creature as it lay sleeping under the shadow of a tree, had picked at its eyes and fed on them, and now, as the blood trickled in red beads down its nose, they croaked and cried and screamed to drive it to the edge of a precipice and then over to its death in the gulf beneath, there to feast on its carcass.

mannernounUS /ˈmænər/

how something is done or how it happens

From this reading In manner he was neither so austere and taciturn as his father, nor so gentle and amiable as his mother.

meansnounUS /miːnz/

thing or person that acts to produce a particular effect or achieve an end

From this reading He was by no means a scholar, and only the strong hand of his father had kept him as a boy in fear of the penalties incurred by the truant.

mercilessadjectiveUS /ˈmɜːrsələs/

having or showing no mercy

From this reading The merciless birds had fallen upon the innocent creature as it lay sleeping under the shadow of a tree, had picked at its eyes and fed on them, and now, as the blood trickled in red beads down its nose, they croaked and cried and screamed to drive it to the edge of a precipice and then over to its death in the gulf beneath, there to feast on its carcass.

mothernounUS /ˈmʌðər/

a woman who has given birth to a child (also used as a term of address to your mother)

From this reading In manner he was neither so austere and taciturn as his father, nor so gentle and amiable as his mother.

neitherdeterminerUS /ˈniːðər/

not one and not the other of two

From this reading In manner he was neither so austere and taciturn as his father, nor so gentle and amiable as his mother.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading He was by no means a scholar, and only the strong hand of his father had kept him as a boy in fear of the penalties incurred by the truant.

norconjunctionUS /nɔːr/

and not; used after a negative to add a second negative

From this reading In manner he was neither so austere and taciturn as his father, nor so gentle and amiable as his mother.

nosenounUS /noʊz/

the organ of smell and entrance to the respiratory tract; the prominent part of the face of man or other mammals

From this reading The merciless birds had fallen upon the innocent creature as it lay sleeping under the shadow of a tree, had picked at its eyes and fed on them, and now, as the blood trickled in red beads down its nose, they croaked and cried and screamed to drive it to the edge of a precipice and then over to its death in the gulf beneath, there to feast on its carcass.

nowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading The merciless birds had fallen upon the innocent creature as it lay sleeping under the shadow of a tree, had picked at its eyes and fed on them, and now, as the blood trickled in red beads down its nose, they croaked and cried and screamed to drive it to the edge of a precipice and then over to its death in the gulf beneath, there to feast on its carcass.

occasionnounUS /əˈkeɪʒən/

an event that occurs at a critical time

From this reading On one occasion, when rambling over the fells with a company of schoolfellows, a poor blind lamb ran bleating past them, a black cloud of ravens, crows, and owl-eagles flying about it.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading He was by no means a scholar, and only the strong hand of his father had kept him as a boy in fear of the penalties incurred by the truant.

OnprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading On one occasion, when rambling over the fells with a company of schoolfellows, a poor blind lamb ran bleating past them, a black cloud of ravens, crows, and owl-eagles flying about it.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading On one occasion, when rambling over the fells with a company of schoolfellows, a poor blind lamb ran bleating past them, a black cloud of ravens, crows, and owl-eagles flying about it.

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading He was by no means a scholar, and only the strong hand of his father had kept him as a boy in fear of the penalties incurred by the truant.

overprepositionUS /ˈoʊvər/

above and across; more than

From this reading On one occasion, when rambling over the fells with a company of schoolfellows, a poor blind lamb ran bleating past them, a black cloud of ravens, crows, and owl-eagles flying about it.

owl-eagles

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading On one occasion, when rambling over the fells with a company of schoolfellows, a poor blind lamb ran bleating past them, a black cloud of ravens, crows, and owl-eagles flying about it.

pastnounUS /pæst/

the time that has elapsed

From this reading On one occasion, when rambling over the fells with a company of schoolfellows, a poor blind lamb ran bleating past them, a black cloud of ravens, crows, and owl-eagles flying about it.

penaltiesnounUS /ˈpenəltiz/

plural of “penalty” — the act of punishing

From this reading He was by no means a scholar, and only the strong hand of his father had kept him as a boy in fear of the penalties incurred by the truant.

pickedverbUS /pɪkt/

past form of “pick” — select carefully from a group

From this reading The merciless birds had fallen upon the innocent creature as it lay sleeping under the shadow of a tree, had picked at its eyes and fed on them, and now, as the blood trickled in red beads down its nose, they croaked and cried and screamed to drive it to the edge of a precipice and then over to its death in the gulf beneath, there to feast on its carcass.

pooradjectiveUS /puːr/

deserving or inciting pity

From this reading On one occasion, when rambling over the fells with a company of schoolfellows, a poor blind lamb ran bleating past them, a black cloud of ravens, crows, and owl-eagles flying about it.

precipicenounUS /ˈpresəpəs/

a very steep cliff

From this reading The merciless birds had fallen upon the innocent creature as it lay sleeping under the shadow of a tree, had picked at its eyes and fed on them, and now, as the blood trickled in red beads down its nose, they croaked and cried and screamed to drive it to the edge of a precipice and then over to its death in the gulf beneath, there to feast on its carcass.

ramblingadjectiveUS /ˈræmblɪŋ/

spreading out in different directions or distributed irregularly

From this reading On one occasion, when rambling over the fells with a company of schoolfellows, a poor blind lamb ran bleating past them, a black cloud of ravens, crows, and owl-eagles flying about it.

ranverbUS /ræn/

inflected form of “run” — move fast by using one's feet, with one foot off the ground at any given time

From this reading On one occasion, when rambling over the fells with a company of schoolfellows, a poor blind lamb ran bleating past them, a black cloud of ravens, crows, and owl-eagles flying about it.

ravensnounUS /ˈreɪvənz/

plural of “raven” — large black bird with a straight bill and long wedge-shaped tail

From this reading On one occasion, when rambling over the fells with a company of schoolfellows, a poor blind lamb ran bleating past them, a black cloud of ravens, crows, and owl-eagles flying about it.

rednounUS /red/

red color or pigment; the chromatic color resembling the hue of blood

From this reading The merciless birds had fallen upon the innocent creature as it lay sleeping under the shadow of a tree, had picked at its eyes and fed on them, and now, as the blood trickled in red beads down its nose, they croaked and cried and screamed to drive it to the edge of a precipice and then over to its death in the gulf beneath, there to feast on its carcass.

resolutionnounUS /ˌrezəˈluːʃən/

a formal expression by a meeting; agreed to by a vote

From this reading Courage and resolution were his distinguishing characteristics.

scholarnounUS /ˈskɒl.ər/

A specialist in a particular branch of study; a distinguished student.

From this reading He was by no means a scholar, and only the strong hand of his father had kept him as a boy in fear of the penalties incurred by the truant.

schoolfellows

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading On one occasion, when rambling over the fells with a company of schoolfellows, a poor blind lamb ran bleating past them, a black cloud of ravens, crows, and owl-eagles flying about it.

screamedverbUS /skriːmd/

past form of “scream” — utter a sudden loud cry

From this reading The merciless birds had fallen upon the innocent creature as it lay sleeping under the shadow of a tree, had picked at its eyes and fed on them, and now, as the blood trickled in red beads down its nose, they croaked and cried and screamed to drive it to the edge of a precipice and then over to its death in the gulf beneath, there to feast on its carcass.

shadownounUS /ˈʃæd.oʊ/

A dark area or shape produced by a body coming between rays of light and a surface.

From this reading The merciless birds had fallen upon the innocent creature as it lay sleeping under the shadow of a tree, had picked at its eyes and fed on them, and now, as the blood trickled in red beads down its nose, they croaked and cried and screamed to drive it to the edge of a precipice and then over to its death in the gulf beneath, there to feast on its carcass.

sleepingnounUS /ˈsliːpɪŋ/

the state of being asleep

From this reading The merciless birds had fallen upon the innocent creature as it lay sleeping under the shadow of a tree, had picked at its eyes and fed on them, and now, as the blood trickled in red beads down its nose, they croaked and cried and screamed to drive it to the edge of a precipice and then over to its death in the gulf beneath, there to feast on its carcass.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading In manner he was neither so austere and taciturn as his father, nor so gentle and amiable as his mother.

strongadjectiveUS /strɔːŋ/

having strength or power greater than average or expected

From this reading He was by no means a scholar, and only the strong hand of his father had kept him as a boy in fear of the penalties incurred by the truant.

taciturnadjectiveUS /ˈtæsɪtɜːrn/

habitually reserved and uncommunicative

From this reading In manner he was neither so austere and taciturn as his father, nor so gentle and amiable as his mother.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading He was by no means a scholar, and only the strong hand of his father had kept him as a boy in fear of the penalties incurred by the truant.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading On one occasion, when rambling over the fells with a company of schoolfellows, a poor blind lamb ran bleating past them, a black cloud of ravens, crows, and owl-eagles flying about it.

thenadverbUS /ðen/

subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors)

From this reading The merciless birds had fallen upon the innocent creature as it lay sleeping under the shadow of a tree, had picked at its eyes and fed on them, and now, as the blood trickled in red beads down its nose, they croaked and cried and screamed to drive it to the edge of a precipice and then over to its death in the gulf beneath, there to feast on its carcass.

thereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading The merciless birds had fallen upon the innocent creature as it lay sleeping under the shadow of a tree, had picked at its eyes and fed on them, and now, as the blood trickled in red beads down its nose, they croaked and cried and screamed to drive it to the edge of a precipice and then over to its death in the gulf beneath, there to feast on its carcass.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading The merciless birds had fallen upon the innocent creature as it lay sleeping under the shadow of a tree, had picked at its eyes and fed on them, and now, as the blood trickled in red beads down its nose, they croaked and cried and screamed to drive it to the edge of a precipice and then over to its death in the gulf beneath, there to feast on its carcass.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading The merciless birds had fallen upon the innocent creature as it lay sleeping under the shadow of a tree, had picked at its eyes and fed on them, and now, as the blood trickled in red beads down its nose, they croaked and cried and screamed to drive it to the edge of a precipice and then over to its death in the gulf beneath, there to feast on its carcass.

treenounUS /triː/

a tall perennial woody plant having a main trunk and branches forming a distinct elevated crown; includes both gymnosperms and angiosperms

From this reading The merciless birds had fallen upon the innocent creature as it lay sleeping under the shadow of a tree, had picked at its eyes and fed on them, and now, as the blood trickled in red beads down its nose, they croaked and cried and screamed to drive it to the edge of a precipice and then over to its death in the gulf beneath, there to feast on its carcass.

trickledverbUS /ˈtrɪkəld/

past form of “trickle” — run or flow slowly, as in drops or in an unsteady stream

From this reading The merciless birds had fallen upon the innocent creature as it lay sleeping under the shadow of a tree, had picked at its eyes and fed on them, and now, as the blood trickled in red beads down its nose, they croaked and cried and screamed to drive it to the edge of a precipice and then over to its death in the gulf beneath, there to feast on its carcass.

truantnounUS /ˈtruːənt/

one who is absent from school without permission

From this reading He was by no means a scholar, and only the strong hand of his father had kept him as a boy in fear of the penalties incurred by the truant.

underprepositionUS /ˈʌndər/

below or beneath something; less than

From this reading The merciless birds had fallen upon the innocent creature as it lay sleeping under the shadow of a tree, had picked at its eyes and fed on them, and now, as the blood trickled in red beads down its nose, they croaked and cried and screamed to drive it to the edge of a precipice and then over to its death in the gulf beneath, there to feast on its carcass.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading The merciless birds had fallen upon the innocent creature as it lay sleeping under the shadow of a tree, had picked at its eyes and fed on them, and now, as the blood trickled in red beads down its nose, they croaked and cried and screamed to drive it to the edge of a precipice and then over to its death in the gulf beneath, there to feast on its carcass.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading In manner he was neither so austere and taciturn as his father, nor so gentle and amiable as his mother.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Courage and resolution were his distinguishing characteristics.

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading On one occasion, when rambling over the fells with a company of schoolfellows, a poor blind lamb ran bleating past them, a black cloud of ravens, crows, and owl-eagles flying about it.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading On one occasion, when rambling over the fells with a company of schoolfellows, a poor blind lamb ran bleating past them, a black cloud of ravens, crows, and owl-eagles flying about it.

Chapter 1 of The Shadow of a Crime: A Cumbrian Romance by Hall, Sir Caine holds 234 sentences, grouped into 47 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 1 of The Shadow of a Crime: A Cumbrian Romance contain?

Chapter 1 holds 234 sentences of The Shadow of a Crime: A Cumbrian Romance, unabridged, divided into 47 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 1 of The Shadow of a Crime: A Cumbrian Romance by Hall, Sir Caine exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 234 sentences, grouped into 47 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 1 of The Shadow of a Crime: A Cumbrian Romance?

Work through the 47 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 47 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 1 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 1 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The Shadow of a Crime: A Cumbrian Romance

Common questions about reading The Shadow of a Crime: A Cumbrian Romance by Hall, Sir Caine on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The Shadow of a Crime: A Cumbrian Romance?

Yes. All 8078 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #14262 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The Shadow of a Crime: A Cumbrian Romance is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #14262, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The Shadow of a Crime: A Cumbrian Romance take to read?

About 600 minutes of reading across 1616 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read The Shadow of a Crime: A Cumbrian Romance section by section

How to work through The Shadow of a Crime: A Cumbrian Romance section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 40 chapters of The Shadow of a Crime: A Cumbrian Romance to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in The Shadow of a Crime: A Cumbrian Romance

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Shadow of a Crime: A Cumbrian Romance, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Tar-ry
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Shadow of a Crime: A Cumbrian Romance; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Begin
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Shadow of a Crime: A Cumbrian Romance; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Ballad
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Shadow of a Crime: A Cumbrian Romance; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Wythburn
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Shadow of a Crime: A Cumbrian Romance; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.