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The Sketch-Book of Geoffrey Crayon
The Sketch-Book of Geoffrey Crayon

Chapter IX · Chapter 9

Chapter 9 of The Sketch-Book of Geoffrey Crayon is here in full — 118 sentences across 24 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/23 · 5 lines
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Let us not then, lament over the decay and oblivion into which ancient writers descend; they do but submit to the great law of Nature, which declares that all sublunary shapes of matter shall be limited in their duration, but which decrees, also, that their element shall never perish.
Generation after generation, both in animal and vegetable life, passes away, but the vital principle is transmitted to posterity, and the species continue to flourish.
Thus, also, do authors beget authors, and having produced a numerous progeny, in a good old age they sleep with their fathers, that is to say, with the authors who preceded them--and from whom they had stolen.
Whilst I was indulging in these rambling fancies I had leaned my head against a pile of reverend folios.
Whether it was owing to the soporific emanations for these works; or to the profound quiet of the room; or to the lassitude arising from much wandering; or to an unlucky habit of napping at improper times and places, with which I am grievously afflicted, so it was, that I fell into a doze.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Sketch-Book of Geoffrey Crayon

Chapter IX · Chapter 9

Chapter 9 of The Sketch-Book of Geoffrey Crayon is here in full — 118 sentences across 24 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/23 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Let us not then, lament over the decay and oblivion into which ancient writers descend; they do but submit to the great law of Nature, which declares that all sublunary shapes of matter shall be limited in their duration, but which decrees, also, that their element shall never perish.
Line 2
Generation after generation, both in animal and vegetable life, passes away, but the vital principle is transmitted to posterity, and the species continue to flourish.
/ˌdʒenərˈeɪʃən ˈæftər ˌdʒenərˈeɪʃən boʊθ ɪn ˈænəməl ənd ˈvedʒtəbəl laɪf ˈpæsəz əˈweɪ bʌt ðə ˈvaɪtəl ˈprɪnsəpəl ɪz trænˈsmɪtɪd tuː pɑːˈsterəti ənd ðə ˈspiːʃiz kənˈtɪnjuː tuː ˈflɜːrɪʃ/
Line 3
Thus, also, do authors beget authors, and having produced a numerous progeny, in a good old age they sleep with their fathers, that is to say, with the authors who preceded them--and from whom they had stolen.
Line 4
Whilst I was indulging in these rambling fancies I had leaned my head against a pile of reverend folios.
Line 5
Whether it was owing to the soporific emanations for these works; or to the profound quiet of the room; or to the lassitude arising from much wandering; or to an unlucky habit of napping at improper times and places, with which I am grievously afflicted, so it was, that I fell into a doze.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

beget verb US /bɪˈɡet/

make (offspring) by reproduction

From this reading “Thus, also, do authors beget authors, and having produced a numerous progeny, in a good old age they sleep with their fathers, that is to say, with the authors who preceded them--and from whom they had stolen.”

decrees noun US /dɪˈkriːz/

plural of “decree” — a legally binding command or decision entered on the court record (as if issued by a court or judge)

From this reading “Let us not then, lament over the decay and oblivion into which ancient writers descend; they do but submit to the great law of Nature, which declares that all sublunary shapes of matter shall be limited in their duration, but which decrees, also, that their element shall never perish.”

doze verb US /doʊz/

sleep lightly or for a short period of time

From this reading “Whether it was owing to the soporific emanations for these works; or to the profound quiet of the room; or to the lassitude arising from much wandering; or to an unlucky habit of napping at improper times and places, with which I am grievously afflicted, so it was, that I fell into a doze.”

emanations noun US /ˌeməˈneɪʃənz/

plural of “emanation” — something that is emitted or radiated (as a gas or an odor or a light, etc.)

From this reading “Whether it was owing to the soporific emanations for these works; or to the profound quiet of the room; or to the lassitude arising from much wandering; or to an unlucky habit of napping at improper times and places, with which I am grievously afflicted, so it was, that I fell into a doze.”

grievously adverb US /ˈɡriːvəsli/

in a grievous manner

From this reading “Whether it was owing to the soporific emanations for these works; or to the profound quiet of the room; or to the lassitude arising from much wandering; or to an unlucky habit of napping at improper times and places, with which I am grievously afflicted, so it was, that I fell into a doze.”

napping adjective US /ˈnæpɪŋ/

not prepared or vigilant

From this reading “Whether it was owing to the soporific emanations for these works; or to the profound quiet of the room; or to the lassitude arising from much wandering; or to an unlucky habit of napping at improper times and places, with which I am grievously afflicted, so it was, that I fell into a doze.”

progeny noun US /ˈprɑːdʒəni/

the immediate descendants of a person

From this reading “Thus, also, do authors beget authors, and having produced a numerous progeny, in a good old age they sleep with their fathers, that is to say, with the authors who preceded them--and from whom they had stolen.”

transmitted adjective US /trænˈsmɪtɪd/

occurring among members of a family usually by heredity

From this reading “Generation after generation, both in animal and vegetable life, passes away, but the vital principle is transmitted to posterity, and the species continue to flourish.”

All words in this reading · 122

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Thus, also, do authors beget authors, and having produced a numerous progeny, in a good old age they sleep with their fathers, that is to say, with the authors who preceded them--and from whom they had stolen.

afflictedadjectiveUS /əˈflɪktɪd/

grievously affected especially by disease

From this reading Whether it was owing to the soporific emanations for these works; or to the profound quiet of the room; or to the lassitude arising from much wandering; or to an unlucky habit of napping at improper times and places, with which I am grievously afflicted, so it was, that I fell into a doze.

afterprepositionUS /ˈæftər/

later than; following

From this reading Generation after generation, both in animal and vegetable life, passes away, but the vital principle is transmitted to posterity, and the species continue to flourish.

againstprepositionUS /əˈɡenst/

touching and pressing; in opposition to

From this reading Whilst I was indulging in these rambling fancies I had leaned my head against a pile of reverend folios.

agenounUS /eɪdʒ/

how long something has existed

From this reading Thus, also, do authors beget authors, and having produced a numerous progeny, in a good old age they sleep with their fathers, that is to say, with the authors who preceded them--and from whom they had stolen.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading Let us not then, lament over the decay and oblivion into which ancient writers descend; they do but submit to the great law of Nature, which declares that all sublunary shapes of matter shall be limited in their duration, but which decrees, also, that their element shall never perish.

alsoadverbUS /ˈɔːlsoʊ/

in addition

From this reading Let us not then, lament over the decay and oblivion into which ancient writers descend; they do but submit to the great law of Nature, which declares that all sublunary shapes of matter shall be limited in their duration, but which decrees, also, that their element shall never perish.

amauxiliary verbUS /æm/

the form of “be” used with “I”

From this reading Whether it was owing to the soporific emanations for these works; or to the profound quiet of the room; or to the lassitude arising from much wandering; or to an unlucky habit of napping at improper times and places, with which I am grievously afflicted, so it was, that I fell into a doze.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading Whether it was owing to the soporific emanations for these works; or to the profound quiet of the room; or to the lassitude arising from much wandering; or to an unlucky habit of napping at improper times and places, with which I am grievously afflicted, so it was, that I fell into a doze.

ancientadjectiveUS /ˈeɪn.ʃənt/

Belonging to the very distant past and no longer in existence or deeply revered.

From this reading Let us not then, lament over the decay and oblivion into which ancient writers descend; they do but submit to the great law of Nature, which declares that all sublunary shapes of matter shall be limited in their duration, but which decrees, also, that their element shall never perish.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Let us not then, lament over the decay and oblivion into which ancient writers descend; they do but submit to the great law of Nature, which declares that all sublunary shapes of matter shall be limited in their duration, but which decrees, also, that their element shall never perish.

animalnounUS /ˈænəməl/

a living organism characterized by voluntary movement

From this reading Generation after generation, both in animal and vegetable life, passes away, but the vital principle is transmitted to posterity, and the species continue to flourish.

arisingverbUS /ərˈaɪzɪŋ/

-ing form of “arise” — come into existence; take on form or shape

From this reading Whether it was owing to the soporific emanations for these works; or to the profound quiet of the room; or to the lassitude arising from much wandering; or to an unlucky habit of napping at improper times and places, with which I am grievously afflicted, so it was, that I fell into a doze.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading Whether it was owing to the soporific emanations for these works; or to the profound quiet of the room; or to the lassitude arising from much wandering; or to an unlucky habit of napping at improper times and places, with which I am grievously afflicted, so it was, that I fell into a doze.

authorsnounUS /ˈɔːθərz/

plural of “author” — writes (books or stories or articles or the like) professionally (for pay)

From this reading Thus, also, do authors beget authors, and having produced a numerous progeny, in a good old age they sleep with their fathers, that is to say, with the authors who preceded them--and from whom they had stolen.

awayadverbUS /əˈweɪ/

from a particular thing or place or position (“forth” is obsolete)

From this reading Generation after generation, both in animal and vegetable life, passes away, but the vital principle is transmitted to posterity, and the species continue to flourish.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading Let us not then, lament over the decay and oblivion into which ancient writers descend; they do but submit to the great law of Nature, which declares that all sublunary shapes of matter shall be limited in their duration, but which decrees, also, that their element shall never perish.

begetverbUS /bɪˈɡet/

make (offspring) by reproduction

From this reading Thus, also, do authors beget authors, and having produced a numerous progeny, in a good old age they sleep with their fathers, that is to say, with the authors who preceded them--and from whom they had stolen.

bothdeterminerUS /boʊθ/

the two together, not just one

From this reading Generation after generation, both in animal and vegetable life, passes away, but the vital principle is transmitted to posterity, and the species continue to flourish.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading Let us not then, lament over the decay and oblivion into which ancient writers descend; they do but submit to the great law of Nature, which declares that all sublunary shapes of matter shall be limited in their duration, but which decrees, also, that their element shall never perish.

continueverbUS /kənˈtɪnjuː/

continue a certain state, condition, or activity

From this reading Generation after generation, both in animal and vegetable life, passes away, but the vital principle is transmitted to posterity, and the species continue to flourish.

decaynounUS /dɪˈkeɪ/

the process of gradually becoming inferior

From this reading Let us not then, lament over the decay and oblivion into which ancient writers descend; they do but submit to the great law of Nature, which declares that all sublunary shapes of matter shall be limited in their duration, but which decrees, also, that their element shall never perish.

declaresverbUS /dɪˈklerz/

third-person singular of “declare” — state emphatically and authoritatively

From this reading Let us not then, lament over the decay and oblivion into which ancient writers descend; they do but submit to the great law of Nature, which declares that all sublunary shapes of matter shall be limited in their duration, but which decrees, also, that their element shall never perish.

decreesnounUS /dɪˈkriːz/

plural of “decree” — a legally binding command or decision entered on the court record (as if issued by a court or judge)

From this reading Let us not then, lament over the decay and oblivion into which ancient writers descend; they do but submit to the great law of Nature, which declares that all sublunary shapes of matter shall be limited in their duration, but which decrees, also, that their element shall never perish.

descendverbUS /dɪˈsend/

move downward and lower, but not necessarily all the way

From this reading Let us not then, lament over the decay and oblivion into which ancient writers descend; they do but submit to the great law of Nature, which declares that all sublunary shapes of matter shall be limited in their duration, but which decrees, also, that their element shall never perish.

doauxiliary verbUS /duː/

used to form questions and negatives, and to give emphasis

From this reading Let us not then, lament over the decay and oblivion into which ancient writers descend; they do but submit to the great law of Nature, which declares that all sublunary shapes of matter shall be limited in their duration, but which decrees, also, that their element shall never perish.

dozeverbUS /doʊz/

sleep lightly or for a short period of time

From this reading Whether it was owing to the soporific emanations for these works; or to the profound quiet of the room; or to the lassitude arising from much wandering; or to an unlucky habit of napping at improper times and places, with which I am grievously afflicted, so it was, that I fell into a doze.

durationnounUS /ˈdʊˈreɪʃən/

the period of time during which something continues

From this reading Let us not then, lament over the decay and oblivion into which ancient writers descend; they do but submit to the great law of Nature, which declares that all sublunary shapes of matter shall be limited in their duration, but which decrees, also, that their element shall never perish.

elementnounUS /ˈeləmənt/

an abstract part of something

From this reading Let us not then, lament over the decay and oblivion into which ancient writers descend; they do but submit to the great law of Nature, which declares that all sublunary shapes of matter shall be limited in their duration, but which decrees, also, that their element shall never perish.

emanationsnounUS /ˌeməˈneɪʃənz/

plural of “emanation” — something that is emitted or radiated (as a gas or an odor or a light, etc.)

From this reading Whether it was owing to the soporific emanations for these works; or to the profound quiet of the room; or to the lassitude arising from much wandering; or to an unlucky habit of napping at improper times and places, with which I am grievously afflicted, so it was, that I fell into a doze.

fanciesnounUS /ˈfænsiz/

plural of “fancy” — something many people believe that is false

From this reading Whilst I was indulging in these rambling fancies I had leaned my head against a pile of reverend folios.

fathersnounUS /ˈfɑːðərz/

plural of “father” — a male parent (also used as a term of address to your father)

From this reading Thus, also, do authors beget authors, and having produced a numerous progeny, in a good old age they sleep with their fathers, that is to say, with the authors who preceded them--and from whom they had stolen.

fellverbUS /fel/

cause to fall by or as if by delivering a blow

From this reading Whether it was owing to the soporific emanations for these works; or to the profound quiet of the room; or to the lassitude arising from much wandering; or to an unlucky habit of napping at improper times and places, with which I am grievously afflicted, so it was, that I fell into a doze.

flourishverbUS /ˈflɜːrɪʃ/

grow vigorously

From this reading Generation after generation, both in animal and vegetable life, passes away, but the vital principle is transmitted to posterity, and the species continue to flourish.

folios

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Whilst I was indulging in these rambling fancies I had leaned my head against a pile of reverend folios.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading Whether it was owing to the soporific emanations for these works; or to the profound quiet of the room; or to the lassitude arising from much wandering; or to an unlucky habit of napping at improper times and places, with which I am grievously afflicted, so it was, that I fell into a doze.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading Thus, also, do authors beget authors, and having produced a numerous progeny, in a good old age they sleep with their fathers, that is to say, with the authors who preceded them--and from whom they had stolen.

GenerationnounUS /ˌdʒenərˈeɪʃən/

all the people living at the same time or of approximately the same age

From this reading Generation after generation, both in animal and vegetable life, passes away, but the vital principle is transmitted to posterity, and the species continue to flourish.

goodadjectiveUS /ɡʊd/

having desirable or positive qualities especially those suitable for a thing specified

From this reading Thus, also, do authors beget authors, and having produced a numerous progeny, in a good old age they sleep with their fathers, that is to say, with the authors who preceded them--and from whom they had stolen.

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading Let us not then, lament over the decay and oblivion into which ancient writers descend; they do but submit to the great law of Nature, which declares that all sublunary shapes of matter shall be limited in their duration, but which decrees, also, that their element shall never perish.

grievouslyadverbUS /ˈɡriːvəsli/

in a grievous manner

From this reading Whether it was owing to the soporific emanations for these works; or to the profound quiet of the room; or to the lassitude arising from much wandering; or to an unlucky habit of napping at improper times and places, with which I am grievously afflicted, so it was, that I fell into a doze.

habitnounUS /ˈhæbət/

an established custom

From this reading Whether it was owing to the soporific emanations for these works; or to the profound quiet of the room; or to the lassitude arising from much wandering; or to an unlucky habit of napping at improper times and places, with which I am grievously afflicted, so it was, that I fell into a doze.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading Thus, also, do authors beget authors, and having produced a numerous progeny, in a good old age they sleep with their fathers, that is to say, with the authors who preceded them--and from whom they had stolen.

havingauxiliary verbUS /ˈhævɪŋ/

the -ing form of “have”

From this reading Thus, also, do authors beget authors, and having produced a numerous progeny, in a good old age they sleep with their fathers, that is to say, with the authors who preceded them--and from whom they had stolen.

headnounUS /hed/

the upper part of the human body or the front part of the body in animals; contains the face and brains

From this reading Whilst I was indulging in these rambling fancies I had leaned my head against a pile of reverend folios.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading Whilst I was indulging in these rambling fancies I had leaned my head against a pile of reverend folios.

improperadjectiveUS /ˌɪmˈprɑːpər/

not suitable or right or appropriate

From this reading Whether it was owing to the soporific emanations for these works; or to the profound quiet of the room; or to the lassitude arising from much wandering; or to an unlucky habit of napping at improper times and places, with which I am grievously afflicted, so it was, that I fell into a doze.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Let us not then, lament over the decay and oblivion into which ancient writers descend; they do but submit to the great law of Nature, which declares that all sublunary shapes of matter shall be limited in their duration, but which decrees, also, that their element shall never perish.

indulgingnounUS /ˌɪnˈdʌldʒɪŋ/

the act of indulging or gratifying a desire

From this reading Whilst I was indulging in these rambling fancies I had leaned my head against a pile of reverend folios.

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading Let us not then, lament over the decay and oblivion into which ancient writers descend; they do but submit to the great law of Nature, which declares that all sublunary shapes of matter shall be limited in their duration, but which decrees, also, that their element shall never perish.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Generation after generation, both in animal and vegetable life, passes away, but the vital principle is transmitted to posterity, and the species continue to flourish.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading Whether it was owing to the soporific emanations for these works; or to the profound quiet of the room; or to the lassitude arising from much wandering; or to an unlucky habit of napping at improper times and places, with which I am grievously afflicted, so it was, that I fell into a doze.

lamentverbUS /ləˈment/

express grief verbally

From this reading Let us not then, lament over the decay and oblivion into which ancient writers descend; they do but submit to the great law of Nature, which declares that all sublunary shapes of matter shall be limited in their duration, but which decrees, also, that their element shall never perish.

lassitudenoun

a state of comatose torpor (as found in sleeping sickness)

From this reading Whether it was owing to the soporific emanations for these works; or to the profound quiet of the room; or to the lassitude arising from much wandering; or to an unlucky habit of napping at improper times and places, with which I am grievously afflicted, so it was, that I fell into a doze.

lawnounUS /lɔː/

the collection of rules imposed by authority

From this reading Let us not then, lament over the decay and oblivion into which ancient writers descend; they do but submit to the great law of Nature, which declares that all sublunary shapes of matter shall be limited in their duration, but which decrees, also, that their element shall never perish.

leanedverbUS /liːnd/

past form of “lean” — to incline or bend from a vertical position

From this reading Whilst I was indulging in these rambling fancies I had leaned my head against a pile of reverend folios.

Letauxiliary verbUS /let/

used to make a suggestion or a command including the speaker

From this reading Let us not then, lament over the decay and oblivion into which ancient writers descend; they do but submit to the great law of Nature, which declares that all sublunary shapes of matter shall be limited in their duration, but which decrees, also, that their element shall never perish.

lifenounUS /laɪf/

a characteristic state or mode of living

From this reading Generation after generation, both in animal and vegetable life, passes away, but the vital principle is transmitted to posterity, and the species continue to flourish.

limitedadjectiveUS /ˈlɪmətəd/

small in range or scope

From this reading Let us not then, lament over the decay and oblivion into which ancient writers descend; they do but submit to the great law of Nature, which declares that all sublunary shapes of matter shall be limited in their duration, but which decrees, also, that their element shall never perish.

matternounUS /ˈmætər/

a vaguely specified concern

From this reading Let us not then, lament over the decay and oblivion into which ancient writers descend; they do but submit to the great law of Nature, which declares that all sublunary shapes of matter shall be limited in their duration, but which decrees, also, that their element shall never perish.

muchadverbUS /mʌtʃ/

to a great degree or extent

From this reading Whether it was owing to the soporific emanations for these works; or to the profound quiet of the room; or to the lassitude arising from much wandering; or to an unlucky habit of napping at improper times and places, with which I am grievously afflicted, so it was, that I fell into a doze.

mydeterminerUS /maɪ/

belonging to the person speaking

From this reading Whilst I was indulging in these rambling fancies I had leaned my head against a pile of reverend folios.

nappingadjectiveUS /ˈnæpɪŋ/

not prepared or vigilant

From this reading Whether it was owing to the soporific emanations for these works; or to the profound quiet of the room; or to the lassitude arising from much wandering; or to an unlucky habit of napping at improper times and places, with which I am grievously afflicted, so it was, that I fell into a doze.

NaturenounUS /ˈneɪtʃər/

the essential qualities or characteristics by which something is recognized

From this reading Let us not then, lament over the decay and oblivion into which ancient writers descend; they do but submit to the great law of Nature, which declares that all sublunary shapes of matter shall be limited in their duration, but which decrees, also, that their element shall never perish.

neveradverbUS /ˈnevər/

not ever; at no time in the past or future

From this reading Let us not then, lament over the decay and oblivion into which ancient writers descend; they do but submit to the great law of Nature, which declares that all sublunary shapes of matter shall be limited in their duration, but which decrees, also, that their element shall never perish.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading Let us not then, lament over the decay and oblivion into which ancient writers descend; they do but submit to the great law of Nature, which declares that all sublunary shapes of matter shall be limited in their duration, but which decrees, also, that their element shall never perish.

numerousadjectiveUS /ˈnuːmərəs/

amounting to a large indefinite number

From this reading Thus, also, do authors beget authors, and having produced a numerous progeny, in a good old age they sleep with their fathers, that is to say, with the authors who preceded them--and from whom they had stolen.

oblivionnounUS /əˈblɪviən/

the state of being disregarded or forgotten

From this reading Let us not then, lament over the decay and oblivion into which ancient writers descend; they do but submit to the great law of Nature, which declares that all sublunary shapes of matter shall be limited in their duration, but which decrees, also, that their element shall never perish.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Let us not then, lament over the decay and oblivion into which ancient writers descend; they do but submit to the great law of Nature, which declares that all sublunary shapes of matter shall be limited in their duration, but which decrees, also, that their element shall never perish.

oldadjectiveUS /oʊld/

(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading Thus, also, do authors beget authors, and having produced a numerous progeny, in a good old age they sleep with their fathers, that is to say, with the authors who preceded them--and from whom they had stolen.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading Whether it was owing to the soporific emanations for these works; or to the profound quiet of the room; or to the lassitude arising from much wandering; or to an unlucky habit of napping at improper times and places, with which I am grievously afflicted, so it was, that I fell into a doze.

overprepositionUS /ˈoʊvər/

above and across; more than

From this reading Let us not then, lament over the decay and oblivion into which ancient writers descend; they do but submit to the great law of Nature, which declares that all sublunary shapes of matter shall be limited in their duration, but which decrees, also, that their element shall never perish.

owingadjectiveUS /ˈoʊɪŋ/

owed as a debt

From this reading Whether it was owing to the soporific emanations for these works; or to the profound quiet of the room; or to the lassitude arising from much wandering; or to an unlucky habit of napping at improper times and places, with which I am grievously afflicted, so it was, that I fell into a doze.

passesnounUS /ˈpæsəz/

plural of “pass” — (baseball) an advance to first base by a batter who receives four balls

From this reading Generation after generation, both in animal and vegetable life, passes away, but the vital principle is transmitted to posterity, and the species continue to flourish.

perishverbUS /ˈperɪʃ/

pass from physical life and lose all bodily attributes and functions necessary to sustain life

From this reading Let us not then, lament over the decay and oblivion into which ancient writers descend; they do but submit to the great law of Nature, which declares that all sublunary shapes of matter shall be limited in their duration, but which decrees, also, that their element shall never perish.

pilenounUS /paɪl/

a collection of objects laid on top of each other

From this reading Whilst I was indulging in these rambling fancies I had leaned my head against a pile of reverend folios.

placesnounUS /ˈpleɪsəz/

plural of “place” — a point located with respect to surface features of some region

From this reading Whether it was owing to the soporific emanations for these works; or to the profound quiet of the room; or to the lassitude arising from much wandering; or to an unlucky habit of napping at improper times and places, with which I am grievously afflicted, so it was, that I fell into a doze.

posteritynounUS /pɑːˈsterəti/

all of the offspring of a given progenitor

From this reading Generation after generation, both in animal and vegetable life, passes away, but the vital principle is transmitted to posterity, and the species continue to flourish.

precededverbUS /prɪˈsiːdɪd/

past form of “precede” — be earlier in time; go back further

From this reading Thus, also, do authors beget authors, and having produced a numerous progeny, in a good old age they sleep with their fathers, that is to say, with the authors who preceded them--and from whom they had stolen.

principlenounUS /ˈprɪnsəpəl/

a basic generalization that is accepted as true and that can be used as a basis for reasoning or conduct

From this reading Generation after generation, both in animal and vegetable life, passes away, but the vital principle is transmitted to posterity, and the species continue to flourish.

producedverbUS /prəˈduːst/

past form of “produce” — bring forth or yield

From this reading Thus, also, do authors beget authors, and having produced a numerous progeny, in a good old age they sleep with their fathers, that is to say, with the authors who preceded them--and from whom they had stolen.

profoundadjectiveUS /proʊˈfaʊnd/

showing intellectual penetration or emotional depth

From this reading Whether it was owing to the soporific emanations for these works; or to the profound quiet of the room; or to the lassitude arising from much wandering; or to an unlucky habit of napping at improper times and places, with which I am grievously afflicted, so it was, that I fell into a doze.

progenynounUS /ˈprɑːdʒəni/

the immediate descendants of a person

From this reading Thus, also, do authors beget authors, and having produced a numerous progeny, in a good old age they sleep with their fathers, that is to say, with the authors who preceded them--and from whom they had stolen.

quietadjectiveUS /ˈkwaɪət/

characterized by an absence or near absence of agitation or activity

From this reading Whether it was owing to the soporific emanations for these works; or to the profound quiet of the room; or to the lassitude arising from much wandering; or to an unlucky habit of napping at improper times and places, with which I am grievously afflicted, so it was, that I fell into a doze.

ramblingadjectiveUS /ˈræmblɪŋ/

spreading out in different directions or distributed irregularly

From this reading Whilst I was indulging in these rambling fancies I had leaned my head against a pile of reverend folios.

reverendnounUS /ˈrevərənd/

a member of the clergy and a spiritual leader of the Christian Church

From this reading Whilst I was indulging in these rambling fancies I had leaned my head against a pile of reverend folios.

roomnounUS /ruːm/

an area within a building enclosed by walls and floor and ceiling

From this reading Whether it was owing to the soporific emanations for these works; or to the profound quiet of the room; or to the lassitude arising from much wandering; or to an unlucky habit of napping at improper times and places, with which I am grievously afflicted, so it was, that I fell into a doze.

sayverbUS /seɪ/

express in words

From this reading Thus, also, do authors beget authors, and having produced a numerous progeny, in a good old age they sleep with their fathers, that is to say, with the authors who preceded them--and from whom they had stolen.

shallmodal verbUS /ʃæl/

used with I and we for the future, or to offer and suggest

From this reading Let us not then, lament over the decay and oblivion into which ancient writers descend; they do but submit to the great law of Nature, which declares that all sublunary shapes of matter shall be limited in their duration, but which decrees, also, that their element shall never perish.

shapesnounUS /ʃeɪps/

plural of “shape” — any spatial attributes (especially as defined by outline)

From this reading Let us not then, lament over the decay and oblivion into which ancient writers descend; they do but submit to the great law of Nature, which declares that all sublunary shapes of matter shall be limited in their duration, but which decrees, also, that their element shall never perish.

sleepnounUS /sliːp/

a natural and periodic state of rest during which consciousness of the world is suspended

From this reading Thus, also, do authors beget authors, and having produced a numerous progeny, in a good old age they sleep with their fathers, that is to say, with the authors who preceded them--and from whom they had stolen.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading Whether it was owing to the soporific emanations for these works; or to the profound quiet of the room; or to the lassitude arising from much wandering; or to an unlucky habit of napping at improper times and places, with which I am grievously afflicted, so it was, that I fell into a doze.

soporificadjective

sleep inducing

From this reading Whether it was owing to the soporific emanations for these works; or to the profound quiet of the room; or to the lassitude arising from much wandering; or to an unlucky habit of napping at improper times and places, with which I am grievously afflicted, so it was, that I fell into a doze.

speciesnounUS /ˈspiːʃiz/

(biology) taxonomic group whose members can interbreed

From this reading Generation after generation, both in animal and vegetable life, passes away, but the vital principle is transmitted to posterity, and the species continue to flourish.

stolenverbUS /ˈstoʊlən/

inflected form of “steal” — take without the owner's consent

From this reading Thus, also, do authors beget authors, and having produced a numerous progeny, in a good old age they sleep with their fathers, that is to say, with the authors who preceded them--and from whom they had stolen.

sublunaryadjective

situated between the earth and the moon

From this reading Let us not then, lament over the decay and oblivion into which ancient writers descend; they do but submit to the great law of Nature, which declares that all sublunary shapes of matter shall be limited in their duration, but which decrees, also, that their element shall never perish.

submitverbUS /səbˈmɪt/

refer for judgment or consideration

From this reading Let us not then, lament over the decay and oblivion into which ancient writers descend; they do but submit to the great law of Nature, which declares that all sublunary shapes of matter shall be limited in their duration, but which decrees, also, that their element shall never perish.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading Let us not then, lament over the decay and oblivion into which ancient writers descend; they do but submit to the great law of Nature, which declares that all sublunary shapes of matter shall be limited in their duration, but which decrees, also, that their element shall never perish.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Let us not then, lament over the decay and oblivion into which ancient writers descend; they do but submit to the great law of Nature, which declares that all sublunary shapes of matter shall be limited in their duration, but which decrees, also, that their element shall never perish.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading Let us not then, lament over the decay and oblivion into which ancient writers descend; they do but submit to the great law of Nature, which declares that all sublunary shapes of matter shall be limited in their duration, but which decrees, also, that their element shall never perish.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading Thus, also, do authors beget authors, and having produced a numerous progeny, in a good old age they sleep with their fathers, that is to say, with the authors who preceded them--and from whom they had stolen.

thenadverbUS /ðen/

subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors)

From this reading Let us not then, lament over the decay and oblivion into which ancient writers descend; they do but submit to the great law of Nature, which declares that all sublunary shapes of matter shall be limited in their duration, but which decrees, also, that their element shall never perish.

thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading Whilst I was indulging in these rambling fancies I had leaned my head against a pile of reverend folios.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Let us not then, lament over the decay and oblivion into which ancient writers descend; they do but submit to the great law of Nature, which declares that all sublunary shapes of matter shall be limited in their duration, but which decrees, also, that their element shall never perish.

ThusadverbUS /ðʌs/

(used to introduce a logical conclusion) from that fact or reason or as a result

From this reading Thus, also, do authors beget authors, and having produced a numerous progeny, in a good old age they sleep with their fathers, that is to say, with the authors who preceded them--and from whom they had stolen.

timesnounUS /taɪmz/

a more or less definite period of time now or previously present

From this reading Whether it was owing to the soporific emanations for these works; or to the profound quiet of the room; or to the lassitude arising from much wandering; or to an unlucky habit of napping at improper times and places, with which I am grievously afflicted, so it was, that I fell into a doze.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Let us not then, lament over the decay and oblivion into which ancient writers descend; they do but submit to the great law of Nature, which declares that all sublunary shapes of matter shall be limited in their duration, but which decrees, also, that their element shall never perish.

transmittedadjectiveUS /trænˈsmɪtɪd/

occurring among members of a family usually by heredity

From this reading Generation after generation, both in animal and vegetable life, passes away, but the vital principle is transmitted to posterity, and the species continue to flourish.

unluckyadjectiveUS /ənˈlʌki/

having or bringing misfortune

From this reading Whether it was owing to the soporific emanations for these works; or to the profound quiet of the room; or to the lassitude arising from much wandering; or to an unlucky habit of napping at improper times and places, with which I am grievously afflicted, so it was, that I fell into a doze.

uspronounUS /ʌs/

the speaker and others, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading Let us not then, lament over the decay and oblivion into which ancient writers descend; they do but submit to the great law of Nature, which declares that all sublunary shapes of matter shall be limited in their duration, but which decrees, also, that their element shall never perish.

vegetablenounUS /ˈvedʒtəbəl/

edible seeds or roots or stems or leaves or bulbs or tubers or nonsweet fruits of any of numerous herbaceous plant

From this reading Generation after generation, both in animal and vegetable life, passes away, but the vital principle is transmitted to posterity, and the species continue to flourish.

vitaladjectiveUS /ˈvaɪtəl/

urgently needed; absolutely necessary

From this reading Generation after generation, both in animal and vegetable life, passes away, but the vital principle is transmitted to posterity, and the species continue to flourish.

wanderingadjectiveUS /ˈwɑːndərɪŋ/

migratory

From this reading Whether it was owing to the soporific emanations for these works; or to the profound quiet of the room; or to the lassitude arising from much wandering; or to an unlucky habit of napping at improper times and places, with which I am grievously afflicted, so it was, that I fell into a doze.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Whilst I was indulging in these rambling fancies I had leaned my head against a pile of reverend folios.

WhetherconjunctionUS /ˈweðər/

used to introduce two or more possibilities

From this reading Whether it was owing to the soporific emanations for these works; or to the profound quiet of the room; or to the lassitude arising from much wandering; or to an unlucky habit of napping at improper times and places, with which I am grievously afflicted, so it was, that I fell into a doze.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading Let us not then, lament over the decay and oblivion into which ancient writers descend; they do but submit to the great law of Nature, which declares that all sublunary shapes of matter shall be limited in their duration, but which decrees, also, that their element shall never perish.

WhilstconjunctionUS /waɪlst/

an old and formal word for “while”

From this reading Whilst I was indulging in these rambling fancies I had leaned my head against a pile of reverend folios.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading Thus, also, do authors beget authors, and having produced a numerous progeny, in a good old age they sleep with their fathers, that is to say, with the authors who preceded them--and from whom they had stolen.

whompronounUS /huːm/

the form of “who” used as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading Thus, also, do authors beget authors, and having produced a numerous progeny, in a good old age they sleep with their fathers, that is to say, with the authors who preceded them--and from whom they had stolen.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading Thus, also, do authors beget authors, and having produced a numerous progeny, in a good old age they sleep with their fathers, that is to say, with the authors who preceded them--and from whom they had stolen.

worksnounUS /wɜːrks/

buildings for carrying on industrial labor

From this reading Whether it was owing to the soporific emanations for these works; or to the profound quiet of the room; or to the lassitude arising from much wandering; or to an unlucky habit of napping at improper times and places, with which I am grievously afflicted, so it was, that I fell into a doze.

writersnounUS /ˈraɪtərz/

plural of “writer” — writes (books or stories or articles or the like) professionally (for pay)

From this reading Let us not then, lament over the decay and oblivion into which ancient writers descend; they do but submit to the great law of Nature, which declares that all sublunary shapes of matter shall be limited in their duration, but which decrees, also, that their element shall never perish.

Chapter 9 of The Sketch-Book of Geoffrey Crayon by Washington Irving holds 118 sentences, grouped into 24 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 9 of The Sketch-Book of Geoffrey Crayon contain?

Chapter 9 holds 118 sentences of The Sketch-Book of Geoffrey Crayon, unabridged, divided into 24 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 9 of The Sketch-Book of Geoffrey Crayon by Washington Irving exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 118 sentences, grouped into 24 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 9 of The Sketch-Book of Geoffrey Crayon?

Work through the 24 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 24 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 9 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 9 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The Sketch-Book of Geoffrey Crayon

Common questions about reading The Sketch-Book of Geoffrey Crayon by Washington Irving on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The Sketch-Book of Geoffrey Crayon?

Yes. All 4215 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #2048 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The Sketch-Book of Geoffrey Crayon is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #2048, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The Sketch-Book of Geoffrey Crayon take to read?

About 351 minutes of reading across 843 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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How to work through The Sketch-Book of Geoffrey Crayon section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

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  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in The Sketch-Book of Geoffrey Crayon

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Sketch-Book of Geoffrey Crayon, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Sketch
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Sketch-Book of Geoffrey Crayon; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Geoffrey
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Sketch-Book of Geoffrey Crayon; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Crayon
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Sketch-Book of Geoffrey Crayon; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Preface
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Sketch-Book of Geoffrey Crayon; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.