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The story of Burnt Njal
The story of Burnt Njal

Chapter XXXI · Chapter 31

Chapter 31 of The story of Burnt Njal is here in full — 67 sentences across 14 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for The story of Burnt Njal
Context Illustration Reading 1/13 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
GUNNAR GOES A-SEA-ROVING.
So Gunnar held on out of the river, and he and Kolskegg were both on board one ship.
But Hallvard was on board another.
Now, they see the ships before them, and then Gunnar spoke, and said-- "Let us be ready for anything if they turn towards us! but else let us have nothing to do with them."
So they did that, and made all ready on board their ships.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The story of Burnt Njal

Chapter XXXI · Chapter 31

Chapter 31 of The story of Burnt Njal is here in full — 67 sentences across 14 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/13 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
GUNNAR GOES A-SEA-ROVING.
Line 2
So Gunnar held on out of the river, and he and Kolskegg were both on board one ship.
Line 3
But Hallvard was on board another.
Line 4
Now, they see the ships before them, and then Gunnar spoke, and said-- "Let us be ready for anything if they turn towards us! but else let us have nothing to do with them."
Line 5
So they did that, and made all ready on board their ships.
/soʊ ðeɪ dɪd ðæt ənd meɪd ɔːl ˈredi ɑːn bɔːrd ðer ʃɪps/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

board noun US /bɔːrd/

a committee having supervisory powers

From this reading “So Gunnar held on out of the river, and he and Kolskegg were both on board one ship.”

goes noun US /ɡoʊz/

plural of “go” — a time period for working (after which you will be relieved by someone else)

From this reading “GUNNAR GOES A-SEA-ROVING.”

ready adjective US /ˈredi/

completely prepared or in condition for immediate action or use or progress

From this reading “Now, they see the ships before them, and then Gunnar spoke, and said-- "Let us be ready for anything if they turn towards us! but else let us have nothing to do with them."”

river noun US /ˈrɪvər/

a large natural stream of water (larger than a creek)

From this reading “So Gunnar held on out of the river, and he and Kolskegg were both on board one ship.”

ship verb US /ʃɪp/

transport commercially

From this reading “So Gunnar held on out of the river, and he and Kolskegg were both on board one ship.”

ships noun US /ʃɪps/

plural of “ship” — a vessel that carries passengers or freight

From this reading “Now, they see the ships before them, and then Gunnar spoke, and said-- "Let us be ready for anything if they turn towards us! but else let us have nothing to do with them."”

towards preposition US /təˈwɔːrdz/

in the direction of

From this reading “Now, they see the ships before them, and then Gunnar spoke, and said-- "Let us be ready for anything if they turn towards us! but else let us have nothing to do with them."”

turn verb US /tɜːrn/

change orientation or direction, also in the abstract sense

From this reading “Now, they see the ships before them, and then Gunnar spoke, and said-- "Let us be ready for anything if they turn towards us! but else let us have nothing to do with them."”

All words in this reading · 51

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

A-SEA-ROVING

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading GUNNAR GOES A-SEA-ROVING.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading So they did that, and made all ready on board their ships.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading So Gunnar held on out of the river, and he and Kolskegg were both on board one ship.

anotherdeterminerUS /əˈnʌðər/

one more of the same kind, or a different one

From this reading But Hallvard was on board another.

anythingpronounUS /ˈeniθɪŋ/

any thing at all

From this reading Now, they see the ships before them, and then Gunnar spoke, and said-- "Let us be ready for anything if they turn towards us! but else let us have nothing to do with them."

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading Now, they see the ships before them, and then Gunnar spoke, and said-- "Let us be ready for anything if they turn towards us! but else let us have nothing to do with them."

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading Now, they see the ships before them, and then Gunnar spoke, and said-- "Let us be ready for anything if they turn towards us! but else let us have nothing to do with them."

boardnounUS /bɔːrd/

a committee having supervisory powers

From this reading So Gunnar held on out of the river, and he and Kolskegg were both on board one ship.

bothdeterminerUS /boʊθ/

the two together, not just one

From this reading So Gunnar held on out of the river, and he and Kolskegg were both on board one ship.

ButconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading But Hallvard was on board another.

didauxiliary verbUS /dɪd/

the past form of “do”, used in questions and negatives

From this reading So they did that, and made all ready on board their ships.

doauxiliary verbUS /duː/

used to form questions and negatives, and to give emphasis

From this reading Now, they see the ships before them, and then Gunnar spoke, and said-- "Let us be ready for anything if they turn towards us! but else let us have nothing to do with them."

else

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Now, they see the ships before them, and then Gunnar spoke, and said-- "Let us be ready for anything if they turn towards us! but else let us have nothing to do with them."

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading Now, they see the ships before them, and then Gunnar spoke, and said-- "Let us be ready for anything if they turn towards us! but else let us have nothing to do with them."

GOESnounUS /ɡoʊz/

plural of “go” — a time period for working (after which you will be relieved by someone else)

From this reading GUNNAR GOES A-SEA-ROVING.

GUNNAR

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading GUNNAR GOES A-SEA-ROVING.

Hallvard

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading But Hallvard was on board another.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading Now, they see the ships before them, and then Gunnar spoke, and said-- "Let us be ready for anything if they turn towards us! but else let us have nothing to do with them."

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading So Gunnar held on out of the river, and he and Kolskegg were both on board one ship.

heldadjectiveUS /held/

occupied or in the control of; often used in combination

From this reading So Gunnar held on out of the river, and he and Kolskegg were both on board one ship.

ifconjunctionUS /ɪf/

on condition that; in the event that

From this reading Now, they see the ships before them, and then Gunnar spoke, and said-- "Let us be ready for anything if they turn towards us! but else let us have nothing to do with them."

Kolskegg

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading So Gunnar held on out of the river, and he and Kolskegg were both on board one ship.

Letauxiliary verbUS /let/

used to make a suggestion or a command including the speaker

From this reading Now, they see the ships before them, and then Gunnar spoke, and said-- "Let us be ready for anything if they turn towards us! but else let us have nothing to do with them."

madeadjectiveUS /meɪd/

produced by a manufacturing process

From this reading So they did that, and made all ready on board their ships.

nothingpronounUS /ˈnʌθɪŋ/

not one thing; not anything

From this reading Now, they see the ships before them, and then Gunnar spoke, and said-- "Let us be ready for anything if they turn towards us! but else let us have nothing to do with them."

NowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading Now, they see the ships before them, and then Gunnar spoke, and said-- "Let us be ready for anything if they turn towards us! but else let us have nothing to do with them."

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading So Gunnar held on out of the river, and he and Kolskegg were both on board one ship.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading So Gunnar held on out of the river, and he and Kolskegg were both on board one ship.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading So Gunnar held on out of the river, and he and Kolskegg were both on board one ship.

outadjectiveUS /aʊt/

not allowed to continue to bat or run

From this reading So Gunnar held on out of the river, and he and Kolskegg were both on board one ship.

readyadjectiveUS /ˈredi/

completely prepared or in condition for immediate action or use or progress

From this reading Now, they see the ships before them, and then Gunnar spoke, and said-- "Let us be ready for anything if they turn towards us! but else let us have nothing to do with them."

rivernounUS /ˈrɪvər/

a large natural stream of water (larger than a creek)

From this reading So Gunnar held on out of the river, and he and Kolskegg were both on board one ship.

saidadjectiveUS /sed/

being the one previously mentioned or spoken of

From this reading Now, they see the ships before them, and then Gunnar spoke, and said-- "Let us be ready for anything if they turn towards us! but else let us have nothing to do with them."

seeverbUS /siː/

perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight

From this reading Now, they see the ships before them, and then Gunnar spoke, and said-- "Let us be ready for anything if they turn towards us! but else let us have nothing to do with them."

shipverbUS /ʃɪp/

transport commercially

From this reading So Gunnar held on out of the river, and he and Kolskegg were both on board one ship.

shipsnounUS /ʃɪps/

plural of “ship” — a vessel that carries passengers or freight

From this reading Now, they see the ships before them, and then Gunnar spoke, and said-- "Let us be ready for anything if they turn towards us! but else let us have nothing to do with them."

SoconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading So Gunnar held on out of the river, and he and Kolskegg were both on board one ship.

spokenounUS /spoʊk/

support consisting of a radial member of a wheel joining the hub to the rim

From this reading Now, they see the ships before them, and then Gunnar spoke, and said-- "Let us be ready for anything if they turn towards us! but else let us have nothing to do with them."

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading So they did that, and made all ready on board their ships.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading So Gunnar held on out of the river, and he and Kolskegg were both on board one ship.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading So they did that, and made all ready on board their ships.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading Now, they see the ships before them, and then Gunnar spoke, and said-- "Let us be ready for anything if they turn towards us! but else let us have nothing to do with them."

thenadverbUS /ðen/

subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors)

From this reading Now, they see the ships before them, and then Gunnar spoke, and said-- "Let us be ready for anything if they turn towards us! but else let us have nothing to do with them."

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Now, they see the ships before them, and then Gunnar spoke, and said-- "Let us be ready for anything if they turn towards us! but else let us have nothing to do with them."

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Now, they see the ships before them, and then Gunnar spoke, and said-- "Let us be ready for anything if they turn towards us! but else let us have nothing to do with them."

towardsprepositionUS /təˈwɔːrdz/

in the direction of

From this reading Now, they see the ships before them, and then Gunnar spoke, and said-- "Let us be ready for anything if they turn towards us! but else let us have nothing to do with them."

turnverbUS /tɜːrn/

change orientation or direction, also in the abstract sense

From this reading Now, they see the ships before them, and then Gunnar spoke, and said-- "Let us be ready for anything if they turn towards us! but else let us have nothing to do with them."

uspronounUS /ʌs/

the speaker and others, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading Now, they see the ships before them, and then Gunnar spoke, and said-- "Let us be ready for anything if they turn towards us! but else let us have nothing to do with them."

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading But Hallvard was on board another.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading So Gunnar held on out of the river, and he and Kolskegg were both on board one ship.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading Now, they see the ships before them, and then Gunnar spoke, and said-- "Let us be ready for anything if they turn towards us! but else let us have nothing to do with them."

Chapter 31 of The story of Burnt Njal by George Webbe, Sir [Translator] Dasent holds 67 sentences, grouped into 14 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 31 of The story of Burnt Njal contain?

Chapter 31 holds 67 sentences of The story of Burnt Njal, unabridged, divided into 14 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 31 of The story of Burnt Njal by George Webbe, Sir [Translator] Dasent exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 67 sentences, grouped into 14 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 31 of The story of Burnt Njal?

Work through the 14 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 14 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 31 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 31 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

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Yes. All 0 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #? are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

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Project Gutenberg eBook #?, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

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Vocabulary met early in The story of Burnt Njal

Words and structures a reader meets early in The story of Burnt Njal, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Chapter 1
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Chapter 2
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Chapter 3
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