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The Story of Rome, From the Earliest Times to the Death of Augustus, Told
The Story of Rome, From the Earliest Times to the Death of Augustus, Told

Chapter XX

Chapter 20 of The Story of Rome, From the Earliest Times to the Death of Augustus, Told is here in full — 158 sentences across 32 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for The Story of Rome, From the Earliest Times to the Death of Augustus, Told
Context Illustration Reading 1/31 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
THE BATTLE OF LAKE TRASIMENUS Early in 217 B.C. Hannibal broke up his camp in the valley of the Po.
The Gauls in large numbers were still with him, but he had lost many of his own loyal soldiers, since he had crossed the Rhone a year earlier.
Now, with the first sign of spring, he marched to the river Arno.
Here his difficulties began.
The country through which Hannibal wished to take his army was in a state of flood.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Story of Rome, From the Earliest Times to the Death of Augustus, Told

Chapter XX

Chapter 20 of The Story of Rome, From the Earliest Times to the Death of Augustus, Told is here in full — 158 sentences across 32 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/31 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
THE BATTLE OF LAKE TRASIMENUS Early in 217 B.C. Hannibal broke up his camp in the valley of the Po.
Line 2
The Gauls in large numbers were still with him, but he had lost many of his own loyal soldiers, since he had crossed the Rhone a year earlier.
/ðə ɡɔːlz ɪn lɑːrdʒ ˈnʌmbərz wɜːr stɪl wɪð hɪm bʌt hiː hæd lɔːst ˈmeni ʌv hɪz oʊn ˈlɔɪəl ˈsoʊldʒərz sɪns hiː hæd krɔːst ðə roʊn ə jɪr ˈɜːrliər/
Line 3
Now, with the first sign of spring, he marched to the river Arno.
/naʊ wɪð ðə fɜːrst saɪn ʌv sprɪŋ hiː mɑːrtʃt tuː ðə ˈrɪvər ˈɑːrnoʊ/
Line 4
Here his difficulties began.
/hiːr hɪz ˈdɪfəkəltiz bɪˈɡæn/
Line 5
The country through which Hannibal wished to take his army was in a state of flood.
/ðə ˈkʌntri θruː wɪtʃ ˈhænɪbəl wɪʃt tuː teɪk hɪz ˈɑːrmi wɑːz ɪn ə steɪt ʌv flʌd/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Arno noun US /ˈɑːrnoʊ/

a river in central Italy rising in the Apennines and flowing through Florence and Pisa to the Ligurian Sea

From this reading “Now, with the first sign of spring, he marched to the river Arno.”

difficulties noun US /ˈdɪfəkəltiz/

plural of “difficulty” — an effort that is inconvenient

From this reading “Here his difficulties began.”

flood noun US /flʌd/

the rising of a body of water and its overflowing onto normally dry land

From this reading “The country through which Hannibal wished to take his army was in a state of flood.”

Gauls noun US /ɡɔːlz/

plural of “gaul” — a person of French descent

From this reading “The Gauls in large numbers were still with him, but he had lost many of his own loyal soldiers, since he had crossed the Rhone a year earlier.”

Hannibal noun US /ˈhænɪbəl/

general who commanded the Carthaginian army in the second Punic War; crossed the Alps and defeated the Romans but was recalled to defend Carthage and was defeated (247-182 BC)

From this reading “THE BATTLE OF LAKE TRASIMENUS Early in 217 B.C. Hannibal broke up his camp in the valley of the Po.”

loyal adjective US /ˈlɔɪəl/

steadfast in allegiance or duty

From this reading “The Gauls in large numbers were still with him, but he had lost many of his own loyal soldiers, since he had crossed the Rhone a year earlier.”

marched verb US /mɑːrtʃt/

past form of “march” — march in a procession

From this reading “Now, with the first sign of spring, he marched to the river Arno.”

Rhone noun US /roʊn/

a major French river; flows into the Mediterranean near Marseilles

From this reading “The Gauls in large numbers were still with him, but he had lost many of his own loyal soldiers, since he had crossed the Rhone a year earlier.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

large numbers adjective + noun

In this reading “The Gauls in large numbers were still with him, but he had lost many of his own loyal soldiers, since he had crossed the Rhone a year earlier.”

first sign adjective + noun

In this reading “Now, with the first sign of spring, he marched to the river Arno.”

in the valley preposition + article + noun counted as “in … valley”

In this reading “THE BATTLE OF LAKE TRASIMENUS Early in 217 B.C. Hannibal broke up his camp in the valley of the Po.”

in a state preposition + article + noun counted as “in … state”

In this reading “The country through which Hannibal wished to take his army was in a state of flood.”

All words in this reading · 58

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

217

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading THE BATTLE OF LAKE TRASIMENUS Early in 217 B.C. Hannibal broke up his camp in the valley of the Po.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading The Gauls in large numbers were still with him, but he had lost many of his own loyal soldiers, since he had crossed the Rhone a year earlier.

armynounUS /ˈɑːrmi/

a permanent organization of the military land forces of a nation or state

From this reading The country through which Hannibal wished to take his army was in a state of flood.

ArnonounUS /ˈɑːrnoʊ/

a river in central Italy rising in the Apennines and flowing through Florence and Pisa to the Ligurian Sea

From this reading Now, with the first sign of spring, he marched to the river Arno.

BnounUS /biː/

aerobic rod-shaped spore-producing bacterium; often occurring in chainlike formations; found primarily in soil

From this reading THE BATTLE OF LAKE TRASIMENUS Early in 217 B.C. Hannibal broke up his camp in the valley of the Po.

BATTLEnounUS /ˈbætəl/

a hostile meeting of opposing military forces in the course of a war

From this reading THE BATTLE OF LAKE TRASIMENUS Early in 217 B.C. Hannibal broke up his camp in the valley of the Po.

beganverbUS /bɪˈɡæn/

inflected form of “begin” — take the first step or steps in carrying out an action

From this reading Here his difficulties began.

brokeadjectiveUS /broʊk/

lacking funds

From this reading THE BATTLE OF LAKE TRASIMENUS Early in 217 B.C. Hannibal broke up his camp in the valley of the Po.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading The Gauls in large numbers were still with him, but he had lost many of his own loyal soldiers, since he had crossed the Rhone a year earlier.

CnounUS /siː/

a degree on the centigrade scale of temperature

From this reading THE BATTLE OF LAKE TRASIMENUS Early in 217 B.C. Hannibal broke up his camp in the valley of the Po.

campnounUS /kæmp/

temporary living quarters specially built by the army for soldiers

From this reading THE BATTLE OF LAKE TRASIMENUS Early in 217 B.C. Hannibal broke up his camp in the valley of the Po.

countrynounUS /ˈkʌntri/

a politically organized body of people under a single government

From this reading The country through which Hannibal wished to take his army was in a state of flood.

crossedadjectiveUS /krɔːst/

placed crosswise

From this reading The Gauls in large numbers were still with him, but he had lost many of his own loyal soldiers, since he had crossed the Rhone a year earlier.

difficultiesnounUS /ˈdɪfəkəltiz/

plural of “difficulty” — an effort that is inconvenient

From this reading Here his difficulties began.

earlieradverbUS /ˈɜːrliər/

earlier in time; previously

From this reading The Gauls in large numbers were still with him, but he had lost many of his own loyal soldiers, since he had crossed the Rhone a year earlier.

EarlyadjectiveUS /ˈɜːrli/

at or near the beginning of a period of time or course of events or before the usual or expected time

From this reading THE BATTLE OF LAKE TRASIMENUS Early in 217 B.C. Hannibal broke up his camp in the valley of the Po.

firstadjectiveUS /fɜːrst/

preceding all others in time or space or degree

From this reading Now, with the first sign of spring, he marched to the river Arno.

floodnounUS /flʌd/

the rising of a body of water and its overflowing onto normally dry land

From this reading The country through which Hannibal wished to take his army was in a state of flood.

GaulsnounUS /ɡɔːlz/

plural of “gaul” — a person of French descent

From this reading The Gauls in large numbers were still with him, but he had lost many of his own loyal soldiers, since he had crossed the Rhone a year earlier.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading The Gauls in large numbers were still with him, but he had lost many of his own loyal soldiers, since he had crossed the Rhone a year earlier.

HannibalnounUS /ˈhænɪbəl/

general who commanded the Carthaginian army in the second Punic War; crossed the Alps and defeated the Romans but was recalled to defend Carthage and was defeated (247-182 BC)

From this reading THE BATTLE OF LAKE TRASIMENUS Early in 217 B.C. Hannibal broke up his camp in the valley of the Po.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading The Gauls in large numbers were still with him, but he had lost many of his own loyal soldiers, since he had crossed the Rhone a year earlier.

HereadverbUS /hiːr/

in or at this place; where the speaker or writer is

From this reading Here his difficulties began.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading The Gauls in large numbers were still with him, but he had lost many of his own loyal soldiers, since he had crossed the Rhone a year earlier.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading THE BATTLE OF LAKE TRASIMENUS Early in 217 B.C. Hannibal broke up his camp in the valley of the Po.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading THE BATTLE OF LAKE TRASIMENUS Early in 217 B.C. Hannibal broke up his camp in the valley of the Po.

LAKEnounUS /leɪk/

a body of (usually fresh) water surrounded by land

From this reading THE BATTLE OF LAKE TRASIMENUS Early in 217 B.C. Hannibal broke up his camp in the valley of the Po.

largeadjectiveUS /lɑːrdʒ/

above average in size or number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading The Gauls in large numbers were still with him, but he had lost many of his own loyal soldiers, since he had crossed the Rhone a year earlier.

lostadjectiveUS /lɔːst/

no longer in your possession or control; unable to be found or recovered

From this reading The Gauls in large numbers were still with him, but he had lost many of his own loyal soldiers, since he had crossed the Rhone a year earlier.

loyaladjectiveUS /ˈlɔɪəl/

steadfast in allegiance or duty

From this reading The Gauls in large numbers were still with him, but he had lost many of his own loyal soldiers, since he had crossed the Rhone a year earlier.

manyadjectiveUS /ˈmeni/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “as” or “too” or “so” or “that”; amounting to a large but indefinite number

From this reading The Gauls in large numbers were still with him, but he had lost many of his own loyal soldiers, since he had crossed the Rhone a year earlier.

marchedverbUS /mɑːrtʃt/

past form of “march” — march in a procession

From this reading Now, with the first sign of spring, he marched to the river Arno.

NowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading Now, with the first sign of spring, he marched to the river Arno.

numbersnounUS /ˈnʌmbərz/

the fourth book of the Old Testament; contains a record of the number of Israelites who followed Moses out of Egypt

From this reading The Gauls in large numbers were still with him, but he had lost many of his own loyal soldiers, since he had crossed the Rhone a year earlier.

OFprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading THE BATTLE OF LAKE TRASIMENUS Early in 217 B.C. Hannibal broke up his camp in the valley of the Po.

ownverbUS /oʊn/

have ownership or possession of

From this reading The Gauls in large numbers were still with him, but he had lost many of his own loyal soldiers, since he had crossed the Rhone a year earlier.

PonounUS /poʊ/

a radioactive metallic element that is similar to tellurium and bismuth; occurs in uranium ores but can be produced by bombarding bismuth with neutrons in a nuclear reactor

From this reading THE BATTLE OF LAKE TRASIMENUS Early in 217 B.C. Hannibal broke up his camp in the valley of the Po.

RhonenounUS /roʊn/

a major French river; flows into the Mediterranean near Marseilles

From this reading The Gauls in large numbers were still with him, but he had lost many of his own loyal soldiers, since he had crossed the Rhone a year earlier.

rivernounUS /ˈrɪvər/

a large natural stream of water (larger than a creek)

From this reading Now, with the first sign of spring, he marched to the river Arno.

signnounUS /saɪn/

a perceptible indication of something not immediately apparent (as a visible clue that something has happened)

From this reading Now, with the first sign of spring, he marched to the river Arno.

sinceprepositionUS /sɪns/

from a time in the past until now

From this reading The Gauls in large numbers were still with him, but he had lost many of his own loyal soldiers, since he had crossed the Rhone a year earlier.

soldiersnounUS /ˈsoʊldʒərz/

plural of “soldier” — an enlisted man or woman who serves in an army

From this reading The Gauls in large numbers were still with him, but he had lost many of his own loyal soldiers, since he had crossed the Rhone a year earlier.

springnounUS /sprɪŋ/

the season of growth

From this reading Now, with the first sign of spring, he marched to the river Arno.

statenounUS /steɪt/

the territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation

From this reading The country through which Hannibal wished to take his army was in a state of flood.

stilladjectiveUS /stɪl/

not in physical motion

From this reading The Gauls in large numbers were still with him, but he had lost many of his own loyal soldiers, since he had crossed the Rhone a year earlier.

takeverbUS /teɪk/

carry out

From this reading The country through which Hannibal wished to take his army was in a state of flood.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE BATTLE OF LAKE TRASIMENUS Early in 217 B.C. Hannibal broke up his camp in the valley of the Po.

throughprepositionUS /θruː/

from one end or side of something to the other

From this reading The country through which Hannibal wished to take his army was in a state of flood.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Now, with the first sign of spring, he marched to the river Arno.

TRASIMENUS

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading THE BATTLE OF LAKE TRASIMENUS Early in 217 B.C. Hannibal broke up his camp in the valley of the Po.

upadjectiveUS /ʌp/

being or moving higher in position or greater in some value; being above a former position or level

From this reading THE BATTLE OF LAKE TRASIMENUS Early in 217 B.C. Hannibal broke up his camp in the valley of the Po.

valleynounUS /ˈvæli/

a long depression in the surface of the land that usually contains a river

From this reading THE BATTLE OF LAKE TRASIMENUS Early in 217 B.C. Hannibal broke up his camp in the valley of the Po.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The country through which Hannibal wished to take his army was in a state of flood.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading The Gauls in large numbers were still with him, but he had lost many of his own loyal soldiers, since he had crossed the Rhone a year earlier.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading The country through which Hannibal wished to take his army was in a state of flood.

wishedverbUS /wɪʃt/

past form of “wish” — hope for; have a wish

From this reading The country through which Hannibal wished to take his army was in a state of flood.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading The Gauls in large numbers were still with him, but he had lost many of his own loyal soldiers, since he had crossed the Rhone a year earlier.

yearnounUS /jɪr/

a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days

From this reading The Gauls in large numbers were still with him, but he had lost many of his own loyal soldiers, since he had crossed the Rhone a year earlier.

Chapter 20 of The Story of Rome, From the Earliest Times to the Death of Augustus, Told by Mary Macgregor holds 158 sentences, grouped into 32 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 20 of The Story of Rome, From the Earliest Times to the Death of contain?

Chapter 20 holds 158 sentences of The Story of Rome, From the Earliest Times to the Death of Augustus, Told, unabridged, divided into 32 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 20 of The Story of Rome, From the Earliest Times to the Death of Augustus, Told by Mary Macgregor exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 158 sentences, grouped into 32 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 20 of The Story of Rome, From the Earliest Times to the Death of Augustus?

Work through the 32 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 32 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 20 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 20 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The Story of Rome, From the Earliest Times to the Death of Augustus, Told

Common questions about reading The Story of Rome, From the Earliest Times to the Death of Augustus, Told by Mary Macgregor on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The Story of Rome, From the Earliest Times to the Death of Augustus, Told?

Yes. All 5774 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #66147 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The Story of Rome, From the Earliest Times to the Death of Augustus, Told is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #66147, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The Story of Rome, From the Earliest Times to the Death of Augustus, Told take to read?

About 481 minutes of reading across 1155 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read The Story of Rome, From the Earliest Times to the Death of Augustus, Told section by sec

How to work through The Story of Rome, From the Earliest Times to the Death of Augustus, Told section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

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  3. Listen and tap

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Vocabulary met early in The Story of Rome, From the Earliest Times to the Death of Augustus, Told

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Story of Rome, From the Earliest Times to the Death of Augustus, Told, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Author
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Story of Rome, From the Earliest Times to the Death of Augustus, Told; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Story
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Story of Rome, From the Earliest Times to the Death of Augustus, Told; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
France
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Story of Rome, From the Earliest Times to the Death of Augustus, Told; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Willie
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Story of Rome, From the Earliest Times to the Death of Augustus, Told; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.