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The Student's Life of Washington
The Student's Life of Washington

Chapter XV · Chapter 15

Chapter 15 of The Student's Life of Washington is here in full — 136 sentences across 28 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/27 · 5 lines
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REVERSES IN CANADA.--THE HIGHLANDS.--CLOSE OF THE INVASION OF CANADA.
We left Arnold before the walls of Quebec, wounded, crippled, almost disabled, yet not disheartened, blockading that "proud town" with a force inferior, by half, in number to that of the garrison.
For his gallant services, Congress promoted him in January to the rank of brigadier-general.
Throughout the winter he kept up the blockade with his shattered army; though had Carleton ventured upon a sortie, he might have been forced to decamp.
Arnold had difficulties of all kinds to contend with.
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The Student's Life of Washington

Chapter XV · Chapter 15

Chapter 15 of The Student's Life of Washington is here in full — 136 sentences across 28 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/27 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
REVERSES IN CANADA.--THE HIGHLANDS.--CLOSE OF THE INVASION OF CANADA.
Line 2
We left Arnold before the walls of Quebec, wounded, crippled, almost disabled, yet not disheartened, blockading that "proud town" with a force inferior, by half, in number to that of the garrison.
/wiː left ˈɑːrnəld bɪˈfɔːr ðə wɔːlz ʌv kwəˈbek ˈwuːndɪd ˈkrɪpəld ˈɔːlmoʊst dɪˈseɪbəld jet nɑːt dɪsˈhɑːrtənd ˌblɑːˈkeɪdɪŋ ðæt praʊd taʊn wɪð ə fɔːrs ˌɪnˈfɪriər baɪ hæf ɪn ˈnʌmbər tuː ðæt ʌv ðə ˈɡærɪsən/
Line 3
For his gallant services, Congress promoted him in January to the rank of brigadier-general.
Line 4
Throughout the winter he kept up the blockade with his shattered army; though had Carleton ventured upon a sortie, he might have been forced to decamp.
Line 5
Arnold had difficulties of all kinds to contend with.
/ˈɑːrnəld hæd ˈdɪfəkəltiz ʌv ɔːl kaɪndz tuː kənˈtend wɪð/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

blockade noun US /ˌblɑːˈkeɪd/

a war measure that isolates some area of importance to the enemy

From this reading “Throughout the winter he kept up the blockade with his shattered army; though had Carleton ventured upon a sortie, he might have been forced to decamp.”

blockading adjective US /ˌblɑːˈkeɪdɪŋ/

blocking entrance to and exit from seaports and harbors

From this reading “We left Arnold before the walls of Quebec, wounded, crippled, almost disabled, yet not disheartened, blockading that "proud town" with a force inferior, by half, in number to that of the garrison.”

decamp verb US /dəˈkæmp/

leave a camp

From this reading “Throughout the winter he kept up the blockade with his shattered army; though had Carleton ventured upon a sortie, he might have been forced to decamp.”

disabled noun US /dɪˈseɪbəld/

people collectively who are crippled or otherwise physically handicapped

From this reading “We left Arnold before the walls of Quebec, wounded, crippled, almost disabled, yet not disheartened, blockading that "proud town" with a force inferior, by half, in number to that of the garrison.”

disheartened adjective US /dɪsˈhɑːrtənd/

made less hopeful or enthusiastic

From this reading “We left Arnold before the walls of Quebec, wounded, crippled, almost disabled, yet not disheartened, blockading that "proud town" with a force inferior, by half, in number to that of the garrison.”

highlands noun US /ˈhaɪləndz/

a mountainous region of northern Scotland famous for its rugged beauty; known for the style of dress (the kilt and tartan) and the clan system (now in disuse)

From this reading “REVERSES IN CANADA.--THE HIGHLANDS.--CLOSE OF THE INVASION OF CANADA.”

reverses noun US /rɪˈvɜːrsɪz/

plural of “revers” — a lapel on a woman's garment; turned back to show the reverse side

From this reading “REVERSES IN CANADA.--THE HIGHLANDS.--CLOSE OF THE INVASION OF CANADA.”

sortie noun US /ˈsɔːrti/

a military action in which besieged troops burst forth from their position

From this reading “Throughout the winter he kept up the blockade with his shattered army; though had Carleton ventured upon a sortie, he might have been forced to decamp.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

Throughout the winter preposition + article + noun counted as “throughout … winter”

In this reading “Throughout the winter he kept up the blockade with his shattered army; though had Carleton ventured upon a sortie, he might have been forced to decamp.”

contend with verb + particle

In this reading “Arnold had difficulties of all kinds to contend with.”

All words in this reading · 67

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading We left Arnold before the walls of Quebec, wounded, crippled, almost disabled, yet not disheartened, blockading that "proud town" with a force inferior, by half, in number to that of the garrison.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading Arnold had difficulties of all kinds to contend with.

almostadverbUS /ˈɔːlmoʊst/

(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but

From this reading We left Arnold before the walls of Quebec, wounded, crippled, almost disabled, yet not disheartened, blockading that "proud town" with a force inferior, by half, in number to that of the garrison.

armynounUS /ˈɑːrmi/

a permanent organization of the military land forces of a nation or state

From this reading Throughout the winter he kept up the blockade with his shattered army; though had Carleton ventured upon a sortie, he might have been forced to decamp.

ArnoldnounUS /ˈɑːrnəld/

English poet and literary critic (1822-1888)

From this reading We left Arnold before the walls of Quebec, wounded, crippled, almost disabled, yet not disheartened, blockading that "proud town" with a force inferior, by half, in number to that of the garrison.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading Throughout the winter he kept up the blockade with his shattered army; though had Carleton ventured upon a sortie, he might have been forced to decamp.

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading We left Arnold before the walls of Quebec, wounded, crippled, almost disabled, yet not disheartened, blockading that "proud town" with a force inferior, by half, in number to that of the garrison.

blockadenounUS /ˌblɑːˈkeɪd/

a war measure that isolates some area of importance to the enemy

From this reading Throughout the winter he kept up the blockade with his shattered army; though had Carleton ventured upon a sortie, he might have been forced to decamp.

blockadingadjectiveUS /ˌblɑːˈkeɪdɪŋ/

blocking entrance to and exit from seaports and harbors

From this reading We left Arnold before the walls of Quebec, wounded, crippled, almost disabled, yet not disheartened, blockading that "proud town" with a force inferior, by half, in number to that of the garrison.

brigadier-general

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading For his gallant services, Congress promoted him in January to the rank of brigadier-general.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading We left Arnold before the walls of Quebec, wounded, crippled, almost disabled, yet not disheartened, blockading that "proud town" with a force inferior, by half, in number to that of the garrison.

CANADAnounUS /ˈkænədə/

a nation in northern North America; the French were the first Europeans to settle in mainland Canada

From this reading REVERSES IN CANADA.--THE HIGHLANDS.--CLOSE OF THE INVASION OF CANADA.

Carleton

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Throughout the winter he kept up the blockade with his shattered army; though had Carleton ventured upon a sortie, he might have been forced to decamp.

CLOSEadjectiveUS /kloʊs/

at or within a short distance in space or time or having elements near each other

From this reading REVERSES IN CANADA.--THE HIGHLANDS.--CLOSE OF THE INVASION OF CANADA.

CongressnounUS /ˈkɑːŋɡrəs/

the legislature of the United States government

From this reading For his gallant services, Congress promoted him in January to the rank of brigadier-general.

contendverbUS /kənˈtend/

maintain or assert

From this reading Arnold had difficulties of all kinds to contend with.

crippledadjectiveUS /ˈkrɪpəld/

disabled in the feet or legs

From this reading We left Arnold before the walls of Quebec, wounded, crippled, almost disabled, yet not disheartened, blockading that "proud town" with a force inferior, by half, in number to that of the garrison.

decampverbUS /dəˈkæmp/

leave a camp

From this reading Throughout the winter he kept up the blockade with his shattered army; though had Carleton ventured upon a sortie, he might have been forced to decamp.

difficultiesnounUS /ˈdɪfəkəltiz/

plural of “difficulty” — an effort that is inconvenient

From this reading Arnold had difficulties of all kinds to contend with.

disablednounUS /dɪˈseɪbəld/

people collectively who are crippled or otherwise physically handicapped

From this reading We left Arnold before the walls of Quebec, wounded, crippled, almost disabled, yet not disheartened, blockading that "proud town" with a force inferior, by half, in number to that of the garrison.

disheartenedadjectiveUS /dɪsˈhɑːrtənd/

made less hopeful or enthusiastic

From this reading We left Arnold before the walls of Quebec, wounded, crippled, almost disabled, yet not disheartened, blockading that "proud town" with a force inferior, by half, in number to that of the garrison.

ForprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading For his gallant services, Congress promoted him in January to the rank of brigadier-general.

forcenounUS /fɔːrs/

a powerful effect or influence

From this reading We left Arnold before the walls of Quebec, wounded, crippled, almost disabled, yet not disheartened, blockading that "proud town" with a force inferior, by half, in number to that of the garrison.

forcedadjectiveUS /fɔːrst/

produced by or subjected to forcing

From this reading Throughout the winter he kept up the blockade with his shattered army; though had Carleton ventured upon a sortie, he might have been forced to decamp.

gallantadjectiveUS /ˈɡælənt/

unflinching in battle or action

From this reading For his gallant services, Congress promoted him in January to the rank of brigadier-general.

garrisonnounUS /ˈɡærɪsən/

a fortified military post where troops are stationed

From this reading We left Arnold before the walls of Quebec, wounded, crippled, almost disabled, yet not disheartened, blockading that "proud town" with a force inferior, by half, in number to that of the garrison.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading Throughout the winter he kept up the blockade with his shattered army; though had Carleton ventured upon a sortie, he might have been forced to decamp.

halfadjectiveUS /hæf/

consisting of one of two equivalent parts in value or quantity

From this reading We left Arnold before the walls of Quebec, wounded, crippled, almost disabled, yet not disheartened, blockading that "proud town" with a force inferior, by half, in number to that of the garrison.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading Throughout the winter he kept up the blockade with his shattered army; though had Carleton ventured upon a sortie, he might have been forced to decamp.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Throughout the winter he kept up the blockade with his shattered army; though had Carleton ventured upon a sortie, he might have been forced to decamp.

HIGHLANDSnounUS /ˈhaɪləndz/

a mountainous region of northern Scotland famous for its rugged beauty; known for the style of dress (the kilt and tartan) and the clan system (now in disuse)

From this reading REVERSES IN CANADA.--THE HIGHLANDS.--CLOSE OF THE INVASION OF CANADA.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading For his gallant services, Congress promoted him in January to the rank of brigadier-general.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading For his gallant services, Congress promoted him in January to the rank of brigadier-general.

INprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading REVERSES IN CANADA.--THE HIGHLANDS.--CLOSE OF THE INVASION OF CANADA.

inferioradjectiveUS /ˌɪnˈfɪriər/

of or characteristic of low rank or importance

From this reading We left Arnold before the walls of Quebec, wounded, crippled, almost disabled, yet not disheartened, blockading that "proud town" with a force inferior, by half, in number to that of the garrison.

INVASIONnounUS /ˌɪnˈveɪʒən/

the act of invading; the act of an army that invades for conquest or plunder

From this reading REVERSES IN CANADA.--THE HIGHLANDS.--CLOSE OF THE INVASION OF CANADA.

JanuarynounUS /ˈdʒænjuːeri/

the first month of the year; begins 10 days after the winter solstice

From this reading For his gallant services, Congress promoted him in January to the rank of brigadier-general.

keptadjectiveUS /kept/

(especially of promises or contracts) not violated or disregarded

From this reading Throughout the winter he kept up the blockade with his shattered army; though had Carleton ventured upon a sortie, he might have been forced to decamp.

kindsnounUS /kaɪndz/

plural of “kind” — a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality

From this reading Arnold had difficulties of all kinds to contend with.

leftnounUS /left/

location near or direction toward the left side; i.e. the side to the north when a person or object faces east

From this reading We left Arnold before the walls of Quebec, wounded, crippled, almost disabled, yet not disheartened, blockading that "proud town" with a force inferior, by half, in number to that of the garrison.

mightmodal verbUS /maɪt/

used to say something is possible but not certain

From this reading Throughout the winter he kept up the blockade with his shattered army; though had Carleton ventured upon a sortie, he might have been forced to decamp.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading We left Arnold before the walls of Quebec, wounded, crippled, almost disabled, yet not disheartened, blockading that "proud town" with a force inferior, by half, in number to that of the garrison.

numbernounUS /ˈnʌmbər/

the property possessed by a sum or total or indefinite quantity of units or individuals

From this reading We left Arnold before the walls of Quebec, wounded, crippled, almost disabled, yet not disheartened, blockading that "proud town" with a force inferior, by half, in number to that of the garrison.

OFprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading REVERSES IN CANADA.--THE HIGHLANDS.--CLOSE OF THE INVASION OF CANADA.

promotedverbUS /prəˈmoʊtɪd/

past form of “promote” — contribute to the progress or growth of

From this reading For his gallant services, Congress promoted him in January to the rank of brigadier-general.

proudadjectiveUS /praʊd/

feeling self-respect or pleasure in something by which you measure your self-worth; or being a reason for pride

From this reading We left Arnold before the walls of Quebec, wounded, crippled, almost disabled, yet not disheartened, blockading that "proud town" with a force inferior, by half, in number to that of the garrison.

QuebecnounUS /kwəˈbek/

the French-speaking capital of the province of Quebec; situated on the Saint Lawrence River

From this reading We left Arnold before the walls of Quebec, wounded, crippled, almost disabled, yet not disheartened, blockading that "proud town" with a force inferior, by half, in number to that of the garrison.

ranknounUS /ræŋk/

a row or line of people (especially soldiers or police) standing abreast of one another

From this reading For his gallant services, Congress promoted him in January to the rank of brigadier-general.

REVERSESnounUS /rɪˈvɜːrsɪz/

plural of “revers” — a lapel on a woman's garment; turned back to show the reverse side

From this reading REVERSES IN CANADA.--THE HIGHLANDS.--CLOSE OF THE INVASION OF CANADA.

servicesnounUS /ˈsɜːrvəsəz/

performance of duties or provision of space and equipment helpful to others

From this reading For his gallant services, Congress promoted him in January to the rank of brigadier-general.

shatteredadjectiveUS /ˈʃætərd/

ruined or disrupted

From this reading Throughout the winter he kept up the blockade with his shattered army; though had Carleton ventured upon a sortie, he might have been forced to decamp.

sortienounUS /ˈsɔːrti/

a military action in which besieged troops burst forth from their position

From this reading Throughout the winter he kept up the blockade with his shattered army; though had Carleton ventured upon a sortie, he might have been forced to decamp.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading We left Arnold before the walls of Quebec, wounded, crippled, almost disabled, yet not disheartened, blockading that "proud town" with a force inferior, by half, in number to that of the garrison.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading REVERSES IN CANADA.--THE HIGHLANDS.--CLOSE OF THE INVASION OF CANADA.

thoughconjunctionUS /ðoʊ/

in spite of the fact that

From this reading Throughout the winter he kept up the blockade with his shattered army; though had Carleton ventured upon a sortie, he might have been forced to decamp.

ThroughoutprepositionUS /θruːˈaʊt/

in every part of a place, or for the whole of a period

From this reading Throughout the winter he kept up the blockade with his shattered army; though had Carleton ventured upon a sortie, he might have been forced to decamp.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading We left Arnold before the walls of Quebec, wounded, crippled, almost disabled, yet not disheartened, blockading that "proud town" with a force inferior, by half, in number to that of the garrison.

townnounUS /taʊn/

an urban area with a fixed boundary that is smaller than a city

From this reading We left Arnold before the walls of Quebec, wounded, crippled, almost disabled, yet not disheartened, blockading that "proud town" with a force inferior, by half, in number to that of the garrison.

upadjectiveUS /ʌp/

being or moving higher in position or greater in some value; being above a former position or level

From this reading Throughout the winter he kept up the blockade with his shattered army; though had Carleton ventured upon a sortie, he might have been forced to decamp.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading Throughout the winter he kept up the blockade with his shattered army; though had Carleton ventured upon a sortie, he might have been forced to decamp.

venturedverbUS /ˈventʃərd/

past form of “venture” — proceed somewhere despite the risk of possible dangers

From this reading Throughout the winter he kept up the blockade with his shattered army; though had Carleton ventured upon a sortie, he might have been forced to decamp.

wallsnounUS /wɔːlz/

plural of “wall” — an architectural partition with a height and length greater than its thickness; used to divide or enclose an area or to support another structure

From this reading We left Arnold before the walls of Quebec, wounded, crippled, almost disabled, yet not disheartened, blockading that "proud town" with a force inferior, by half, in number to that of the garrison.

WepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading We left Arnold before the walls of Quebec, wounded, crippled, almost disabled, yet not disheartened, blockading that "proud town" with a force inferior, by half, in number to that of the garrison.

winternounUS /ˈwɪntər/

the coldest season of the year; in the northern hemisphere it extends from the winter solstice to the vernal equinox

From this reading Throughout the winter he kept up the blockade with his shattered army; though had Carleton ventured upon a sortie, he might have been forced to decamp.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading We left Arnold before the walls of Quebec, wounded, crippled, almost disabled, yet not disheartened, blockading that "proud town" with a force inferior, by half, in number to that of the garrison.

woundednounUS /ˈwuːndɪd/

people who are wounded

From this reading We left Arnold before the walls of Quebec, wounded, crippled, almost disabled, yet not disheartened, blockading that "proud town" with a force inferior, by half, in number to that of the garrison.

yetconjunctionUS /jet/

but in spite of that

From this reading We left Arnold before the walls of Quebec, wounded, crippled, almost disabled, yet not disheartened, blockading that "proud town" with a force inferior, by half, in number to that of the garrison.

Chapter 15 of The Student's Life of Washington by Washington Irving holds 136 sentences, grouped into 28 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 15 of The Student's Life of Washington contain?

Chapter 15 holds 136 sentences of The Student's Life of Washington, unabridged, divided into 28 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 15 of The Student's Life of Washington by Washington Irving exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 136 sentences, grouped into 28 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 15 of The Student's Life of Washington?

Work through the 28 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 28 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 15 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 15 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

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Vocabulary met early in The Student's Life of Washington

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Student's Life of Washington, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

History
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Student's Life of Washington; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
American
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Revolution
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Student's
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