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The Student's Life of Washington
The Student's Life of Washington

Chapter XVIII · Chapter 18

Chapter 18 of The Student's Life of Washington is here in full — 369 sentences across 74 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/73 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
RETREAT FROM NEW YORK ISLAND.
The enemy had now possession of Long Island.
British and Hessian troops garrisoned the works at Brooklyn, or were distributed at Bushwick, Newtown, Hell Gate and Flushing.
Admiral Howe came up with the main body of the fleet, and anchored close to Governor's Island, within cannon shot of the city.
"Our situation is truly distressing," writes Washington to the President of Congress, on the 2d of September.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
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A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Student's Life of Washington

Chapter XVIII · Chapter 18

Chapter 18 of The Student's Life of Washington is here in full — 369 sentences across 74 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/73 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
RETREAT FROM NEW YORK ISLAND.
/riˈtriːt frʌm nuː jɔːrk ˈaɪlənd/
Line 2
The enemy had now possession of Long Island.
/ðə ˈenəmi hæd naʊ pəˈzeʃən ʌv lɔːŋ ˈaɪlənd/
Line 3
British and Hessian troops garrisoned the works at Brooklyn, or were distributed at Bushwick, Newtown, Hell Gate and Flushing.
Line 4
Admiral Howe came up with the main body of the fleet, and anchored close to Governor's Island, within cannon shot of the city.
/ˈædmərəl haʊ keɪm ʌp wɪð ðə meɪn ˈbɑːdi ʌv ðə fliːt ənd ˈæŋkərd kloʊs tuː ˈɡʌvərnərz ˈaɪlənd wɪˈðɪn ˈkænən ʃɑːt ʌv ðə ˈsɪti/
Line 5
"Our situation is truly distressing," writes Washington to the President of Congress, on the 2d of September.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

anchored verb US /ˈæŋkərd/

past form of “anchor” — fix firmly and stably

From this reading “Admiral Howe came up with the main body of the fleet, and anchored close to Governor's Island, within cannon shot of the city.”

Brooklyn noun US /ˈbrʊklən/

a borough of New York City

From this reading “British and Hessian troops garrisoned the works at Brooklyn, or were distributed at Bushwick, Newtown, Hell Gate and Flushing.”

distressing adjective US /dɪˈstresɪŋ/

causing distress or worry or anxiety

From this reading “"Our situation is truly distressing," writes Washington to the President of Congress, on the 2d of September.”

Flushing verb US /ˈflʌʃɪŋ/

-ing form of “flush” — turn red, as if in embarrassment or shame

From this reading “British and Hessian troops garrisoned the works at Brooklyn, or were distributed at Bushwick, Newtown, Hell Gate and Flushing.”

garrisoned verb US /ˈɡærəsənd/

past form of “garrison” — station (troops) in a fort or garrison

From this reading “British and Hessian troops garrisoned the works at Brooklyn, or were distributed at Bushwick, Newtown, Hell Gate and Flushing.”

Governor's noun US /ˈɡʌvərnərz/

possessive form of “governor” — the head of a state government

From this reading “Admiral Howe came up with the main body of the fleet, and anchored close to Governor's Island, within cannon shot of the city.”

Hessian noun US /ˈheʃən/

(19th century) a man's high tasseled boot

From this reading “British and Hessian troops garrisoned the works at Brooklyn, or were distributed at Bushwick, Newtown, Hell Gate and Flushing.”

Howe noun US /haʊ/

United States editor (1920-1993)

From this reading “Admiral Howe came up with the main body of the fleet, and anchored close to Governor's Island, within cannon shot of the city.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

main body adjective + noun

In this reading “Admiral Howe came up with the main body of the fleet, and anchored close to Governor's Island, within cannon shot of the city.”

cannon shot noun + noun

In this reading “Admiral Howe came up with the main body of the fleet, and anchored close to Governor's Island, within cannon shot of the city.”

came up verb + adjective counted as “come up”

bring forth, usually something desirable

In this reading “Admiral Howe came up with the main body of the fleet, and anchored close to Governor's Island, within cannon shot of the city.”

All words in this reading · 57

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

2

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading "Our situation is truly distressing," writes Washington to the President of Congress, on the 2d of September.

AdmiralnounUS /ˈædmərəl/

the supreme commander of a fleet; ranks above a vice admiral and below a fleet admiral

From this reading Admiral Howe came up with the main body of the fleet, and anchored close to Governor's Island, within cannon shot of the city.

anchoredverbUS /ˈæŋkərd/

past form of “anchor” — fix firmly and stably

From this reading Admiral Howe came up with the main body of the fleet, and anchored close to Governor's Island, within cannon shot of the city.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading British and Hessian troops garrisoned the works at Brooklyn, or were distributed at Bushwick, Newtown, Hell Gate and Flushing.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading British and Hessian troops garrisoned the works at Brooklyn, or were distributed at Bushwick, Newtown, Hell Gate and Flushing.

bodynounUS /ˈbɑːdi/

the entire physical structure of an organism (an animal, plant, or human being)

From this reading Admiral Howe came up with the main body of the fleet, and anchored close to Governor's Island, within cannon shot of the city.

BritishnounUS /ˈbrɪtɪʃ/

the people of Great Britain

From this reading British and Hessian troops garrisoned the works at Brooklyn, or were distributed at Bushwick, Newtown, Hell Gate and Flushing.

BrooklynnounUS /ˈbrʊklən/

a borough of New York City

From this reading British and Hessian troops garrisoned the works at Brooklyn, or were distributed at Bushwick, Newtown, Hell Gate and Flushing.

Bushwick

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading British and Hessian troops garrisoned the works at Brooklyn, or were distributed at Bushwick, Newtown, Hell Gate and Flushing.

cameverbUS /keɪm/

inflected form of “come” — move toward, travel toward something or somebody or approach something or somebody

From this reading Admiral Howe came up with the main body of the fleet, and anchored close to Governor's Island, within cannon shot of the city.

cannonnounUS /ˈkænən/

a large artillery gun that is usually on wheels

From this reading Admiral Howe came up with the main body of the fleet, and anchored close to Governor's Island, within cannon shot of the city.

citynounUS /ˈsɪti/

a large and densely populated urban area; may include several independent administrative districts

From this reading Admiral Howe came up with the main body of the fleet, and anchored close to Governor's Island, within cannon shot of the city.

closeadjectiveUS /kloʊs/

at or within a short distance in space or time or having elements near each other

From this reading Admiral Howe came up with the main body of the fleet, and anchored close to Governor's Island, within cannon shot of the city.

CongressnounUS /ˈkɑːŋɡrəs/

the legislature of the United States government

From this reading "Our situation is truly distressing," writes Washington to the President of Congress, on the 2d of September.

dnounUS /diː/

a fat-soluble vitamin that prevents rickets

From this reading "Our situation is truly distressing," writes Washington to the President of Congress, on the 2d of September.

distressingadjectiveUS /dɪˈstresɪŋ/

causing distress or worry or anxiety

From this reading "Our situation is truly distressing," writes Washington to the President of Congress, on the 2d of September.

distributedadjectiveUS /dɪˈstrɪbjətəd/

spread out or scattered about or divided up

From this reading British and Hessian troops garrisoned the works at Brooklyn, or were distributed at Bushwick, Newtown, Hell Gate and Flushing.

enemynounUS /ˈenəmi/

an opposing military force

From this reading The enemy had now possession of Long Island.

fleetnounUS /fliːt/

group of aircraft operating together under the same ownership

From this reading Admiral Howe came up with the main body of the fleet, and anchored close to Governor's Island, within cannon shot of the city.

FlushingverbUS /ˈflʌʃɪŋ/

-ing form of “flush” — turn red, as if in embarrassment or shame

From this reading British and Hessian troops garrisoned the works at Brooklyn, or were distributed at Bushwick, Newtown, Hell Gate and Flushing.

FROMprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading RETREAT FROM NEW YORK ISLAND.

garrisonedverbUS /ˈɡærəsənd/

past form of “garrison” — station (troops) in a fort or garrison

From this reading British and Hessian troops garrisoned the works at Brooklyn, or were distributed at Bushwick, Newtown, Hell Gate and Flushing.

GatenounUS /ɡeɪt/

a movable barrier in a fence or wall

From this reading British and Hessian troops garrisoned the works at Brooklyn, or were distributed at Bushwick, Newtown, Hell Gate and Flushing.

Governor'snounUS /ˈɡʌvərnərz/

possessive form of “governor” — the head of a state government

From this reading Admiral Howe came up with the main body of the fleet, and anchored close to Governor's Island, within cannon shot of the city.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading The enemy had now possession of Long Island.

HellnounUS /hel/

any place of pain and turmoil

From this reading British and Hessian troops garrisoned the works at Brooklyn, or were distributed at Bushwick, Newtown, Hell Gate and Flushing.

HessiannounUS /ˈheʃən/

(19th century) a man's high tasseled boot

From this reading British and Hessian troops garrisoned the works at Brooklyn, or were distributed at Bushwick, Newtown, Hell Gate and Flushing.

HowenounUS /haʊ/

United States editor (1920-1993)

From this reading Admiral Howe came up with the main body of the fleet, and anchored close to Governor's Island, within cannon shot of the city.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading "Our situation is truly distressing," writes Washington to the President of Congress, on the 2d of September.

ISLANDnounUS /ˈaɪlənd/

a land mass (smaller than a continent) that is surrounded by water

From this reading RETREAT FROM NEW YORK ISLAND.

LongadjectiveUS /lɔːŋ/

primarily temporal sense; being or indicating a relatively great or greater than average duration or passage of time or a duration as specified

From this reading The enemy had now possession of Long Island.

mainadjectiveUS /meɪn/

most important element

From this reading Admiral Howe came up with the main body of the fleet, and anchored close to Governor's Island, within cannon shot of the city.

NEWadjectiveUS /nuː/

not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered

From this reading RETREAT FROM NEW YORK ISLAND.

Newtown

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading British and Hessian troops garrisoned the works at Brooklyn, or were distributed at Bushwick, Newtown, Hell Gate and Flushing.

nowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading The enemy had now possession of Long Island.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading The enemy had now possession of Long Island.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading "Our situation is truly distressing," writes Washington to the President of Congress, on the 2d of September.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading British and Hessian troops garrisoned the works at Brooklyn, or were distributed at Bushwick, Newtown, Hell Gate and Flushing.

OurdeterminerUS /ˈaʊər/

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading "Our situation is truly distressing," writes Washington to the President of Congress, on the 2d of September.

possessionnounUS /pəˈzeʃən/

the act of having and controlling property

From this reading The enemy had now possession of Long Island.

PresidentnounUS /ˈprezədent/

an executive officer of a firm or corporation

From this reading "Our situation is truly distressing," writes Washington to the President of Congress, on the 2d of September.

RETREATnounUS /riˈtriːt/

(military) withdrawal of troops to a more favorable position to escape the enemy's superior forces or after a defeat

From this reading RETREAT FROM NEW YORK ISLAND.

SeptembernounUS /sepˈtembər/

the month following August and preceding October

From this reading "Our situation is truly distressing," writes Washington to the President of Congress, on the 2d of September.

shotnounUS /ʃɑːt/

the act of firing a projectile

From this reading Admiral Howe came up with the main body of the fleet, and anchored close to Governor's Island, within cannon shot of the city.

situationnounUS /ˌsɪtʃuːˈeɪʃən/

the general state of things; the combination of circumstances at a given time

From this reading "Our situation is truly distressing," writes Washington to the President of Congress, on the 2d of September.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading The enemy had now possession of Long Island.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Admiral Howe came up with the main body of the fleet, and anchored close to Governor's Island, within cannon shot of the city.

troopsnounUS /truːps/

soldiers collectively

From this reading British and Hessian troops garrisoned the works at Brooklyn, or were distributed at Bushwick, Newtown, Hell Gate and Flushing.

trulyadverbUS /ˈtruːli/

in accordance with truth or fact or reality

From this reading "Our situation is truly distressing," writes Washington to the President of Congress, on the 2d of September.

upadjectiveUS /ʌp/

being or moving higher in position or greater in some value; being above a former position or level

From this reading Admiral Howe came up with the main body of the fleet, and anchored close to Governor's Island, within cannon shot of the city.

WashingtonnounUS /ˈwɑːʃɪŋtən/

the capital of the United States in the District of Columbia and a tourist mecca; George Washington commissioned Charles L'Enfant to lay out the city in 1791

From this reading "Our situation is truly distressing," writes Washington to the President of Congress, on the 2d of September.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading British and Hessian troops garrisoned the works at Brooklyn, or were distributed at Bushwick, Newtown, Hell Gate and Flushing.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading Admiral Howe came up with the main body of the fleet, and anchored close to Governor's Island, within cannon shot of the city.

withinprepositionUS /wɪˈðɪn/

inside; before a period of time has passed

From this reading Admiral Howe came up with the main body of the fleet, and anchored close to Governor's Island, within cannon shot of the city.

worksnounUS /wɜːrks/

buildings for carrying on industrial labor

From this reading British and Hessian troops garrisoned the works at Brooklyn, or were distributed at Bushwick, Newtown, Hell Gate and Flushing.

writesverbUS /raɪts/

third-person singular of “write” — produce a literary work

From this reading "Our situation is truly distressing," writes Washington to the President of Congress, on the 2d of September.

YORKnounUS /jɔːrk/

the English royal house (a branch of the Plantagenet line) that reigned from 1461 to 1485; its emblem was a white rose

From this reading RETREAT FROM NEW YORK ISLAND.

Chapter 18 of The Student's Life of Washington by Washington Irving holds 369 sentences, grouped into 74 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 18 of The Student's Life of Washington contain?

Chapter 18 holds 369 sentences of The Student's Life of Washington, unabridged, divided into 74 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 18 of The Student's Life of Washington by Washington Irving exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 369 sentences, grouped into 74 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 18 of The Student's Life of Washington?

Work through the 74 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 74 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 18 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 18 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The Student's Life of Washington

Common questions about reading The Student's Life of Washington by Washington Irving on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The Student's Life of Washington?

Yes. All 11720 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #32987 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The Student's Life of Washington is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #32987, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The Student's Life of Washington take to read?

About 600 minutes of reading across 2344 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read The Student's Life of Washington section by section

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  3. Listen and tap

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Vocabulary met early in The Student's Life of Washington

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Student's Life of Washington, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

History
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Student's Life of Washington; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
American
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Student's Life of Washington; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Revolution
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Student's Life of Washington; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Student's
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Student's Life of Washington; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.