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The Study of Plant Life
The Study of Plant Life

Chapter XX

Chapter 20 of The Study of Plant Life is here in full — 71 sentences across 15 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/14 · 5 lines
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THE TISSUES BUILDING UP THE PLANT BODY In our study of plants up to the present, we have only looked at their structures from the outside.
We have examined the form, uses, and life of the parts of their bodies without looking for the details which might answer the question--“How are they built up?”
Just as a house as a whole has a definite form, with rooms, and doors, and windows, each with their definite form and use, and at the same time every one of these things is built up of small separate bricks, tiles, pipes, and pieces of wood: so we find that the whole plant is composed of a number of definite parts, which are themselves built up of tiny individual parts, which we may take to correspond with the bricks of a house.
Of course, they do not do this completely, for a plant is a living thing, and is far more complicated than a house, and each of the tiny individual parts is also a living, growing thing.
These little building structures are called ~cells~ both in plants and animals, and they are so very small that you cannot study them fully without a microscope, and that is a very complicated and expensive thing, so we will leave it alone and only study what we can see of the structure of plants without it.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Study of Plant Life

Chapter XX

Chapter 20 of The Study of Plant Life is here in full — 71 sentences across 15 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/14 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
THE TISSUES BUILDING UP THE PLANT BODY In our study of plants up to the present, we have only looked at their structures from the outside.
/ðə ˈtɪsjuːz ˈbɪldɪŋ ʌp ðə plænt ˈbɑːdi ɪn ˈaʊər ˈstʌdi ʌv plænts ʌp tuː ðə ˈprezənt wiː hæv ˈoʊnli lʊkt æt ðer ˈstrʌktʃərz frʌm ðə ˈaʊtˈsaɪd/
Line 2
We have examined the form, uses, and life of the parts of their bodies without looking for the details which might answer the question--“How are they built up?”
Line 3
Just as a house as a whole has a definite form, with rooms, and doors, and windows, each with their definite form and use, and at the same time every one of these things is built up of small separate bricks, tiles, pipes, and pieces of wood: so we find that the whole plant is composed of a number of definite parts, which are themselves built up of tiny individual parts, which we may take to correspond with the bricks of a house.
/dʒʌst æz ə haʊs æz ə hoʊl hæz ə ˈdefənət fɔːrm wɪð ruːmz ənd dɔːrz ənd ˈwɪndoʊz iːtʃ wɪð ðer ˈdefənət fɔːrm ənd juːs ənd æt ðə seɪm taɪm ˈevəri wʌn ʌv ðiːz θɪŋz ɪz bɪlt ʌp ʌv smɔːl ˈsepəreɪt brɪks taɪlz paɪps ənd ˈpiːsəz ʌv wʊd soʊ wiː faɪnd ðæt ðə hoʊl plænt ɪz kəmˈpoʊzd ʌv ə ˈnʌmbər ʌv ˈdefənət pɑːrts wɪtʃ ɑːr ðemˈselvz bɪlt ʌp ʌv ˈtaɪni ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəwəl pɑːrts wɪtʃ wiː meɪ teɪk tuː ˌkɔːrəˈspɑːnd wɪð ðə brɪks ʌv ə haʊs/
Line 4
Of course, they do not do this completely, for a plant is a living thing, and is far more complicated than a house, and each of the tiny individual parts is also a living, growing thing.
/ʌv kɔːrs ðeɪ duː nɑːt duː ðɪs kəmˈpliːtli fɔːr ə plænt ɪz ə ˈlɪvɪŋ θɪŋ ənd ɪz fɑːr mɔːr ˈkɑːmpləkeɪtəd ðæn ə haʊs ənd iːtʃ ʌv ðə ˈtaɪni ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəwəl pɑːrts ɪz ˈɔːlsoʊ ə ˈlɪvɪŋ ˈɡroʊɪŋ θɪŋ/
Line 5
These little building structures are called ~cells~ both in plants and animals, and they are so very small that you cannot study them fully without a microscope, and that is a very complicated and expensive thing, so we will leave it alone and only study what we can see of the structure of plants without it.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

bricks noun US /brɪks/

plural of “brick” — rectangular block of clay baked by the sun or in a kiln; used as a building or paving material

From this reading “Just as a house as a whole has a definite form, with rooms, and doors, and windows, each with their definite form and use, and at the same time every one of these things is built up of small separate bricks, tiles, pipes, and pieces of wood: so we find that the whole plant is composed of a number of definite parts, which are themselves built up of tiny individual parts, which we may take to correspond with the bricks of a house.”

cells noun US /selz/

plural of “cell” — any small compartment

From this reading “These little building structures are called ~cells~ both in plants and animals, and they are so very small that you cannot study them fully without a microscope, and that is a very complicated and expensive thing, so we will leave it alone and only study what we can see of the structure of plants without it.”

complicated adjective US /ˈkɑːmpləkeɪtəd/

difficult to analyze or understand

From this reading “Of course, they do not do this completely, for a plant is a living thing, and is far more complicated than a house, and each of the tiny individual parts is also a living, growing thing.”

correspond verb US /ˌkɔːrəˈspɑːnd/

be compatible, similar or consistent; coincide in their characteristics

From this reading “Just as a house as a whole has a definite form, with rooms, and doors, and windows, each with their definite form and use, and at the same time every one of these things is built up of small separate bricks, tiles, pipes, and pieces of wood: so we find that the whole plant is composed of a number of definite parts, which are themselves built up of tiny individual parts, which we may take to correspond with the bricks of a house.”

microscope noun US /ˈmaɪkrəskoʊp/

magnifier of the image of small objects

From this reading “These little building structures are called ~cells~ both in plants and animals, and they are so very small that you cannot study them fully without a microscope, and that is a very complicated and expensive thing, so we will leave it alone and only study what we can see of the structure of plants without it.”

structures noun US /ˈstrʌktʃərz/

plural of “structure” — a thing constructed; a complex entity constructed of many parts

From this reading “THE TISSUES BUILDING UP THE PLANT BODY In our study of plants up to the present, we have only looked at their structures from the outside.”

tiles noun US /taɪlz/

plural of “tile” — a flat thin rectangular slab (as of fired clay or rubber or linoleum) used to cover surfaces

From this reading “Just as a house as a whole has a definite form, with rooms, and doors, and windows, each with their definite form and use, and at the same time every one of these things is built up of small separate bricks, tiles, pipes, and pieces of wood: so we find that the whole plant is composed of a number of definite parts, which are themselves built up of tiny individual parts, which we may take to correspond with the bricks of a house.”

tissues noun US /ˈtɪsjuːz/

plural of “tissue” — part of an organism consisting of an aggregate of cells having a similar structure and function

From this reading “THE TISSUES BUILDING UP THE PLANT BODY In our study of plants up to the present, we have only looked at their structures from the outside.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

definite form adjective + noun

In this reading “Just as a house as a whole has a definite form, with rooms, and doors, and windows, each with their definite form and use, and at the same time every one of these things is built up of small separate bricks, tiles, pipes, and pieces of wood: so we find that the whole plant is composed of a number of definite parts, which are themselves built up of tiny individual parts, which we may take to correspond with the bricks of a house.”

same time adjective + noun

In this reading “Just as a house as a whole has a definite form, with rooms, and doors, and windows, each with their definite form and use, and at the same time every one of these things is built up of small separate bricks, tiles, pipes, and pieces of wood: so we find that the whole plant is composed of a number of definite parts, which are themselves built up of tiny individual parts, which we may take to correspond with the bricks of a house.”

correspond with verb + particle

In this reading “Just as a house as a whole has a definite form, with rooms, and doors, and windows, each with their definite form and use, and at the same time every one of these things is built up of small separate bricks, tiles, pipes, and pieces of wood: so we find that the whole plant is composed of a number of definite parts, which are themselves built up of tiny individual parts, which we may take to correspond with the bricks of a house.”

living thing noun + noun

a living (or once living) entity

In this reading “Of course, they do not do this completely, for a plant is a living thing, and is far more complicated than a house, and each of the tiny individual parts is also a living, growing thing.”

looked at verb + particle counted as “look at”

take into consideration for exemplifying purposes

In this reading “THE TISSUES BUILDING UP THE PLANT BODY In our study of plants up to the present, we have only looked at their structures from the outside.”

without looking preposition + noun

In this reading “We have examined the form, uses, and life of the parts of their bodies without looking for the details which might answer the question--“How are they built up?””

Of course preposition + noun

as might be expected

In this reading “Of course, they do not do this completely, for a plant is a living thing, and is far more complicated than a house, and each of the tiny individual parts is also a living, growing thing.”

far more adverb + adjective

In this reading “Of course, they do not do this completely, for a plant is a living thing, and is far more complicated than a house, and each of the tiny individual parts is also a living, growing thing.”

All words in this reading · 112

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Just as a house as a whole has a definite form, with rooms, and doors, and windows, each with their definite form and use, and at the same time every one of these things is built up of small separate bricks, tiles, pipes, and pieces of wood: so we find that the whole plant is composed of a number of definite parts, which are themselves built up of tiny individual parts, which we may take to correspond with the bricks of a house.

aloneadjectiveUS /əˈloʊn/

Having no one else present.

From this reading These little building structures are called ~cells~ both in plants and animals, and they are so very small that you cannot study them fully without a microscope, and that is a very complicated and expensive thing, so we will leave it alone and only study what we can see of the structure of plants without it.

alsoadverbUS /ˈɔːlsoʊ/

in addition

From this reading Of course, they do not do this completely, for a plant is a living thing, and is far more complicated than a house, and each of the tiny individual parts is also a living, growing thing.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading We have examined the form, uses, and life of the parts of their bodies without looking for the details which might answer the question--“How are they built up?”

animalsnounUS /ˈænəməlz/

plural of “animal” — a living organism characterized by voluntary movement

From this reading These little building structures are called ~cells~ both in plants and animals, and they are so very small that you cannot study them fully without a microscope, and that is a very complicated and expensive thing, so we will leave it alone and only study what we can see of the structure of plants without it.

answerverbUS /ˈænsər/

react verbally

From this reading We have examined the form, uses, and life of the parts of their bodies without looking for the details which might answer the question--“How are they built up?”

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading We have examined the form, uses, and life of the parts of their bodies without looking for the details which might answer the question--“How are they built up?”

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading Just as a house as a whole has a definite form, with rooms, and doors, and windows, each with their definite form and use, and at the same time every one of these things is built up of small separate bricks, tiles, pipes, and pieces of wood: so we find that the whole plant is composed of a number of definite parts, which are themselves built up of tiny individual parts, which we may take to correspond with the bricks of a house.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading THE TISSUES BUILDING UP THE PLANT BODY In our study of plants up to the present, we have only looked at their structures from the outside.

bodiesnounUS /ˈbɑːdiz/

plural of “body” — the entire physical structure of an organism (an animal, plant, or human being)

From this reading We have examined the form, uses, and life of the parts of their bodies without looking for the details which might answer the question--“How are they built up?”

BODYnounUS /ˈbɑːdi/

the entire physical structure of an organism (an animal, plant, or human being)

From this reading THE TISSUES BUILDING UP THE PLANT BODY In our study of plants up to the present, we have only looked at their structures from the outside.

bothdeterminerUS /boʊθ/

the two together, not just one

From this reading These little building structures are called ~cells~ both in plants and animals, and they are so very small that you cannot study them fully without a microscope, and that is a very complicated and expensive thing, so we will leave it alone and only study what we can see of the structure of plants without it.

bricksnounUS /brɪks/

plural of “brick” — rectangular block of clay baked by the sun or in a kiln; used as a building or paving material

From this reading Just as a house as a whole has a definite form, with rooms, and doors, and windows, each with their definite form and use, and at the same time every one of these things is built up of small separate bricks, tiles, pipes, and pieces of wood: so we find that the whole plant is composed of a number of definite parts, which are themselves built up of tiny individual parts, which we may take to correspond with the bricks of a house.

BUILDINGnounUS /ˈbɪldɪŋ/

a structure that has a roof and walls and stands more or less permanently in one place

From this reading THE TISSUES BUILDING UP THE PLANT BODY In our study of plants up to the present, we have only looked at their structures from the outside.

builtadjectiveUS /bɪlt/

(used of soaps or cleaning agents) having a substance (an abrasive or filler) added to increase effectiveness

From this reading We have examined the form, uses, and life of the parts of their bodies without looking for the details which might answer the question--“How are they built up?”

calledverbUS /kɔːld/

past form of “call” — assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading These little building structures are called ~cells~ both in plants and animals, and they are so very small that you cannot study them fully without a microscope, and that is a very complicated and expensive thing, so we will leave it alone and only study what we can see of the structure of plants without it.

canmodal verbUS /kæn/

to be able to, or to be allowed to

From this reading These little building structures are called ~cells~ both in plants and animals, and they are so very small that you cannot study them fully without a microscope, and that is a very complicated and expensive thing, so we will leave it alone and only study what we can see of the structure of plants without it.

cannot

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading These little building structures are called ~cells~ both in plants and animals, and they are so very small that you cannot study them fully without a microscope, and that is a very complicated and expensive thing, so we will leave it alone and only study what we can see of the structure of plants without it.

cellsnounUS /selz/

plural of “cell” — any small compartment

From this reading These little building structures are called ~cells~ both in plants and animals, and they are so very small that you cannot study them fully without a microscope, and that is a very complicated and expensive thing, so we will leave it alone and only study what we can see of the structure of plants without it.

completelyadverbUS /kəmˈpliːtli/

to a complete degree or to the full or entire extent (“whole” is often used informally for “wholly”)

From this reading Of course, they do not do this completely, for a plant is a living thing, and is far more complicated than a house, and each of the tiny individual parts is also a living, growing thing.

complicatedadjectiveUS /ˈkɑːmpləkeɪtəd/

difficult to analyze or understand

From this reading Of course, they do not do this completely, for a plant is a living thing, and is far more complicated than a house, and each of the tiny individual parts is also a living, growing thing.

composedadjectiveUS /kəmˈpoʊzd/

serenely self-possessed and free from agitation especially in times of stress

From this reading Just as a house as a whole has a definite form, with rooms, and doors, and windows, each with their definite form and use, and at the same time every one of these things is built up of small separate bricks, tiles, pipes, and pieces of wood: so we find that the whole plant is composed of a number of definite parts, which are themselves built up of tiny individual parts, which we may take to correspond with the bricks of a house.

correspondverbUS /ˌkɔːrəˈspɑːnd/

be compatible, similar or consistent; coincide in their characteristics

From this reading Just as a house as a whole has a definite form, with rooms, and doors, and windows, each with their definite form and use, and at the same time every one of these things is built up of small separate bricks, tiles, pipes, and pieces of wood: so we find that the whole plant is composed of a number of definite parts, which are themselves built up of tiny individual parts, which we may take to correspond with the bricks of a house.

coursenounUS /kɔːrs/

education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings

From this reading Of course, they do not do this completely, for a plant is a living thing, and is far more complicated than a house, and each of the tiny individual parts is also a living, growing thing.

definiteadjectiveUS /ˈdefənət/

precise; explicit and clearly defined

From this reading Just as a house as a whole has a definite form, with rooms, and doors, and windows, each with their definite form and use, and at the same time every one of these things is built up of small separate bricks, tiles, pipes, and pieces of wood: so we find that the whole plant is composed of a number of definite parts, which are themselves built up of tiny individual parts, which we may take to correspond with the bricks of a house.

detailsnounUS /dɪˈteɪlz/

true confidential information

From this reading We have examined the form, uses, and life of the parts of their bodies without looking for the details which might answer the question--“How are they built up?”

doauxiliary verbUS /duː/

used to form questions and negatives, and to give emphasis

From this reading Of course, they do not do this completely, for a plant is a living thing, and is far more complicated than a house, and each of the tiny individual parts is also a living, growing thing.

doorsnounUS /dɔːrz/

plural of “door” — a swinging or sliding barrier that will close the entrance to a room or building or vehicle

From this reading Just as a house as a whole has a definite form, with rooms, and doors, and windows, each with their definite form and use, and at the same time every one of these things is built up of small separate bricks, tiles, pipes, and pieces of wood: so we find that the whole plant is composed of a number of definite parts, which are themselves built up of tiny individual parts, which we may take to correspond with the bricks of a house.

eachdeterminerUS /iːtʃ/

every one of two or more people or things, taken separately

From this reading Just as a house as a whole has a definite form, with rooms, and doors, and windows, each with their definite form and use, and at the same time every one of these things is built up of small separate bricks, tiles, pipes, and pieces of wood: so we find that the whole plant is composed of a number of definite parts, which are themselves built up of tiny individual parts, which we may take to correspond with the bricks of a house.

everydeterminerUS /ˈevəri/

all the members of a group, with none left out

From this reading Just as a house as a whole has a definite form, with rooms, and doors, and windows, each with their definite form and use, and at the same time every one of these things is built up of small separate bricks, tiles, pipes, and pieces of wood: so we find that the whole plant is composed of a number of definite parts, which are themselves built up of tiny individual parts, which we may take to correspond with the bricks of a house.

examinedverbUS /ɪɡˈzæmənd/

past form of “examine” — consider in detail and subject to an analysis in order to discover essential features or meaning

From this reading We have examined the form, uses, and life of the parts of their bodies without looking for the details which might answer the question--“How are they built up?”

expensiveadjectiveUS /ɪkˈspensɪv/

high in price or charging high prices

From this reading These little building structures are called ~cells~ both in plants and animals, and they are so very small that you cannot study them fully without a microscope, and that is a very complicated and expensive thing, so we will leave it alone and only study what we can see of the structure of plants without it.

faradverbUS /fɑːr/

to a considerable degree; very much

From this reading Of course, they do not do this completely, for a plant is a living thing, and is far more complicated than a house, and each of the tiny individual parts is also a living, growing thing.

findverbUS /faɪnd/

come upon, as if by accident; meet with

From this reading Just as a house as a whole has a definite form, with rooms, and doors, and windows, each with their definite form and use, and at the same time every one of these things is built up of small separate bricks, tiles, pipes, and pieces of wood: so we find that the whole plant is composed of a number of definite parts, which are themselves built up of tiny individual parts, which we may take to correspond with the bricks of a house.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading We have examined the form, uses, and life of the parts of their bodies without looking for the details which might answer the question--“How are they built up?”

formnounUS /fɔːrm/

the phonological or orthographic sound or appearance of a word that can be used to describe or identify something

From this reading We have examined the form, uses, and life of the parts of their bodies without looking for the details which might answer the question--“How are they built up?”

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading THE TISSUES BUILDING UP THE PLANT BODY In our study of plants up to the present, we have only looked at their structures from the outside.

fullyadverbUS /ˈfʊli/

to the greatest degree or extent; completely or entirely; (“full” in this sense is used as a combining form)

From this reading These little building structures are called ~cells~ both in plants and animals, and they are so very small that you cannot study them fully without a microscope, and that is a very complicated and expensive thing, so we will leave it alone and only study what we can see of the structure of plants without it.

growingnounUS /ˈɡroʊɪŋ/

(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level

From this reading Of course, they do not do this completely, for a plant is a living thing, and is far more complicated than a house, and each of the tiny individual parts is also a living, growing thing.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Just as a house as a whole has a definite form, with rooms, and doors, and windows, each with their definite form and use, and at the same time every one of these things is built up of small separate bricks, tiles, pipes, and pieces of wood: so we find that the whole plant is composed of a number of definite parts, which are themselves built up of tiny individual parts, which we may take to correspond with the bricks of a house.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading THE TISSUES BUILDING UP THE PLANT BODY In our study of plants up to the present, we have only looked at their structures from the outside.

housenounUS /haʊs/

a dwelling that serves as living quarters for one or more families

From this reading Just as a house as a whole has a definite form, with rooms, and doors, and windows, each with their definite form and use, and at the same time every one of these things is built up of small separate bricks, tiles, pipes, and pieces of wood: so we find that the whole plant is composed of a number of definite parts, which are themselves built up of tiny individual parts, which we may take to correspond with the bricks of a house.

How

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading We have examined the form, uses, and life of the parts of their bodies without looking for the details which might answer the question--“How are they built up?”

InprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading THE TISSUES BUILDING UP THE PLANT BODY In our study of plants up to the present, we have only looked at their structures from the outside.

individualadjectiveUS /ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəwəl/

being or characteristic of a single thing or person

From this reading Just as a house as a whole has a definite form, with rooms, and doors, and windows, each with their definite form and use, and at the same time every one of these things is built up of small separate bricks, tiles, pipes, and pieces of wood: so we find that the whole plant is composed of a number of definite parts, which are themselves built up of tiny individual parts, which we may take to correspond with the bricks of a house.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Just as a house as a whole has a definite form, with rooms, and doors, and windows, each with their definite form and use, and at the same time every one of these things is built up of small separate bricks, tiles, pipes, and pieces of wood: so we find that the whole plant is composed of a number of definite parts, which are themselves built up of tiny individual parts, which we may take to correspond with the bricks of a house.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading These little building structures are called ~cells~ both in plants and animals, and they are so very small that you cannot study them fully without a microscope, and that is a very complicated and expensive thing, so we will leave it alone and only study what we can see of the structure of plants without it.

JustadverbUS /dʒʌst/

and nothing more

From this reading Just as a house as a whole has a definite form, with rooms, and doors, and windows, each with their definite form and use, and at the same time every one of these things is built up of small separate bricks, tiles, pipes, and pieces of wood: so we find that the whole plant is composed of a number of definite parts, which are themselves built up of tiny individual parts, which we may take to correspond with the bricks of a house.

leaveverbUS /liːv/

go away from a place

From this reading These little building structures are called ~cells~ both in plants and animals, and they are so very small that you cannot study them fully without a microscope, and that is a very complicated and expensive thing, so we will leave it alone and only study what we can see of the structure of plants without it.

lifenounUS /laɪf/

a characteristic state or mode of living

From this reading We have examined the form, uses, and life of the parts of their bodies without looking for the details which might answer the question--“How are they built up?”

littleadjectiveUS /ˈlɪtəl/

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading These little building structures are called ~cells~ both in plants and animals, and they are so very small that you cannot study them fully without a microscope, and that is a very complicated and expensive thing, so we will leave it alone and only study what we can see of the structure of plants without it.

livingnounUS /ˈlɪvɪŋ/

the experience of being alive; the course of human events and activities

From this reading Of course, they do not do this completely, for a plant is a living thing, and is far more complicated than a house, and each of the tiny individual parts is also a living, growing thing.

lookedverbUS /lʊkt/

past form of “look” — perceive with attention; direct one's gaze towards

From this reading THE TISSUES BUILDING UP THE PLANT BODY In our study of plants up to the present, we have only looked at their structures from the outside.

lookingnounUS /ˈlʊkɪŋ/

the act of directing the eyes toward something and perceiving it visually

From this reading We have examined the form, uses, and life of the parts of their bodies without looking for the details which might answer the question--“How are they built up?”

maymodal verbUS /meɪ/

used to say something is possible, or to give permission

From this reading Just as a house as a whole has a definite form, with rooms, and doors, and windows, each with their definite form and use, and at the same time every one of these things is built up of small separate bricks, tiles, pipes, and pieces of wood: so we find that the whole plant is composed of a number of definite parts, which are themselves built up of tiny individual parts, which we may take to correspond with the bricks of a house.

microscopenounUS /ˈmaɪkrəskoʊp/

magnifier of the image of small objects

From this reading These little building structures are called ~cells~ both in plants and animals, and they are so very small that you cannot study them fully without a microscope, and that is a very complicated and expensive thing, so we will leave it alone and only study what we can see of the structure of plants without it.

mightmodal verbUS /maɪt/

used to say something is possible but not certain

From this reading We have examined the form, uses, and life of the parts of their bodies without looking for the details which might answer the question--“How are they built up?”

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading Of course, they do not do this completely, for a plant is a living thing, and is far more complicated than a house, and each of the tiny individual parts is also a living, growing thing.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading Of course, they do not do this completely, for a plant is a living thing, and is far more complicated than a house, and each of the tiny individual parts is also a living, growing thing.

numbernounUS /ˈnʌmbər/

the property possessed by a sum or total or indefinite quantity of units or individuals

From this reading Just as a house as a whole has a definite form, with rooms, and doors, and windows, each with their definite form and use, and at the same time every one of these things is built up of small separate bricks, tiles, pipes, and pieces of wood: so we find that the whole plant is composed of a number of definite parts, which are themselves built up of tiny individual parts, which we may take to correspond with the bricks of a house.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading THE TISSUES BUILDING UP THE PLANT BODY In our study of plants up to the present, we have only looked at their structures from the outside.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading Just as a house as a whole has a definite form, with rooms, and doors, and windows, each with their definite form and use, and at the same time every one of these things is built up of small separate bricks, tiles, pipes, and pieces of wood: so we find that the whole plant is composed of a number of definite parts, which are themselves built up of tiny individual parts, which we may take to correspond with the bricks of a house.

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading THE TISSUES BUILDING UP THE PLANT BODY In our study of plants up to the present, we have only looked at their structures from the outside.

ourdeterminerUS /ˈaʊər/

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading THE TISSUES BUILDING UP THE PLANT BODY In our study of plants up to the present, we have only looked at their structures from the outside.

outsideadjectiveUS /ˈaʊtˈsaɪd/

relating to or being on or near the outer side or limit

From this reading THE TISSUES BUILDING UP THE PLANT BODY In our study of plants up to the present, we have only looked at their structures from the outside.

partsnounUS /pɑːrts/

the local environment

From this reading We have examined the form, uses, and life of the parts of their bodies without looking for the details which might answer the question--“How are they built up?”

piecesnounUS /ˈpiːsəz/

plural of “piece” — a separate part of a whole

From this reading Just as a house as a whole has a definite form, with rooms, and doors, and windows, each with their definite form and use, and at the same time every one of these things is built up of small separate bricks, tiles, pipes, and pieces of wood: so we find that the whole plant is composed of a number of definite parts, which are themselves built up of tiny individual parts, which we may take to correspond with the bricks of a house.

pipesnounUS /paɪps/

plural of “pipe” — a tube with a small bowl at one end; used for smoking tobacco

From this reading Just as a house as a whole has a definite form, with rooms, and doors, and windows, each with their definite form and use, and at the same time every one of these things is built up of small separate bricks, tiles, pipes, and pieces of wood: so we find that the whole plant is composed of a number of definite parts, which are themselves built up of tiny individual parts, which we may take to correspond with the bricks of a house.

PLANTverbUS /plænt/

put or set (seeds, seedlings, or plants) into the ground

From this reading THE TISSUES BUILDING UP THE PLANT BODY In our study of plants up to the present, we have only looked at their structures from the outside.

plantsnounUS /plænts/

plural of “plant” — buildings for carrying on industrial labor

From this reading THE TISSUES BUILDING UP THE PLANT BODY In our study of plants up to the present, we have only looked at their structures from the outside.

presentverbUS /ˈprezənt/

give an exhibition of to an interested audience

From this reading THE TISSUES BUILDING UP THE PLANT BODY In our study of plants up to the present, we have only looked at their structures from the outside.

questionverbUS /ˈkwestʃən/

challenge the accuracy, probity, or propriety of

From this reading We have examined the form, uses, and life of the parts of their bodies without looking for the details which might answer the question--“How are they built up?”

roomsnounUS /ruːmz/

apartment consisting of a series of connected rooms used as a living unit (as in a hotel)

From this reading Just as a house as a whole has a definite form, with rooms, and doors, and windows, each with their definite form and use, and at the same time every one of these things is built up of small separate bricks, tiles, pipes, and pieces of wood: so we find that the whole plant is composed of a number of definite parts, which are themselves built up of tiny individual parts, which we may take to correspond with the bricks of a house.

sameadjectiveUS /seɪm/

Identical; not different.

From this reading Just as a house as a whole has a definite form, with rooms, and doors, and windows, each with their definite form and use, and at the same time every one of these things is built up of small separate bricks, tiles, pipes, and pieces of wood: so we find that the whole plant is composed of a number of definite parts, which are themselves built up of tiny individual parts, which we may take to correspond with the bricks of a house.

seeverbUS /siː/

perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight

From this reading These little building structures are called ~cells~ both in plants and animals, and they are so very small that you cannot study them fully without a microscope, and that is a very complicated and expensive thing, so we will leave it alone and only study what we can see of the structure of plants without it.

separateverbUS /ˈsepəreɪt/

act as a barrier between; stand between

From this reading Just as a house as a whole has a definite form, with rooms, and doors, and windows, each with their definite form and use, and at the same time every one of these things is built up of small separate bricks, tiles, pipes, and pieces of wood: so we find that the whole plant is composed of a number of definite parts, which are themselves built up of tiny individual parts, which we may take to correspond with the bricks of a house.

smalladjectiveUS /smɔːl/

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading Just as a house as a whole has a definite form, with rooms, and doors, and windows, each with their definite form and use, and at the same time every one of these things is built up of small separate bricks, tiles, pipes, and pieces of wood: so we find that the whole plant is composed of a number of definite parts, which are themselves built up of tiny individual parts, which we may take to correspond with the bricks of a house.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading Just as a house as a whole has a definite form, with rooms, and doors, and windows, each with their definite form and use, and at the same time every one of these things is built up of small separate bricks, tiles, pipes, and pieces of wood: so we find that the whole plant is composed of a number of definite parts, which are themselves built up of tiny individual parts, which we may take to correspond with the bricks of a house.

structurenounUS /ˈstrʌktʃər/

a thing constructed; a complex entity constructed of many parts

From this reading These little building structures are called ~cells~ both in plants and animals, and they are so very small that you cannot study them fully without a microscope, and that is a very complicated and expensive thing, so we will leave it alone and only study what we can see of the structure of plants without it.

structuresnounUS /ˈstrʌktʃərz/

plural of “structure” — a thing constructed; a complex entity constructed of many parts

From this reading THE TISSUES BUILDING UP THE PLANT BODY In our study of plants up to the present, we have only looked at their structures from the outside.

studynounUS /ˈstʌdi/

a detailed critical inspection

From this reading THE TISSUES BUILDING UP THE PLANT BODY In our study of plants up to the present, we have only looked at their structures from the outside.

takeverbUS /teɪk/

carry out

From this reading Just as a house as a whole has a definite form, with rooms, and doors, and windows, each with their definite form and use, and at the same time every one of these things is built up of small separate bricks, tiles, pipes, and pieces of wood: so we find that the whole plant is composed of a number of definite parts, which are themselves built up of tiny individual parts, which we may take to correspond with the bricks of a house.

thanconjunctionUS /ðæn/

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading Of course, they do not do this completely, for a plant is a living thing, and is far more complicated than a house, and each of the tiny individual parts is also a living, growing thing.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading Just as a house as a whole has a definite form, with rooms, and doors, and windows, each with their definite form and use, and at the same time every one of these things is built up of small separate bricks, tiles, pipes, and pieces of wood: so we find that the whole plant is composed of a number of definite parts, which are themselves built up of tiny individual parts, which we may take to correspond with the bricks of a house.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE TISSUES BUILDING UP THE PLANT BODY In our study of plants up to the present, we have only looked at their structures from the outside.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading THE TISSUES BUILDING UP THE PLANT BODY In our study of plants up to the present, we have only looked at their structures from the outside.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading These little building structures are called ~cells~ both in plants and animals, and they are so very small that you cannot study them fully without a microscope, and that is a very complicated and expensive thing, so we will leave it alone and only study what we can see of the structure of plants without it.

themselvespronounUS /ðemˈselvz/

used when the people doing the action are also its object

From this reading Just as a house as a whole has a definite form, with rooms, and doors, and windows, each with their definite form and use, and at the same time every one of these things is built up of small separate bricks, tiles, pipes, and pieces of wood: so we find that the whole plant is composed of a number of definite parts, which are themselves built up of tiny individual parts, which we may take to correspond with the bricks of a house.

thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading Just as a house as a whole has a definite form, with rooms, and doors, and windows, each with their definite form and use, and at the same time every one of these things is built up of small separate bricks, tiles, pipes, and pieces of wood: so we find that the whole plant is composed of a number of definite parts, which are themselves built up of tiny individual parts, which we may take to correspond with the bricks of a house.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading We have examined the form, uses, and life of the parts of their bodies without looking for the details which might answer the question--“How are they built up?”

thingnounUS /θɪŋ/

a special situation

From this reading Of course, they do not do this completely, for a plant is a living thing, and is far more complicated than a house, and each of the tiny individual parts is also a living, growing thing.

thingsnounUS /θɪŋz/

any movable possession (especially articles of clothing)

From this reading Just as a house as a whole has a definite form, with rooms, and doors, and windows, each with their definite form and use, and at the same time every one of these things is built up of small separate bricks, tiles, pipes, and pieces of wood: so we find that the whole plant is composed of a number of definite parts, which are themselves built up of tiny individual parts, which we may take to correspond with the bricks of a house.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading Of course, they do not do this completely, for a plant is a living thing, and is far more complicated than a house, and each of the tiny individual parts is also a living, growing thing.

tilesnounUS /taɪlz/

plural of “tile” — a flat thin rectangular slab (as of fired clay or rubber or linoleum) used to cover surfaces

From this reading Just as a house as a whole has a definite form, with rooms, and doors, and windows, each with their definite form and use, and at the same time every one of these things is built up of small separate bricks, tiles, pipes, and pieces of wood: so we find that the whole plant is composed of a number of definite parts, which are themselves built up of tiny individual parts, which we may take to correspond with the bricks of a house.

timenounUS /taɪm/

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading Just as a house as a whole has a definite form, with rooms, and doors, and windows, each with their definite form and use, and at the same time every one of these things is built up of small separate bricks, tiles, pipes, and pieces of wood: so we find that the whole plant is composed of a number of definite parts, which are themselves built up of tiny individual parts, which we may take to correspond with the bricks of a house.

tinyadjectiveUS /ˈtaɪni/

very small

From this reading Just as a house as a whole has a definite form, with rooms, and doors, and windows, each with their definite form and use, and at the same time every one of these things is built up of small separate bricks, tiles, pipes, and pieces of wood: so we find that the whole plant is composed of a number of definite parts, which are themselves built up of tiny individual parts, which we may take to correspond with the bricks of a house.

TISSUESnounUS /ˈtɪsjuːz/

plural of “tissue” — part of an organism consisting of an aggregate of cells having a similar structure and function

From this reading THE TISSUES BUILDING UP THE PLANT BODY In our study of plants up to the present, we have only looked at their structures from the outside.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading THE TISSUES BUILDING UP THE PLANT BODY In our study of plants up to the present, we have only looked at their structures from the outside.

UPadjectiveUS /ʌp/

being or moving higher in position or greater in some value; being above a former position or level

From this reading THE TISSUES BUILDING UP THE PLANT BODY In our study of plants up to the present, we have only looked at their structures from the outside.

usenounUS /juːs/

the act of using

From this reading Just as a house as a whole has a definite form, with rooms, and doors, and windows, each with their definite form and use, and at the same time every one of these things is built up of small separate bricks, tiles, pipes, and pieces of wood: so we find that the whole plant is composed of a number of definite parts, which are themselves built up of tiny individual parts, which we may take to correspond with the bricks of a house.

usesnounUS /ˈjuːsəz/

plural of “use” — the act of using

From this reading We have examined the form, uses, and life of the parts of their bodies without looking for the details which might answer the question--“How are they built up?”

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading These little building structures are called ~cells~ both in plants and animals, and they are so very small that you cannot study them fully without a microscope, and that is a very complicated and expensive thing, so we will leave it alone and only study what we can see of the structure of plants without it.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading THE TISSUES BUILDING UP THE PLANT BODY In our study of plants up to the present, we have only looked at their structures from the outside.

whatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading These little building structures are called ~cells~ both in plants and animals, and they are so very small that you cannot study them fully without a microscope, and that is a very complicated and expensive thing, so we will leave it alone and only study what we can see of the structure of plants without it.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading We have examined the form, uses, and life of the parts of their bodies without looking for the details which might answer the question--“How are they built up?”

wholeadjectiveUS /hoʊl/

including all components without exception; being one unit or constituting the full amount or extent or duration; complete

From this reading Just as a house as a whole has a definite form, with rooms, and doors, and windows, each with their definite form and use, and at the same time every one of these things is built up of small separate bricks, tiles, pipes, and pieces of wood: so we find that the whole plant is composed of a number of definite parts, which are themselves built up of tiny individual parts, which we may take to correspond with the bricks of a house.

willmodal verbUS /wɪl/

used to talk about the future, or about willingness

From this reading These little building structures are called ~cells~ both in plants and animals, and they are so very small that you cannot study them fully without a microscope, and that is a very complicated and expensive thing, so we will leave it alone and only study what we can see of the structure of plants without it.

windowsnounUS /ˈwɪndoʊz/

(trademark) an operating system with a graphical user interface

From this reading Just as a house as a whole has a definite form, with rooms, and doors, and windows, each with their definite form and use, and at the same time every one of these things is built up of small separate bricks, tiles, pipes, and pieces of wood: so we find that the whole plant is composed of a number of definite parts, which are themselves built up of tiny individual parts, which we may take to correspond with the bricks of a house.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading Just as a house as a whole has a definite form, with rooms, and doors, and windows, each with their definite form and use, and at the same time every one of these things is built up of small separate bricks, tiles, pipes, and pieces of wood: so we find that the whole plant is composed of a number of definite parts, which are themselves built up of tiny individual parts, which we may take to correspond with the bricks of a house.

withoutprepositionUS /wɪˈθaʊt/

not having, not using, or not accompanied by

From this reading We have examined the form, uses, and life of the parts of their bodies without looking for the details which might answer the question--“How are they built up?”

woodnounUS /wʊd/

the hard fibrous lignified substance under the bark of trees

From this reading Just as a house as a whole has a definite form, with rooms, and doors, and windows, each with their definite form and use, and at the same time every one of these things is built up of small separate bricks, tiles, pipes, and pieces of wood: so we find that the whole plant is composed of a number of definite parts, which are themselves built up of tiny individual parts, which we may take to correspond with the bricks of a house.

youpronounUS /juː/

the person or people being spoken to

From this reading These little building structures are called ~cells~ both in plants and animals, and they are so very small that you cannot study them fully without a microscope, and that is a very complicated and expensive thing, so we will leave it alone and only study what we can see of the structure of plants without it.

Chapter 20 of The Study of Plant Life by Marie Carmichael Stopes holds 71 sentences, grouped into 15 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 20 of The Study of Plant Life contain?

Chapter 20 holds 71 sentences of The Study of Plant Life, unabridged, divided into 15 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 20 of The Study of Plant Life by Marie Carmichael Stopes exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 71 sentences, grouped into 15 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 20 of The Study of Plant Life?

Work through the 15 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 15 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 20 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 20 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The Study of Plant Life

Common questions about reading The Study of Plant Life by Marie Carmichael Stopes on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The Study of Plant Life?

Yes. All 1900 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #59106 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The Study of Plant Life is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #59106, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The Study of Plant Life take to read?

About 158 minutes of reading across 380 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read The Study of Plant Life section by section

How to work through The Study of Plant Life section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 38 chapters of The Study of Plant Life to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in The Study of Plant Life

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Study of Plant Life, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Illustrated
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Study of Plant Life; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Stopes
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Study of Plant Life; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Enterprising
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Study of Plant Life; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Attempt
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Study of Plant Life; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.