Chapter XXII

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading SPECIALISATION FOR CLIMBING If you go into a wood, or even a thicket, in summer, you can see how the leaves of the big trees make, what is for us, a delightful shade.

(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but

From this reading But look at the ground under these tall trees, at a place where they are growing thickly together, and you will find that there are very few plants below them, and that the earth is almost bare except for dead leaves, twigs, and a few mosses.

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading But look at the ground under these tall trees, at a place where they are growing thickly together, and you will find that there are very few plants below them, and that the earth is almost bare except for dead leaves, twigs, and a few mosses.

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading But look at the ground under these tall trees, at a place where they are growing thickly together, and you will find that there are very few plants below them, and that the earth is almost bare except for dead leaves, twigs, and a few mosses.

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading But look at the ground under these tall trees, at a place where they are growing thickly together, and you will find that there are very few plants below them, and that the earth is almost bare except for dead leaves, twigs, and a few mosses.

completely unclothed

From this reading But look at the ground under these tall trees, at a place where they are growing thickly together, and you will find that there are very few plants below them, and that the earth is almost bare except for dead leaves, twigs, and a few mosses.

at or to a lower level than something

From this reading But look at the ground under these tall trees, at a place where they are growing thickly together, and you will find that there are very few plants below them, and that the earth is almost bare except for dead leaves, twigs, and a few mosses.

Directly under; in or to a lower position than.

From this reading Even in gardens you may see how the tall, quickly growing plants kill off the smaller ones beneath them.

above average in size or number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading SPECIALISATION FOR CLIMBING If you go into a wood, or even a thicket, in summer, you can see how the leaves of the big trees make, what is for us, a delightful shade.

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading But look at the ground under these tall trees, at a place where they are growing thickly together, and you will find that there are very few plants below them, and that the earth is almost bare except for dead leaves, twigs, and a few mosses.

to be able to, or to be allowed to

From this reading SPECIALISATION FOR CLIMBING If you go into a wood, or even a thicket, in summer, you can see how the leaves of the big trees make, what is for us, a delightful shade.

an event that involves rising to a higher point (as in altitude or temperature or intensity etc.)

From this reading SPECIALISATION FOR CLIMBING If you go into a wood, or even a thicket, in summer, you can see how the leaves of the big trees make, what is for us, a delightful shade.

absence of light or illumination

From this reading You can well understand, when you remember how very important light is for the plants, that it is too dark for them to grow under the heavy shadow of thick trees.

no longer having or seeming to have or expecting to have life

From this reading But look at the ground under these tall trees, at a place where they are growing thickly together, and you will find that there are very few plants below them, and that the earth is almost bare except for dead leaves, twigs, and a few mosses.

relatively deep or strong; affecting one deeply

From this reading In deep pine-woods there are great patches without even the mosses, where are only dead pine-needles and some toadstools.

greatly pleasing or entertaining

From this reading SPECIALISATION FOR CLIMBING If you go into a wood, or even a thicket, in summer, you can see how the leaves of the big trees make, what is for us, a delightful shade.

the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on

From this reading But look at the ground under these tall trees, at a place where they are growing thickly together, and you will find that there are very few plants below them, and that the earth is almost bare except for dead leaves, twigs, and a few mosses.

divisible by two

From this reading SPECIALISATION FOR CLIMBING If you go into a wood, or even a thicket, in summer, you can see how the leaves of the big trees make, what is for us, a delightful shade.

apart from; not including

From this reading But look at the ground under these tall trees, at a place where they are growing thickly together, and you will find that there are very few plants below them, and that the earth is almost bare except for dead leaves, twigs, and a few mosses.

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “a”; a small but indefinite number

From this reading But look at the ground under these tall trees, at a place where they are growing thickly together, and you will find that there are very few plants below them, and that the earth is almost bare except for dead leaves, twigs, and a few mosses.

come upon, as if by accident; meet with

From this reading But look at the ground under these tall trees, at a place where they are growing thickly together, and you will find that there are very few plants below them, and that the earth is almost bare except for dead leaves, twigs, and a few mosses.

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading SPECIALISATION FOR CLIMBING If you go into a wood, or even a thicket, in summer, you can see how the leaves of the big trees make, what is for us, a delightful shade.

plural of “garden” — a plot of ground where plants are cultivated

From this reading Even in gardens you may see how the tall, quickly growing plants kill off the smaller ones beneath them.

change location; move, travel, or proceed, also metaphorically

From this reading SPECIALISATION FOR CLIMBING If you go into a wood, or even a thicket, in summer, you can see how the leaves of the big trees make, what is for us, a delightful shade.

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading In deep pine-woods there are great patches without even the mosses, where are only dead pine-needles and some toadstools.

the solid part of the earth's surface

From this reading But look at the ground under these tall trees, at a place where they are growing thickly together, and you will find that there are very few plants below them, and that the earth is almost bare except for dead leaves, twigs, and a few mosses.

pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become

From this reading You can well understand, when you remember how very important light is for the plants, that it is too dark for them to grow under the heavy shadow of thick trees.

(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level

From this reading But look at the ground under these tall trees, at a place where they are growing thickly together, and you will find that there are very few plants below them, and that the earth is almost bare except for dead leaves, twigs, and a few mosses.

of comparatively great physical weight or density

From this reading You can well understand, when you remember how very important light is for the plants, that it is too dark for them to grow under the heavy shadow of thick trees.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading SPECIALISATION FOR CLIMBING If you go into a wood, or even a thicket, in summer, you can see how the leaves of the big trees make, what is for us, a delightful shade.

on condition that; in the event that

From this reading SPECIALISATION FOR CLIMBING If you go into a wood, or even a thicket, in summer, you can see how the leaves of the big trees make, what is for us, a delightful shade.

of great significance or value

From this reading You can well understand, when you remember how very important light is for the plants, that it is too dark for them to grow under the heavy shadow of thick trees.

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading SPECIALISATION FOR CLIMBING If you go into a wood, or even a thicket, in summer, you can see how the leaves of the big trees make, what is for us, a delightful shade.

moving to the inside of something

From this reading SPECIALISATION FOR CLIMBING If you go into a wood, or even a thicket, in summer, you can see how the leaves of the big trees make, what is for us, a delightful shade.

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading SPECIALISATION FOR CLIMBING If you go into a wood, or even a thicket, in summer, you can see how the leaves of the big trees make, what is for us, a delightful shade.

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading You can well understand, when you remember how very important light is for the plants, that it is too dark for them to grow under the heavy shadow of thick trees.

cause to die; put to death, usually intentionally or knowingly

From this reading Even in gardens you may see how the tall, quickly growing plants kill off the smaller ones beneath them.

plural of “leaf” — the main organ of photosynthesis and transpiration in higher plants

From this reading SPECIALISATION FOR CLIMBING If you go into a wood, or even a thicket, in summer, you can see how the leaves of the big trees make, what is for us, a delightful shade.

of comparatively little physical weight or density

From this reading You can well understand, when you remember how very important light is for the plants, that it is too dark for them to grow under the heavy shadow of thick trees.

perceive with attention; direct one's gaze towards

From this reading But look at the ground under these tall trees, at a place where they are growing thickly together, and you will find that there are very few plants below them, and that the earth is almost bare except for dead leaves, twigs, and a few mosses.

engage in

From this reading SPECIALISATION FOR CLIMBING If you go into a wood, or even a thicket, in summer, you can see how the leaves of the big trees make, what is for us, a delightful shade.

used to say something is possible, or to give permission

From this reading Even in gardens you may see how the tall, quickly growing plants kill off the smaller ones beneath them.

plural of “moss” — tiny leafy-stemmed flowerless plants

From this reading But look at the ground under these tall trees, at a place where they are growing thickly together, and you will find that there are very few plants below them, and that the earth is almost bare except for dead leaves, twigs, and a few mosses.

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading SPECIALISATION FOR CLIMBING If you go into a wood, or even a thicket, in summer, you can see how the leaves of the big trees make, what is for us, a delightful shade.

from a particular thing or place or position (“forth” is obsolete)

From this reading Even in gardens you may see how the tall, quickly growing plants kill off the smaller ones beneath them.

plural of “one” — the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number

From this reading Even in gardens you may see how the tall, quickly growing plants kill off the smaller ones beneath them.

and nothing more

From this reading In deep pine-woods there are great patches without even the mosses, where are only dead pine-needles and some toadstools.

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading SPECIALISATION FOR CLIMBING If you go into a wood, or even a thicket, in summer, you can see how the leaves of the big trees make, what is for us, a delightful shade.

plural of “patch” — a small contrasting part of something

From this reading In deep pine-woods there are great patches without even the mosses, where are only dead pine-needles and some toadstools.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In deep pine-woods there are great patches without even the mosses, where are only dead pine-needles and some toadstools.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In deep pine-woods there are great patches without even the mosses, where are only dead pine-needles and some toadstools.

a point located with respect to surface features of some region

From this reading But look at the ground under these tall trees, at a place where they are growing thickly together, and you will find that there are very few plants below them, and that the earth is almost bare except for dead leaves, twigs, and a few mosses.

plural of “plant” — buildings for carrying on industrial labor

From this reading But look at the ground under these tall trees, at a place where they are growing thickly together, and you will find that there are very few plants below them, and that the earth is almost bare except for dead leaves, twigs, and a few mosses.

with speed

From this reading Even in gardens you may see how the tall, quickly growing plants kill off the smaller ones beneath them.

To recall to mind.

From this reading You can well understand, when you remember how very important light is for the plants, that it is too dark for them to grow under the heavy shadow of thick trees.

perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight

From this reading SPECIALISATION FOR CLIMBING If you go into a wood, or even a thicket, in summer, you can see how the leaves of the big trees make, what is for us, a delightful shade.

relative darkness caused by light rays being intercepted by an opaque body

From this reading SPECIALISATION FOR CLIMBING If you go into a wood, or even a thicket, in summer, you can see how the leaves of the big trees make, what is for us, a delightful shade.

A dark area or shape produced by a body coming between rays of light and a surface.

From this reading You can well understand, when you remember how very important light is for the plants, that it is too dark for them to grow under the heavy shadow of thick trees.

small or little relative to something else

From this reading Even in gardens you may see how the tall, quickly growing plants kill off the smaller ones beneath them.

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading In deep pine-woods there are great patches without even the mosses, where are only dead pine-needles and some toadstools.

(biology) the structural adaptation of some body part for a particular function

From this reading SPECIALISATION FOR CLIMBING If you go into a wood, or even a thicket, in summer, you can see how the leaves of the big trees make, what is for us, a delightful shade.

the warmest season of the year; in the northern hemisphere it extends from the summer solstice to the autumnal equinox

From this reading SPECIALISATION FOR CLIMBING If you go into a wood, or even a thicket, in summer, you can see how the leaves of the big trees make, what is for us, a delightful shade.

great in vertical dimension; high in stature

From this reading But look at the ground under these tall trees, at a place where they are growing thickly together, and you will find that there are very few plants below them, and that the earth is almost bare except for dead leaves, twigs, and a few mosses.

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading But look at the ground under these tall trees, at a place where they are growing thickly together, and you will find that there are very few plants below them, and that the earth is almost bare except for dead leaves, twigs, and a few mosses.

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading SPECIALISATION FOR CLIMBING If you go into a wood, or even a thicket, in summer, you can see how the leaves of the big trees make, what is for us, a delightful shade.

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading But look at the ground under these tall trees, at a place where they are growing thickly together, and you will find that there are very few plants below them, and that the earth is almost bare except for dead leaves, twigs, and a few mosses.

in or at that place or location

From this reading But look at the ground under these tall trees, at a place where they are growing thickly together, and you will find that there are very few plants below them, and that the earth is almost bare except for dead leaves, twigs, and a few mosses.

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading But look at the ground under these tall trees, at a place where they are growing thickly together, and you will find that there are very few plants below them, and that the earth is almost bare except for dead leaves, twigs, and a few mosses.

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading But look at the ground under these tall trees, at a place where they are growing thickly together, and you will find that there are very few plants below them, and that the earth is almost bare except for dead leaves, twigs, and a few mosses.

not thin; of a specific thickness or of relatively great extent from one surface to the opposite usually in the smallest of the three solid dimensions

From this reading You can well understand, when you remember how very important light is for the plants, that it is too dark for them to grow under the heavy shadow of thick trees.

a dense growth of bushes

From this reading SPECIALISATION FOR CLIMBING If you go into a wood, or even a thicket, in summer, you can see how the leaves of the big trees make, what is for us, a delightful shade.

spoken with poor articulation as if with a thick tongue

From this reading But look at the ground under these tall trees, at a place where they are growing thickly together, and you will find that there are very few plants below them, and that the earth is almost bare except for dead leaves, twigs, and a few mosses.

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading You can well understand, when you remember how very important light is for the plants, that it is too dark for them to grow under the heavy shadow of thick trees.

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In deep pine-woods there are great patches without even the mosses, where are only dead pine-needles and some toadstools.

in contact with each other or in proximity

From this reading But look at the ground under these tall trees, at a place where they are growing thickly together, and you will find that there are very few plants below them, and that the earth is almost bare except for dead leaves, twigs, and a few mosses.

to a degree exceeding normal or proper limits

From this reading You can well understand, when you remember how very important light is for the plants, that it is too dark for them to grow under the heavy shadow of thick trees.

plural of “tree” — a tall perennial woody plant having a main trunk and branches forming a distinct elevated crown; includes both gymnosperms and angiosperms

From this reading SPECIALISATION FOR CLIMBING If you go into a wood, or even a thicket, in summer, you can see how the leaves of the big trees make, what is for us, a delightful shade.

plural of “twig” — a small branch or division of a branch (especially a terminal division); usually applied to branches of the current or preceding year

From this reading But look at the ground under these tall trees, at a place where they are growing thickly together, and you will find that there are very few plants below them, and that the earth is almost bare except for dead leaves, twigs, and a few mosses.

below or beneath something; less than

From this reading But look at the ground under these tall trees, at a place where they are growing thickly together, and you will find that there are very few plants below them, and that the earth is almost bare except for dead leaves, twigs, and a few mosses.

know and comprehend the nature or meaning of

From this reading You can well understand, when you remember how very important light is for the plants, that it is too dark for them to grow under the heavy shadow of thick trees.

the speaker and others, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading SPECIALISATION FOR CLIMBING If you go into a wood, or even a thicket, in summer, you can see how the leaves of the big trees make, what is for us, a delightful shade.

precisely as stated

From this reading But look at the ground under these tall trees, at a place where they are growing thickly together, and you will find that there are very few plants below them, and that the earth is almost bare except for dead leaves, twigs, and a few mosses.

(often used as a combining form) in a good or proper or satisfactory manner or to a high standard (“good” is a nonstandard dialectal variant for “well”)

From this reading You can well understand, when you remember how very important light is for the plants, that it is too dark for them to grow under the heavy shadow of thick trees.

used to ask for information about something

From this reading SPECIALISATION FOR CLIMBING If you go into a wood, or even a thicket, in summer, you can see how the leaves of the big trees make, what is for us, a delightful shade.

at the time that

From this reading You can well understand, when you remember how very important light is for the plants, that it is too dark for them to grow under the heavy shadow of thick trees.

in or at the place that

From this reading But look at the ground under these tall trees, at a place where they are growing thickly together, and you will find that there are very few plants below them, and that the earth is almost bare except for dead leaves, twigs, and a few mosses.

used to talk about the future, or about willingness

From this reading But look at the ground under these tall trees, at a place where they are growing thickly together, and you will find that there are very few plants below them, and that the earth is almost bare except for dead leaves, twigs, and a few mosses.

not having, not using, or not accompanied by

From this reading In deep pine-woods there are great patches without even the mosses, where are only dead pine-needles and some toadstools.

the hard fibrous lignified substance under the bark of trees

From this reading SPECIALISATION FOR CLIMBING If you go into a wood, or even a thicket, in summer, you can see how the leaves of the big trees make, what is for us, a delightful shade.

the person or people being spoken to

From this reading SPECIALISATION FOR CLIMBING If you go into a wood, or even a thicket, in summer, you can see how the leaves of the big trees make, what is for us, a delightful shade.