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The Study of Plant Life
The Study of Plant Life

Chapter XXXI

Chapter 31 of The Study of Plant Life is here in full — 49 sentences across 10 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/9 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
PLANTS IN THEIR HOMES HEDGES AND DITCHES We do not see plants growing under quite natural conditions in the hedges and ditches, because they are put there by man in the first instance, and are continually kept in order by him.
All the same, the hedgerows, which are so common in England, deserve a little study.
They are within the reach of every one, and there we may often find many wild plants growing sheltered by the actual hedge.
The principal plant is, naturally, the one which forms the hedge, and this is very commonly the hawthorn; but, growing under it, and over it, and on the banks on either side, there are many others which are generally quite self-planted and truly wild.
Of the bigger ones, the white clematis or Travellers’ Joy is very common in the south of England, and grows climbing all over the hedge, and often covering it with its white flowers.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Study of Plant Life

Chapter XXXI

Chapter 31 of The Study of Plant Life is here in full — 49 sentences across 10 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/9 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
PLANTS IN THEIR HOMES HEDGES AND DITCHES We do not see plants growing under quite natural conditions in the hedges and ditches, because they are put there by man in the first instance, and are continually kept in order by him.
/plænts ɪn ðer hoʊmz ˈhedʒɪz ənd ˈdɪtʃəz wiː duː nɑːt siː plænts ˈɡroʊɪŋ ˈʌndər kwaɪt ˈnætʃərəl kənˈdɪʃənz ɪn ðə ˈhedʒɪz ənd ˈdɪtʃəz bɪˈkɔːz ðeɪ ɑːr pʊt ðer baɪ mæn ɪn ðə fɜːrst ˈɪnstəns ənd ɑːr kənˈtɪnjuːəli kept ɪn ˈɔːrdər baɪ hɪm/
Line 2
All the same, the hedgerows, which are so common in England, deserve a little study.
Line 3
They are within the reach of every one, and there we may often find many wild plants growing sheltered by the actual hedge.
/ðeɪ ɑːr wɪˈðɪn ðə riːtʃ ʌv ˈevəri wʌn ənd ðer wiː meɪ ˈɔːfən faɪnd ˈmeni waɪld plænts ˈɡroʊɪŋ ˈʃeltərd baɪ ðə ˈæktʃəwəl hedʒ/
Line 4
The principal plant is, naturally, the one which forms the hedge, and this is very commonly the hawthorn; but, growing under it, and over it, and on the banks on either side, there are many others which are generally quite self-planted and truly wild.
Line 5
Of the bigger ones, the white clematis or Travellers’ Joy is very common in the south of England, and grows climbing all over the hedge, and often covering it with its white flowers.
/ʌv ðə ˈbɪɡər wʌnz ðə waɪt ˈklemətɪs ɔːr ˈtrævələrz dʒɔɪ ɪz ˈveri ˈkɑːmən ɪn ðə saʊθ ʌv ˈɪŋɡlənd ənd ɡroʊz ˈklaɪmɪŋ ɔːl ˈoʊvər ðə hedʒ ənd ˈɔːfən ˈkʌvərɪŋ ɪt wɪð ɪts waɪt ˈflaʊərz/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

clematis noun US /ˈklemətɪs/

any of various ornamental climbing plants of the genus Clematis usually having showy flowers

From this reading “Of the bigger ones, the white clematis or Travellers’ Joy is very common in the south of England, and grows climbing all over the hedge, and often covering it with its white flowers.”

commonly adverb US /ˈkɑːmənli/

under normal conditions

From this reading “The principal plant is, naturally, the one which forms the hedge, and this is very commonly the hawthorn; but, growing under it, and over it, and on the banks on either side, there are many others which are generally quite self-planted and truly wild.”

ditches noun US /ˈdɪtʃəz/

plural of “ditch” — a long narrow excavation in the earth

From this reading “PLANTS IN THEIR HOMES HEDGES AND DITCHES We do not see plants growing under quite natural conditions in the hedges and ditches, because they are put there by man in the first instance, and are continually kept in order by him.”

hawthorn noun US /ˈhɔːθɔːrn/

a spring-flowering shrub or small tree of the genus Crataegus

From this reading “The principal plant is, naturally, the one which forms the hedge, and this is very commonly the hawthorn; but, growing under it, and over it, and on the banks on either side, there are many others which are generally quite self-planted and truly wild.”

hedge verb US /hedʒ/

avoid or try to avoid fulfilling, answering, or performing (duties, questions, or issues)

From this reading “They are within the reach of every one, and there we may often find many wild plants growing sheltered by the actual hedge.”

hedges noun US /ˈhedʒɪz/

plural of “hedge” — a fence formed by a row of closely planted shrubs or bushes

From this reading “PLANTS IN THEIR HOMES HEDGES AND DITCHES We do not see plants growing under quite natural conditions in the hedges and ditches, because they are put there by man in the first instance, and are continually kept in order by him.”

sheltered adjective US /ˈʃeltərd/

protected from danger or bad weather

From this reading “They are within the reach of every one, and there we may often find many wild plants growing sheltered by the actual hedge.”

Travellers noun US /ˈtrævələrz/

plural of “traveller” — a person who changes location

From this reading “Of the bigger ones, the white clematis or Travellers’ Joy is very common in the south of England, and grows climbing all over the hedge, and often covering it with its white flowers.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

plants growing verb + noun counted as “plant growing”

In this reading “PLANTS IN THEIR HOMES HEDGES AND DITCHES We do not see plants growing under quite natural conditions in the hedges and ditches, because they are put there by man in the first instance, and are continually kept in order by him.”

first instance adjective + noun

In this reading “PLANTS IN THEIR HOMES HEDGES AND DITCHES We do not see plants growing under quite natural conditions in the hedges and ditches, because they are put there by man in the first instance, and are continually kept in order by him.”

quite natural adverb + adjective

In this reading “PLANTS IN THEIR HOMES HEDGES AND DITCHES We do not see plants growing under quite natural conditions in the hedges and ditches, because they are put there by man in the first instance, and are continually kept in order by him.”

on the banks preposition + article + noun counted as “on … banks”

In this reading “The principal plant is, naturally, the one which forms the hedge, and this is very commonly the hawthorn; but, growing under it, and over it, and on the banks on either side, there are many others which are generally quite self-planted and truly wild.”

white flowers noun + noun counted as “white flower”

In this reading “Of the bigger ones, the white clematis or Travellers’ Joy is very common in the south of England, and grows climbing all over the hedge, and often covering it with its white flowers.”

in order preposition + noun

in a state of proper readiness or preparation or arrangement

In this reading “PLANTS IN THEIR HOMES HEDGES AND DITCHES We do not see plants growing under quite natural conditions in the hedges and ditches, because they are put there by man in the first instance, and are continually kept in order by him.”

All words in this reading · 88

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading All the same, the hedgerows, which are so common in England, deserve a little study.

actualadjectiveUS /ˈæktʃəwəl/

presently existing in fact and not merely potential or possible

From this reading They are within the reach of every one, and there we may often find many wild plants growing sheltered by the actual hedge.

AlladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading All the same, the hedgerows, which are so common in England, deserve a little study.

ANDconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading PLANTS IN THEIR HOMES HEDGES AND DITCHES We do not see plants growing under quite natural conditions in the hedges and ditches, because they are put there by man in the first instance, and are continually kept in order by him.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading PLANTS IN THEIR HOMES HEDGES AND DITCHES We do not see plants growing under quite natural conditions in the hedges and ditches, because they are put there by man in the first instance, and are continually kept in order by him.

banksnounUS /bæŋks/

English botanist who accompanied Captain Cook on his first voyage to the Pacific Ocean (1743-1820)

From this reading The principal plant is, naturally, the one which forms the hedge, and this is very commonly the hawthorn; but, growing under it, and over it, and on the banks on either side, there are many others which are generally quite self-planted and truly wild.

becauseconjunctionUS /bɪˈkɔːz/

for the reason that

From this reading PLANTS IN THEIR HOMES HEDGES AND DITCHES We do not see plants growing under quite natural conditions in the hedges and ditches, because they are put there by man in the first instance, and are continually kept in order by him.

biggeradjectiveUS /ˈbɪɡər/

large or big relative to something else

From this reading Of the bigger ones, the white clematis or Travellers’ Joy is very common in the south of England, and grows climbing all over the hedge, and often covering it with its white flowers.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading The principal plant is, naturally, the one which forms the hedge, and this is very commonly the hawthorn; but, growing under it, and over it, and on the banks on either side, there are many others which are generally quite self-planted and truly wild.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading PLANTS IN THEIR HOMES HEDGES AND DITCHES We do not see plants growing under quite natural conditions in the hedges and ditches, because they are put there by man in the first instance, and are continually kept in order by him.

clematisnounUS /ˈklemətɪs/

any of various ornamental climbing plants of the genus Clematis usually having showy flowers

From this reading Of the bigger ones, the white clematis or Travellers’ Joy is very common in the south of England, and grows climbing all over the hedge, and often covering it with its white flowers.

climbingnounUS /ˈklaɪmɪŋ/

an event that involves rising to a higher point (as in altitude or temperature or intensity etc.)

From this reading Of the bigger ones, the white clematis or Travellers’ Joy is very common in the south of England, and grows climbing all over the hedge, and often covering it with its white flowers.

commonadjectiveUS /ˈkɑːmən/

belonging to or participated in by a community as a whole; public

From this reading All the same, the hedgerows, which are so common in England, deserve a little study.

commonlyadverbUS /ˈkɑːmənli/

under normal conditions

From this reading The principal plant is, naturally, the one which forms the hedge, and this is very commonly the hawthorn; but, growing under it, and over it, and on the banks on either side, there are many others which are generally quite self-planted and truly wild.

conditionsnounUS /kənˈdɪʃənz/

the prevailing context that influences the performance or the outcome of a process

From this reading PLANTS IN THEIR HOMES HEDGES AND DITCHES We do not see plants growing under quite natural conditions in the hedges and ditches, because they are put there by man in the first instance, and are continually kept in order by him.

continuallyadverbUS /kənˈtɪnjuːəli/

seemingly without interruption

From this reading PLANTS IN THEIR HOMES HEDGES AND DITCHES We do not see plants growing under quite natural conditions in the hedges and ditches, because they are put there by man in the first instance, and are continually kept in order by him.

coveringnounUS /ˈkʌvərɪŋ/

a natural object that covers or envelops

From this reading Of the bigger ones, the white clematis or Travellers’ Joy is very common in the south of England, and grows climbing all over the hedge, and often covering it with its white flowers.

deserveverbUS /dɪˈzɜːrv/

be worthy or deserving

From this reading All the same, the hedgerows, which are so common in England, deserve a little study.

DITCHESnounUS /ˈdɪtʃəz/

plural of “ditch” — a long narrow excavation in the earth

From this reading PLANTS IN THEIR HOMES HEDGES AND DITCHES We do not see plants growing under quite natural conditions in the hedges and ditches, because they are put there by man in the first instance, and are continually kept in order by him.

doauxiliary verbUS /duː/

used to form questions and negatives, and to give emphasis

From this reading PLANTS IN THEIR HOMES HEDGES AND DITCHES We do not see plants growing under quite natural conditions in the hedges and ditches, because they are put there by man in the first instance, and are continually kept in order by him.

eitherdeterminerUS /ˈiːðər/

one or the other of two

From this reading The principal plant is, naturally, the one which forms the hedge, and this is very commonly the hawthorn; but, growing under it, and over it, and on the banks on either side, there are many others which are generally quite self-planted and truly wild.

EnglandnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlənd/

a division of the United Kingdom

From this reading All the same, the hedgerows, which are so common in England, deserve a little study.

everydeterminerUS /ˈevəri/

all the members of a group, with none left out

From this reading They are within the reach of every one, and there we may often find many wild plants growing sheltered by the actual hedge.

findverbUS /faɪnd/

come upon, as if by accident; meet with

From this reading They are within the reach of every one, and there we may often find many wild plants growing sheltered by the actual hedge.

firstadjectiveUS /fɜːrst/

preceding all others in time or space or degree

From this reading PLANTS IN THEIR HOMES HEDGES AND DITCHES We do not see plants growing under quite natural conditions in the hedges and ditches, because they are put there by man in the first instance, and are continually kept in order by him.

flowersnounUS /ˈflaʊərz/

plural of “flower” — a plant cultivated for its blooms or blossoms

From this reading Of the bigger ones, the white clematis or Travellers’ Joy is very common in the south of England, and grows climbing all over the hedge, and often covering it with its white flowers.

formsnounUS /fɔːrmz/

plural of “form” — the phonological or orthographic sound or appearance of a word that can be used to describe or identify something

From this reading The principal plant is, naturally, the one which forms the hedge, and this is very commonly the hawthorn; but, growing under it, and over it, and on the banks on either side, there are many others which are generally quite self-planted and truly wild.

generallyadverbUS /ˈdʒenərəli/

usually; as a rule

From this reading The principal plant is, naturally, the one which forms the hedge, and this is very commonly the hawthorn; but, growing under it, and over it, and on the banks on either side, there are many others which are generally quite self-planted and truly wild.

growingnounUS /ˈɡroʊɪŋ/

(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level

From this reading PLANTS IN THEIR HOMES HEDGES AND DITCHES We do not see plants growing under quite natural conditions in the hedges and ditches, because they are put there by man in the first instance, and are continually kept in order by him.

growsverbUS /ɡroʊz/

third-person singular of “grow” — pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become

From this reading Of the bigger ones, the white clematis or Travellers’ Joy is very common in the south of England, and grows climbing all over the hedge, and often covering it with its white flowers.

hawthornnounUS /ˈhɔːθɔːrn/

a spring-flowering shrub or small tree of the genus Crataegus

From this reading The principal plant is, naturally, the one which forms the hedge, and this is very commonly the hawthorn; but, growing under it, and over it, and on the banks on either side, there are many others which are generally quite self-planted and truly wild.

hedgeverbUS /hedʒ/

avoid or try to avoid fulfilling, answering, or performing (duties, questions, or issues)

From this reading They are within the reach of every one, and there we may often find many wild plants growing sheltered by the actual hedge.

hedgerows

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading All the same, the hedgerows, which are so common in England, deserve a little study.

HEDGESnounUS /ˈhedʒɪz/

plural of “hedge” — a fence formed by a row of closely planted shrubs or bushes

From this reading PLANTS IN THEIR HOMES HEDGES AND DITCHES We do not see plants growing under quite natural conditions in the hedges and ditches, because they are put there by man in the first instance, and are continually kept in order by him.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading PLANTS IN THEIR HOMES HEDGES AND DITCHES We do not see plants growing under quite natural conditions in the hedges and ditches, because they are put there by man in the first instance, and are continually kept in order by him.

HOMESnounUS /hoʊmz/

plural of “home” — where you live at a particular time

From this reading PLANTS IN THEIR HOMES HEDGES AND DITCHES We do not see plants growing under quite natural conditions in the hedges and ditches, because they are put there by man in the first instance, and are continually kept in order by him.

INprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading PLANTS IN THEIR HOMES HEDGES AND DITCHES We do not see plants growing under quite natural conditions in the hedges and ditches, because they are put there by man in the first instance, and are continually kept in order by him.

instancenounUS /ˈɪnstəns/

an occurrence of something

From this reading PLANTS IN THEIR HOMES HEDGES AND DITCHES We do not see plants growing under quite natural conditions in the hedges and ditches, because they are put there by man in the first instance, and are continually kept in order by him.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The principal plant is, naturally, the one which forms the hedge, and this is very commonly the hawthorn; but, growing under it, and over it, and on the banks on either side, there are many others which are generally quite self-planted and truly wild.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading The principal plant is, naturally, the one which forms the hedge, and this is very commonly the hawthorn; but, growing under it, and over it, and on the banks on either side, there are many others which are generally quite self-planted and truly wild.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading Of the bigger ones, the white clematis or Travellers’ Joy is very common in the south of England, and grows climbing all over the hedge, and often covering it with its white flowers.

JoynounUS /dʒɔɪ/

the emotion of great happiness

From this reading Of the bigger ones, the white clematis or Travellers’ Joy is very common in the south of England, and grows climbing all over the hedge, and often covering it with its white flowers.

keptadjectiveUS /kept/

(especially of promises or contracts) not violated or disregarded

From this reading PLANTS IN THEIR HOMES HEDGES AND DITCHES We do not see plants growing under quite natural conditions in the hedges and ditches, because they are put there by man in the first instance, and are continually kept in order by him.

littleadjectiveUS /ˈlɪtəl/

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading All the same, the hedgerows, which are so common in England, deserve a little study.

mannounUS /mæn/

an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)

From this reading PLANTS IN THEIR HOMES HEDGES AND DITCHES We do not see plants growing under quite natural conditions in the hedges and ditches, because they are put there by man in the first instance, and are continually kept in order by him.

manyadjectiveUS /ˈmeni/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “as” or “too” or “so” or “that”; amounting to a large but indefinite number

From this reading They are within the reach of every one, and there we may often find many wild plants growing sheltered by the actual hedge.

maymodal verbUS /meɪ/

used to say something is possible, or to give permission

From this reading They are within the reach of every one, and there we may often find many wild plants growing sheltered by the actual hedge.

naturaladjectiveUS /ˈnætʃərəl/

in accordance with nature; relating to or concerning nature

From this reading PLANTS IN THEIR HOMES HEDGES AND DITCHES We do not see plants growing under quite natural conditions in the hedges and ditches, because they are put there by man in the first instance, and are continually kept in order by him.

naturallyadverbUS /ˈnætʃərəli/

as might be expected

From this reading The principal plant is, naturally, the one which forms the hedge, and this is very commonly the hawthorn; but, growing under it, and over it, and on the banks on either side, there are many others which are generally quite self-planted and truly wild.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading PLANTS IN THEIR HOMES HEDGES AND DITCHES We do not see plants growing under quite natural conditions in the hedges and ditches, because they are put there by man in the first instance, and are continually kept in order by him.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading They are within the reach of every one, and there we may often find many wild plants growing sheltered by the actual hedge.

oftenadverbUS /ˈɔːfən/

many times at short intervals

From this reading They are within the reach of every one, and there we may often find many wild plants growing sheltered by the actual hedge.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading The principal plant is, naturally, the one which forms the hedge, and this is very commonly the hawthorn; but, growing under it, and over it, and on the banks on either side, there are many others which are generally quite self-planted and truly wild.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading They are within the reach of every one, and there we may often find many wild plants growing sheltered by the actual hedge.

onesnounUS /wʌnz/

plural of “one” — the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number

From this reading Of the bigger ones, the white clematis or Travellers’ Joy is very common in the south of England, and grows climbing all over the hedge, and often covering it with its white flowers.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading Of the bigger ones, the white clematis or Travellers’ Joy is very common in the south of England, and grows climbing all over the hedge, and often covering it with its white flowers.

ordernounUS /ˈɔːrdər/

(often plural) a command given by a superior (e.g., a military or law enforcement officer) that must be obeyed

From this reading PLANTS IN THEIR HOMES HEDGES AND DITCHES We do not see plants growing under quite natural conditions in the hedges and ditches, because they are put there by man in the first instance, and are continually kept in order by him.

others

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The principal plant is, naturally, the one which forms the hedge, and this is very commonly the hawthorn; but, growing under it, and over it, and on the banks on either side, there are many others which are generally quite self-planted and truly wild.

overprepositionUS /ˈoʊvər/

above and across; more than

From this reading The principal plant is, naturally, the one which forms the hedge, and this is very commonly the hawthorn; but, growing under it, and over it, and on the banks on either side, there are many others which are generally quite self-planted and truly wild.

plantverbUS /plænt/

put or set (seeds, seedlings, or plants) into the ground

From this reading The principal plant is, naturally, the one which forms the hedge, and this is very commonly the hawthorn; but, growing under it, and over it, and on the banks on either side, there are many others which are generally quite self-planted and truly wild.

PLANTSnounUS /plænts/

plural of “plant” — buildings for carrying on industrial labor

From this reading PLANTS IN THEIR HOMES HEDGES AND DITCHES We do not see plants growing under quite natural conditions in the hedges and ditches, because they are put there by man in the first instance, and are continually kept in order by him.

principalnounUS /ˈprɪnsəpəl/

the original amount of a debt on which interest is calculated

From this reading The principal plant is, naturally, the one which forms the hedge, and this is very commonly the hawthorn; but, growing under it, and over it, and on the banks on either side, there are many others which are generally quite self-planted and truly wild.

putverbUS /pʊt/

put into a certain place or abstract location

From this reading PLANTS IN THEIR HOMES HEDGES AND DITCHES We do not see plants growing under quite natural conditions in the hedges and ditches, because they are put there by man in the first instance, and are continually kept in order by him.

quiteadverbUS /kwaɪt/

to a degree (not used with a negative)

From this reading PLANTS IN THEIR HOMES HEDGES AND DITCHES We do not see plants growing under quite natural conditions in the hedges and ditches, because they are put there by man in the first instance, and are continually kept in order by him.

reachverbUS /riːtʃ/

reach a destination, either real or abstract

From this reading They are within the reach of every one, and there we may often find many wild plants growing sheltered by the actual hedge.

sameadjectiveUS /seɪm/

Identical; not different.

From this reading All the same, the hedgerows, which are so common in England, deserve a little study.

seeverbUS /siː/

perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight

From this reading PLANTS IN THEIR HOMES HEDGES AND DITCHES We do not see plants growing under quite natural conditions in the hedges and ditches, because they are put there by man in the first instance, and are continually kept in order by him.

self-planted

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The principal plant is, naturally, the one which forms the hedge, and this is very commonly the hawthorn; but, growing under it, and over it, and on the banks on either side, there are many others which are generally quite self-planted and truly wild.

shelteredadjectiveUS /ˈʃeltərd/

protected from danger or bad weather

From this reading They are within the reach of every one, and there we may often find many wild plants growing sheltered by the actual hedge.

sidenounUS /saɪd/

a place within a region identified relative to a center or reference location

From this reading The principal plant is, naturally, the one which forms the hedge, and this is very commonly the hawthorn; but, growing under it, and over it, and on the banks on either side, there are many others which are generally quite self-planted and truly wild.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading All the same, the hedgerows, which are so common in England, deserve a little study.

southnounUS /saʊθ/

the region of the United States lying to the south of the Mason-Dixon line

From this reading Of the bigger ones, the white clematis or Travellers’ Joy is very common in the south of England, and grows climbing all over the hedge, and often covering it with its white flowers.

studynounUS /ˈstʌdi/

a detailed critical inspection

From this reading All the same, the hedgerows, which are so common in England, deserve a little study.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading PLANTS IN THEIR HOMES HEDGES AND DITCHES We do not see plants growing under quite natural conditions in the hedges and ditches, because they are put there by man in the first instance, and are continually kept in order by him.

THEIRdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading PLANTS IN THEIR HOMES HEDGES AND DITCHES We do not see plants growing under quite natural conditions in the hedges and ditches, because they are put there by man in the first instance, and are continually kept in order by him.

thereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading PLANTS IN THEIR HOMES HEDGES AND DITCHES We do not see plants growing under quite natural conditions in the hedges and ditches, because they are put there by man in the first instance, and are continually kept in order by him.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading PLANTS IN THEIR HOMES HEDGES AND DITCHES We do not see plants growing under quite natural conditions in the hedges and ditches, because they are put there by man in the first instance, and are continually kept in order by him.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading The principal plant is, naturally, the one which forms the hedge, and this is very commonly the hawthorn; but, growing under it, and over it, and on the banks on either side, there are many others which are generally quite self-planted and truly wild.

TravellersnounUS /ˈtrævələrz/

plural of “traveller” — a person who changes location

From this reading Of the bigger ones, the white clematis or Travellers’ Joy is very common in the south of England, and grows climbing all over the hedge, and often covering it with its white flowers.

trulyadverbUS /ˈtruːli/

in accordance with truth or fact or reality

From this reading The principal plant is, naturally, the one which forms the hedge, and this is very commonly the hawthorn; but, growing under it, and over it, and on the banks on either side, there are many others which are generally quite self-planted and truly wild.

underprepositionUS /ˈʌndər/

below or beneath something; less than

From this reading PLANTS IN THEIR HOMES HEDGES AND DITCHES We do not see plants growing under quite natural conditions in the hedges and ditches, because they are put there by man in the first instance, and are continually kept in order by him.

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading The principal plant is, naturally, the one which forms the hedge, and this is very commonly the hawthorn; but, growing under it, and over it, and on the banks on either side, there are many others which are generally quite self-planted and truly wild.

WepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading PLANTS IN THEIR HOMES HEDGES AND DITCHES We do not see plants growing under quite natural conditions in the hedges and ditches, because they are put there by man in the first instance, and are continually kept in order by him.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading All the same, the hedgerows, which are so common in England, deserve a little study.

whitenounUS /waɪt/

a Caucasian

From this reading Of the bigger ones, the white clematis or Travellers’ Joy is very common in the south of England, and grows climbing all over the hedge, and often covering it with its white flowers.

wildadjectiveUS /waɪld/

marked by extreme lack of restraint or control

From this reading They are within the reach of every one, and there we may often find many wild plants growing sheltered by the actual hedge.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading Of the bigger ones, the white clematis or Travellers’ Joy is very common in the south of England, and grows climbing all over the hedge, and often covering it with its white flowers.

withinprepositionUS /wɪˈðɪn/

inside; before a period of time has passed

From this reading They are within the reach of every one, and there we may often find many wild plants growing sheltered by the actual hedge.

Chapter 31 of The Study of Plant Life by Marie Carmichael Stopes holds 49 sentences, grouped into 10 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 31 of The Study of Plant Life contain?

Chapter 31 holds 49 sentences of The Study of Plant Life, unabridged, divided into 10 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 31 of The Study of Plant Life by Marie Carmichael Stopes exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 49 sentences, grouped into 10 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 31 of The Study of Plant Life?

Work through the 10 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 10 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 31 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 31 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The Study of Plant Life

Common questions about reading The Study of Plant Life by Marie Carmichael Stopes on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The Study of Plant Life?

Yes. All 1900 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #59106 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The Study of Plant Life is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #59106, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The Study of Plant Life take to read?

About 158 minutes of reading across 380 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read The Study of Plant Life section by section

How to work through The Study of Plant Life section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

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  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in The Study of Plant Life

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Study of Plant Life, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Illustrated
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Study of Plant Life; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Stopes
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Study of Plant Life; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Enterprising
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Study of Plant Life; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Attempt
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Study of Plant Life; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.