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The subaltern
The subaltern

Chapter IV

Chapter 4 of The subaltern is here in full — 167 sentences across 34 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for The subaltern
Context Illustration Reading 1/33 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
Day had fully dawned when the general stir of the troops around me put an end to my repose.
I opened my eyes, and remained for half a minute in a state of entire bewilderment, so new and so splendid was the prospect which met them.
We had bivouacked upon a well-wooded eminence--standing, as it were, in the very centre of an amphitheatre of mountains.
Behind us lay the beautiful little bay of Passages, tranquil and almost motionless, under the influence of a calm morning, though rendered more than usually gay by the ships and boats which covered its surface.
In front, and to the right and left, rose, at some little distance off, hill above hill, not rugged and barren, like those among which we afterwards took up our abode, but shaggy with the richest and most luxuriant groves of plane, birch, and mountain-ash.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The subaltern

Chapter IV

Chapter 4 of The subaltern is here in full — 167 sentences across 34 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/33 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Day had fully dawned when the general stir of the troops around me put an end to my repose.
/deɪ hæd ˈfʊli dɔːnd wen ðə ˈdʒenərəl stɜːr ʌv ðə truːps ərˈaʊnd miː pʊt æn end tuː maɪ riˈpoʊz/
Line 2
I opened my eyes, and remained for half a minute in a state of entire bewilderment, so new and so splendid was the prospect which met them.
/aɪ ˈoʊpənd maɪ aɪz ənd rɪˈmeɪnd fɔːr hæf ə ˈmɪnət ɪn ə steɪt ʌv ɪnˈtaɪər bɪˈwɪldərmənt soʊ nuː ənd soʊ ˈsplendɪd wɑːz ðə ˈprɑːspekt wɪtʃ met ðem/
Line 3
We had bivouacked upon a well-wooded eminence--standing, as it were, in the very centre of an amphitheatre of mountains.
Line 4
Behind us lay the beautiful little bay of Passages, tranquil and almost motionless, under the influence of a calm morning, though rendered more than usually gay by the ships and boats which covered its surface.
/bɪˈhaɪnd ʌs leɪ ðə ˈbjuːtəfəl ˈlɪtəl beɪ ʌv ˈpæsədʒəz ˈtræŋkwəl ənd ˈɔːlmoʊst ˈmoʊʃənləs ˈʌndər ðə ˈɪnfluːəns ʌv ə kɑːm ˈmɔːrnɪŋ ðoʊ ˈrendərd mɔːr ðæn ˈjuːʒəwəli ɡeɪ baɪ ðə ʃɪps ənd boʊts wɪtʃ ˈkʌvərd ɪts ˈsɜːrfəs/
Line 5
In front, and to the right and left, rose, at some little distance off, hill above hill, not rugged and barren, like those among which we afterwards took up our abode, but shaggy with the richest and most luxuriant groves of plane, birch, and mountain-ash.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

amphitheatre noun US /ˈæmfəθiˈeɪtər/

a sloping gallery with seats for spectators (as in an operating room or theater)

From this reading “We had bivouacked upon a well-wooded eminence--standing, as it were, in the very centre of an amphitheatre of mountains.”

bewilderment noun US /bɪˈwɪldərmənt/

confusion resulting from failure to understand

From this reading “I opened my eyes, and remained for half a minute in a state of entire bewilderment, so new and so splendid was the prospect which met them.”

birch noun US /bɜːrtʃ/

hard close-grained wood of any of various birch trees; used especially in furniture and interior finishes and plywood

From this reading “In front, and to the right and left, rose, at some little distance off, hill above hill, not rugged and barren, like those among which we afterwards took up our abode, but shaggy with the richest and most luxuriant groves of plane, birch, and mountain-ash.”

eminence noun US /ˈemənəns/

high status importance owing to marked superiority

From this reading “We had bivouacked upon a well-wooded eminence--standing, as it were, in the very centre of an amphitheatre of mountains.”

groves noun US /ɡroʊvz/

United States general who served as military director of the atomic bomb project (1896-1970)

From this reading “In front, and to the right and left, rose, at some little distance off, hill above hill, not rugged and barren, like those among which we afterwards took up our abode, but shaggy with the richest and most luxuriant groves of plane, birch, and mountain-ash.”

luxuriant adjective US /ləɡˈʒɜːriənt/

marked by complexity and richness of detail

From this reading “In front, and to the right and left, rose, at some little distance off, hill above hill, not rugged and barren, like those among which we afterwards took up our abode, but shaggy with the richest and most luxuriant groves of plane, birch, and mountain-ash.”

richest adjective US /ˈrɪtʃəst/

superlative of “rich” — possessing material wealth

From this reading “In front, and to the right and left, rose, at some little distance off, hill above hill, not rugged and barren, like those among which we afterwards took up our abode, but shaggy with the richest and most luxuriant groves of plane, birch, and mountain-ash.”

shaggy adjective US /ˈʃæɡi/

used of hair; thick and poorly groomed

From this reading “In front, and to the right and left, rose, at some little distance off, hill above hill, not rugged and barren, like those among which we afterwards took up our abode, but shaggy with the richest and most luxuriant groves of plane, birch, and mountain-ash.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

under the influence preposition + article + noun counted as “under … influence”

In this reading “Behind us lay the beautiful little bay of Passages, tranquil and almost motionless, under the influence of a calm morning, though rendered more than usually gay by the ships and boats which covered its surface.”

most luxuriant adverb + adjective

In this reading “In front, and to the right and left, rose, at some little distance off, hill above hill, not rugged and barren, like those among which we afterwards took up our abode, but shaggy with the richest and most luxuriant groves of plane, birch, and mountain-ash.”

In front preposition + noun

at or in the front

In this reading “In front, and to the right and left, rose, at some little distance off, hill above hill, not rugged and barren, like those among which we afterwards took up our abode, but shaggy with the richest and most luxuriant groves of plane, birch, and mountain-ash.”

put an end verb + article + noun counted as “put … end”

In this reading “Day had fully dawned when the general stir of the troops around me put an end to my repose.”

little distance adjective + noun

In this reading “In front, and to the right and left, rose, at some little distance off, hill above hill, not rugged and barren, like those among which we afterwards took up our abode, but shaggy with the richest and most luxuriant groves of plane, birch, and mountain-ash.”

almost motionless adverb + adjective

In this reading “Behind us lay the beautiful little bay of Passages, tranquil and almost motionless, under the influence of a calm morning, though rendered more than usually gay by the ships and boats which covered its surface.”

very centre adjective + noun

In this reading “We had bivouacked upon a well-wooded eminence--standing, as it were, in the very centre of an amphitheatre of mountains.”

took up verb + adjective counted as “take up”

pursue or resume

In this reading “In front, and to the right and left, rose, at some little distance off, hill above hill, not rugged and barren, like those among which we afterwards took up our abode, but shaggy with the richest and most luxuriant groves of plane, birch, and mountain-ash.”

All words in this reading · 109

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading I opened my eyes, and remained for half a minute in a state of entire bewilderment, so new and so splendid was the prospect which met them.

abodenounUS /əˈboʊd/

any address at which you dwell more than temporarily

From this reading In front, and to the right and left, rose, at some little distance off, hill above hill, not rugged and barren, like those among which we afterwards took up our abode, but shaggy with the richest and most luxuriant groves of plane, birch, and mountain-ash.

aboveprepositionUS /əˈbʌv/

higher than, or over, something

From this reading In front, and to the right and left, rose, at some little distance off, hill above hill, not rugged and barren, like those among which we afterwards took up our abode, but shaggy with the richest and most luxuriant groves of plane, birch, and mountain-ash.

afterwardsadverbUS /ˈæftərwərdz/

happening at a time subsequent to a reference time

From this reading In front, and to the right and left, rose, at some little distance off, hill above hill, not rugged and barren, like those among which we afterwards took up our abode, but shaggy with the richest and most luxuriant groves of plane, birch, and mountain-ash.

almostadverbUS /ˈɔːlmoʊst/

(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but

From this reading Behind us lay the beautiful little bay of Passages, tranquil and almost motionless, under the influence of a calm morning, though rendered more than usually gay by the ships and boats which covered its surface.

amongprepositionUS /əˈmʌŋ/

surrounded by; in the middle of a group

From this reading In front, and to the right and left, rose, at some little distance off, hill above hill, not rugged and barren, like those among which we afterwards took up our abode, but shaggy with the richest and most luxuriant groves of plane, birch, and mountain-ash.

amphitheatrenounUS /ˈæmfəθiˈeɪtər/

a sloping gallery with seats for spectators (as in an operating room or theater)

From this reading We had bivouacked upon a well-wooded eminence--standing, as it were, in the very centre of an amphitheatre of mountains.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading Day had fully dawned when the general stir of the troops around me put an end to my repose.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading I opened my eyes, and remained for half a minute in a state of entire bewilderment, so new and so splendid was the prospect which met them.

aroundprepositionUS /ərˈaʊnd/

surrounding, or on every side of, something

From this reading Day had fully dawned when the general stir of the troops around me put an end to my repose.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading We had bivouacked upon a well-wooded eminence--standing, as it were, in the very centre of an amphitheatre of mountains.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading In front, and to the right and left, rose, at some little distance off, hill above hill, not rugged and barren, like those among which we afterwards took up our abode, but shaggy with the richest and most luxuriant groves of plane, birch, and mountain-ash.

barrenadjectiveUS /ˈbærən/

providing no shelter or sustenance

From this reading In front, and to the right and left, rose, at some little distance off, hill above hill, not rugged and barren, like those among which we afterwards took up our abode, but shaggy with the richest and most luxuriant groves of plane, birch, and mountain-ash.

baynounUS /beɪ/

an indentation of a shoreline larger than a cove but smaller than a gulf

From this reading Behind us lay the beautiful little bay of Passages, tranquil and almost motionless, under the influence of a calm morning, though rendered more than usually gay by the ships and boats which covered its surface.

beautifuladjectiveUS /ˈbjuːtəfəl/

delighting the senses or exciting intellectual or emotional admiration

From this reading Behind us lay the beautiful little bay of Passages, tranquil and almost motionless, under the influence of a calm morning, though rendered more than usually gay by the ships and boats which covered its surface.

BehindprepositionUS /bɪˈhaɪnd/

at or toward the back of something

From this reading Behind us lay the beautiful little bay of Passages, tranquil and almost motionless, under the influence of a calm morning, though rendered more than usually gay by the ships and boats which covered its surface.

bewildermentnounUS /bɪˈwɪldərmənt/

confusion resulting from failure to understand

From this reading I opened my eyes, and remained for half a minute in a state of entire bewilderment, so new and so splendid was the prospect which met them.

birchnounUS /bɜːrtʃ/

hard close-grained wood of any of various birch trees; used especially in furniture and interior finishes and plywood

From this reading In front, and to the right and left, rose, at some little distance off, hill above hill, not rugged and barren, like those among which we afterwards took up our abode, but shaggy with the richest and most luxuriant groves of plane, birch, and mountain-ash.

bivouacked

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading We had bivouacked upon a well-wooded eminence--standing, as it were, in the very centre of an amphitheatre of mountains.

boatsnounUS /boʊts/

plural of “boat” — a small vessel for travel on water

From this reading Behind us lay the beautiful little bay of Passages, tranquil and almost motionless, under the influence of a calm morning, though rendered more than usually gay by the ships and boats which covered its surface.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading In front, and to the right and left, rose, at some little distance off, hill above hill, not rugged and barren, like those among which we afterwards took up our abode, but shaggy with the richest and most luxuriant groves of plane, birch, and mountain-ash.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading Behind us lay the beautiful little bay of Passages, tranquil and almost motionless, under the influence of a calm morning, though rendered more than usually gay by the ships and boats which covered its surface.

calmverbUS /kɑːm/

make calm or still

From this reading Behind us lay the beautiful little bay of Passages, tranquil and almost motionless, under the influence of a calm morning, though rendered more than usually gay by the ships and boats which covered its surface.

centrenounUS /ˈsentər/

a low-lying region in central France

From this reading We had bivouacked upon a well-wooded eminence--standing, as it were, in the very centre of an amphitheatre of mountains.

coveredadjectiveUS /ˈkʌvərd/

overlaid or spread or topped with or enclosed within something; sometimes used as a combining form

From this reading Behind us lay the beautiful little bay of Passages, tranquil and almost motionless, under the influence of a calm morning, though rendered more than usually gay by the ships and boats which covered its surface.

dawnedverbUS /dɔːnd/

past form of “dawn” — become clear or enter one's consciousness or emotions

From this reading Day had fully dawned when the general stir of the troops around me put an end to my repose.

DaynounUS /deɪ/

time for Earth to make a complete rotation on its axis

From this reading Day had fully dawned when the general stir of the troops around me put an end to my repose.

distancenounUS /ˈdɪstəns/

the property created by the space between two objects or points

From this reading In front, and to the right and left, rose, at some little distance off, hill above hill, not rugged and barren, like those among which we afterwards took up our abode, but shaggy with the richest and most luxuriant groves of plane, birch, and mountain-ash.

eminencenounUS /ˈemənəns/

high status importance owing to marked superiority

From this reading We had bivouacked upon a well-wooded eminence--standing, as it were, in the very centre of an amphitheatre of mountains.

endnounUS /end/

either extremity of something that has length

From this reading Day had fully dawned when the general stir of the troops around me put an end to my repose.

entireadjectiveUS /ɪnˈtaɪər/

constituting the full quantity or extent; complete

From this reading I opened my eyes, and remained for half a minute in a state of entire bewilderment, so new and so splendid was the prospect which met them.

eyesnounUS /aɪz/

opinion or judgment

From this reading I opened my eyes, and remained for half a minute in a state of entire bewilderment, so new and so splendid was the prospect which met them.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading I opened my eyes, and remained for half a minute in a state of entire bewilderment, so new and so splendid was the prospect which met them.

frontnounUS /frʌnt/

the side that is forward or prominent

From this reading In front, and to the right and left, rose, at some little distance off, hill above hill, not rugged and barren, like those among which we afterwards took up our abode, but shaggy with the richest and most luxuriant groves of plane, birch, and mountain-ash.

fullyadverbUS /ˈfʊli/

to the greatest degree or extent; completely or entirely; (“full” in this sense is used as a combining form)

From this reading Day had fully dawned when the general stir of the troops around me put an end to my repose.

gayadjectiveUS /ɡeɪ/

bright and pleasant; promoting a feeling of cheer

From this reading Behind us lay the beautiful little bay of Passages, tranquil and almost motionless, under the influence of a calm morning, though rendered more than usually gay by the ships and boats which covered its surface.

generaladjectiveUS /ˈdʒenərəl/

applying to all or most members of a category or group

From this reading Day had fully dawned when the general stir of the troops around me put an end to my repose.

grovesnounUS /ɡroʊvz/

United States general who served as military director of the atomic bomb project (1896-1970)

From this reading In front, and to the right and left, rose, at some little distance off, hill above hill, not rugged and barren, like those among which we afterwards took up our abode, but shaggy with the richest and most luxuriant groves of plane, birch, and mountain-ash.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading Day had fully dawned when the general stir of the troops around me put an end to my repose.

halfadjectiveUS /hæf/

consisting of one of two equivalent parts in value or quantity

From this reading I opened my eyes, and remained for half a minute in a state of entire bewilderment, so new and so splendid was the prospect which met them.

hillnounUS /hɪl/

a local and well-defined elevation of the land

From this reading In front, and to the right and left, rose, at some little distance off, hill above hill, not rugged and barren, like those among which we afterwards took up our abode, but shaggy with the richest and most luxuriant groves of plane, birch, and mountain-ash.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading I opened my eyes, and remained for half a minute in a state of entire bewilderment, so new and so splendid was the prospect which met them.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading I opened my eyes, and remained for half a minute in a state of entire bewilderment, so new and so splendid was the prospect which met them.

influencenounUS /ˈɪnfluːəns/

a power to affect persons or events especially power based on prestige etc

From this reading Behind us lay the beautiful little bay of Passages, tranquil and almost motionless, under the influence of a calm morning, though rendered more than usually gay by the ships and boats which covered its surface.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading We had bivouacked upon a well-wooded eminence--standing, as it were, in the very centre of an amphitheatre of mountains.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading Behind us lay the beautiful little bay of Passages, tranquil and almost motionless, under the influence of a calm morning, though rendered more than usually gay by the ships and boats which covered its surface.

layverbUS /leɪ/

put into a certain place or abstract location

From this reading Behind us lay the beautiful little bay of Passages, tranquil and almost motionless, under the influence of a calm morning, though rendered more than usually gay by the ships and boats which covered its surface.

leftnounUS /left/

location near or direction toward the left side; i.e. the side to the north when a person or object faces east

From this reading In front, and to the right and left, rose, at some little distance off, hill above hill, not rugged and barren, like those among which we afterwards took up our abode, but shaggy with the richest and most luxuriant groves of plane, birch, and mountain-ash.

likeverbUS /laɪk/

prefer or wish to do something

From this reading In front, and to the right and left, rose, at some little distance off, hill above hill, not rugged and barren, like those among which we afterwards took up our abode, but shaggy with the richest and most luxuriant groves of plane, birch, and mountain-ash.

littleadjectiveUS /ˈlɪtəl/

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading Behind us lay the beautiful little bay of Passages, tranquil and almost motionless, under the influence of a calm morning, though rendered more than usually gay by the ships and boats which covered its surface.

luxuriantadjectiveUS /ləɡˈʒɜːriənt/

marked by complexity and richness of detail

From this reading In front, and to the right and left, rose, at some little distance off, hill above hill, not rugged and barren, like those among which we afterwards took up our abode, but shaggy with the richest and most luxuriant groves of plane, birch, and mountain-ash.

mepronounUS /miː/

the person speaking, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading Day had fully dawned when the general stir of the troops around me put an end to my repose.

metverbUS /met/

inflected form of “meet” — come together

From this reading I opened my eyes, and remained for half a minute in a state of entire bewilderment, so new and so splendid was the prospect which met them.

minutenounUS /ˈmɪnət/

a unit of time equal to 60 seconds or 1/60th of an hour

From this reading I opened my eyes, and remained for half a minute in a state of entire bewilderment, so new and so splendid was the prospect which met them.

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading Behind us lay the beautiful little bay of Passages, tranquil and almost motionless, under the influence of a calm morning, though rendered more than usually gay by the ships and boats which covered its surface.

morningnounUS /ˈmɔːrnɪŋ/

the time period between dawn and noon

From this reading Behind us lay the beautiful little bay of Passages, tranquil and almost motionless, under the influence of a calm morning, though rendered more than usually gay by the ships and boats which covered its surface.

mostadverbUS /moʊst/

used to form the superlative

From this reading In front, and to the right and left, rose, at some little distance off, hill above hill, not rugged and barren, like those among which we afterwards took up our abode, but shaggy with the richest and most luxuriant groves of plane, birch, and mountain-ash.

motionlessadjectiveUS /ˈmoʊʃənləs/

not in physical motion

From this reading Behind us lay the beautiful little bay of Passages, tranquil and almost motionless, under the influence of a calm morning, though rendered more than usually gay by the ships and boats which covered its surface.

mountain-ash

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In front, and to the right and left, rose, at some little distance off, hill above hill, not rugged and barren, like those among which we afterwards took up our abode, but shaggy with the richest and most luxuriant groves of plane, birch, and mountain-ash.

mountainsnounUS /ˈmaʊntənz/

plural of “mountain” — a land mass that projects well above its surroundings; higher than a hill

From this reading We had bivouacked upon a well-wooded eminence--standing, as it were, in the very centre of an amphitheatre of mountains.

mydeterminerUS /maɪ/

belonging to the person speaking

From this reading Day had fully dawned when the general stir of the troops around me put an end to my repose.

newadjectiveUS /nuː/

not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered

From this reading I opened my eyes, and remained for half a minute in a state of entire bewilderment, so new and so splendid was the prospect which met them.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading In front, and to the right and left, rose, at some little distance off, hill above hill, not rugged and barren, like those among which we afterwards took up our abode, but shaggy with the richest and most luxuriant groves of plane, birch, and mountain-ash.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Day had fully dawned when the general stir of the troops around me put an end to my repose.

offadverbUS /ɔːf/

from a particular thing or place or position (“forth” is obsolete)

From this reading In front, and to the right and left, rose, at some little distance off, hill above hill, not rugged and barren, like those among which we afterwards took up our abode, but shaggy with the richest and most luxuriant groves of plane, birch, and mountain-ash.

openedadjectiveUS /ˈoʊpənd/

used of mouth or eyes

From this reading I opened my eyes, and remained for half a minute in a state of entire bewilderment, so new and so splendid was the prospect which met them.

ourdeterminerUS /ˈaʊər/

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading In front, and to the right and left, rose, at some little distance off, hill above hill, not rugged and barren, like those among which we afterwards took up our abode, but shaggy with the richest and most luxuriant groves of plane, birch, and mountain-ash.

PassagesnounUS /ˈpæsədʒəz/

plural of “passage” — the act of passing from one state or place to the next

From this reading Behind us lay the beautiful little bay of Passages, tranquil and almost motionless, under the influence of a calm morning, though rendered more than usually gay by the ships and boats which covered its surface.

planenounUS /pleɪn/

an aircraft that has a fixed wing and is powered by propellers or jets

From this reading In front, and to the right and left, rose, at some little distance off, hill above hill, not rugged and barren, like those among which we afterwards took up our abode, but shaggy with the richest and most luxuriant groves of plane, birch, and mountain-ash.

prospectnounUS /ˈprɑːspekt/

the possibility of future success

From this reading I opened my eyes, and remained for half a minute in a state of entire bewilderment, so new and so splendid was the prospect which met them.

putverbUS /pʊt/

put into a certain place or abstract location

From this reading Day had fully dawned when the general stir of the troops around me put an end to my repose.

remainedverbUS /rɪˈmeɪnd/

past form of “remain” — stay the same; remain in a certain state

From this reading I opened my eyes, and remained for half a minute in a state of entire bewilderment, so new and so splendid was the prospect which met them.

renderedverbUS /ˈrendərd/

past form of “render” — cause to become

From this reading Behind us lay the beautiful little bay of Passages, tranquil and almost motionless, under the influence of a calm morning, though rendered more than usually gay by the ships and boats which covered its surface.

reposeverbUS /riˈpoʊz/

put or confide something in a person or thing

From this reading Day had fully dawned when the general stir of the troops around me put an end to my repose.

richestadjectiveUS /ˈrɪtʃəst/

superlative of “rich” — possessing material wealth

From this reading In front, and to the right and left, rose, at some little distance off, hill above hill, not rugged and barren, like those among which we afterwards took up our abode, but shaggy with the richest and most luxuriant groves of plane, birch, and mountain-ash.

rightadverbUS /raɪt/

precisely, exactly

From this reading In front, and to the right and left, rose, at some little distance off, hill above hill, not rugged and barren, like those among which we afterwards took up our abode, but shaggy with the richest and most luxuriant groves of plane, birch, and mountain-ash.

rosenounUS /roʊz/

any of many shrubs of the genus Rosa that bear roses

From this reading In front, and to the right and left, rose, at some little distance off, hill above hill, not rugged and barren, like those among which we afterwards took up our abode, but shaggy with the richest and most luxuriant groves of plane, birch, and mountain-ash.

ruggedadjectiveUS /ˈrʌɡəd/

sturdy and strong in constitution or construction; enduring

From this reading In front, and to the right and left, rose, at some little distance off, hill above hill, not rugged and barren, like those among which we afterwards took up our abode, but shaggy with the richest and most luxuriant groves of plane, birch, and mountain-ash.

shaggyadjectiveUS /ˈʃæɡi/

used of hair; thick and poorly groomed

From this reading In front, and to the right and left, rose, at some little distance off, hill above hill, not rugged and barren, like those among which we afterwards took up our abode, but shaggy with the richest and most luxuriant groves of plane, birch, and mountain-ash.

shipsnounUS /ʃɪps/

plural of “ship” — a vessel that carries passengers or freight

From this reading Behind us lay the beautiful little bay of Passages, tranquil and almost motionless, under the influence of a calm morning, though rendered more than usually gay by the ships and boats which covered its surface.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading I opened my eyes, and remained for half a minute in a state of entire bewilderment, so new and so splendid was the prospect which met them.

someadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading In front, and to the right and left, rose, at some little distance off, hill above hill, not rugged and barren, like those among which we afterwards took up our abode, but shaggy with the richest and most luxuriant groves of plane, birch, and mountain-ash.

splendidadjectiveUS /ˈsplendɪd/

having great beauty and splendor

From this reading I opened my eyes, and remained for half a minute in a state of entire bewilderment, so new and so splendid was the prospect which met them.

standingadjectiveUS /ˈstændɪŋ/

having a supporting base

From this reading We had bivouacked upon a well-wooded eminence--standing, as it were, in the very centre of an amphitheatre of mountains.

statenounUS /steɪt/

the territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation

From this reading I opened my eyes, and remained for half a minute in a state of entire bewilderment, so new and so splendid was the prospect which met them.

stirverbUS /stɜːr/

move an implement through

From this reading Day had fully dawned when the general stir of the troops around me put an end to my repose.

surfacenounUS /ˈsɜːrfəs/

the outer boundary of an artifact or a material layer constituting or resembling such a boundary

From this reading Behind us lay the beautiful little bay of Passages, tranquil and almost motionless, under the influence of a calm morning, though rendered more than usually gay by the ships and boats which covered its surface.

thanconjunctionUS /ðæn/

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading Behind us lay the beautiful little bay of Passages, tranquil and almost motionless, under the influence of a calm morning, though rendered more than usually gay by the ships and boats which covered its surface.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Day had fully dawned when the general stir of the troops around me put an end to my repose.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading I opened my eyes, and remained for half a minute in a state of entire bewilderment, so new and so splendid was the prospect which met them.

thosedeterminerUS /ðoʊz/

the plural of “that”: the people or things further away, or already known

From this reading In front, and to the right and left, rose, at some little distance off, hill above hill, not rugged and barren, like those among which we afterwards took up our abode, but shaggy with the richest and most luxuriant groves of plane, birch, and mountain-ash.

thoughconjunctionUS /ðoʊ/

in spite of the fact that

From this reading Behind us lay the beautiful little bay of Passages, tranquil and almost motionless, under the influence of a calm morning, though rendered more than usually gay by the ships and boats which covered its surface.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Day had fully dawned when the general stir of the troops around me put an end to my repose.

tookverbUS /tʊk/

inflected form of “take” — carry out

From this reading In front, and to the right and left, rose, at some little distance off, hill above hill, not rugged and barren, like those among which we afterwards took up our abode, but shaggy with the richest and most luxuriant groves of plane, birch, and mountain-ash.

tranquiladjectiveUS /ˈtræŋkwəl/

(of a body of water) free from disturbance by heavy waves

From this reading Behind us lay the beautiful little bay of Passages, tranquil and almost motionless, under the influence of a calm morning, though rendered more than usually gay by the ships and boats which covered its surface.

troopsnounUS /truːps/

soldiers collectively

From this reading Day had fully dawned when the general stir of the troops around me put an end to my repose.

underprepositionUS /ˈʌndər/

below or beneath something; less than

From this reading Behind us lay the beautiful little bay of Passages, tranquil and almost motionless, under the influence of a calm morning, though rendered more than usually gay by the ships and boats which covered its surface.

upadjectiveUS /ʌp/

being or moving higher in position or greater in some value; being above a former position or level

From this reading In front, and to the right and left, rose, at some little distance off, hill above hill, not rugged and barren, like those among which we afterwards took up our abode, but shaggy with the richest and most luxuriant groves of plane, birch, and mountain-ash.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading We had bivouacked upon a well-wooded eminence--standing, as it were, in the very centre of an amphitheatre of mountains.

uspronounUS /ʌs/

the speaker and others, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading Behind us lay the beautiful little bay of Passages, tranquil and almost motionless, under the influence of a calm morning, though rendered more than usually gay by the ships and boats which covered its surface.

usuallyadverbUS /ˈjuːʒəwəli/

under normal conditions

From this reading Behind us lay the beautiful little bay of Passages, tranquil and almost motionless, under the influence of a calm morning, though rendered more than usually gay by the ships and boats which covered its surface.

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading We had bivouacked upon a well-wooded eminence--standing, as it were, in the very centre of an amphitheatre of mountains.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading I opened my eyes, and remained for half a minute in a state of entire bewilderment, so new and so splendid was the prospect which met them.

WepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading We had bivouacked upon a well-wooded eminence--standing, as it were, in the very centre of an amphitheatre of mountains.

well-wooded

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading We had bivouacked upon a well-wooded eminence--standing, as it were, in the very centre of an amphitheatre of mountains.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading We had bivouacked upon a well-wooded eminence--standing, as it were, in the very centre of an amphitheatre of mountains.

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading Day had fully dawned when the general stir of the troops around me put an end to my repose.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading I opened my eyes, and remained for half a minute in a state of entire bewilderment, so new and so splendid was the prospect which met them.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading In front, and to the right and left, rose, at some little distance off, hill above hill, not rugged and barren, like those among which we afterwards took up our abode, but shaggy with the richest and most luxuriant groves of plane, birch, and mountain-ash.

Chapter 4 of The subaltern by G. R. (George Robert) Gleig holds 167 sentences, grouped into 34 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 4 of The subaltern contain?

Chapter 4 holds 167 sentences of The subaltern, unabridged, divided into 34 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 4 of The subaltern by G. R. (George Robert) Gleig exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 167 sentences, grouped into 34 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 4 of The subaltern?

Work through the 34 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 34 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

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Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 4 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The subaltern

Common questions about reading The subaltern by G. R. (George Robert) Gleig on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The subaltern?

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Which edition of The subaltern is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #?, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

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Vocabulary met early in The subaltern

Words and structures a reader meets early in The subaltern, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Chapter 1
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Chapter 2
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Chapter 3
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