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The Travels of Marco Polo — Volume 1
The Travels of Marco Polo — Volume 1

Chapter XX · Chapter 20

Chapter 20 of The Travels of Marco Polo — Volume 1 is here in full — 66 sentences across 14 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/13 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
CONCERNING THE PROVINCE OF TURCOMANIA.
In Turcomania there are three classes of people.
First, there are the Turcomans; these are worshippers of Mahommet, a rude people with an uncouth language of their own.{1} They dwell among mountains and downs where they find good pasture, for their occupation is cattle-keeping.
Excellent horses, known as _Turquans_, are reared in their country, and also very valuable mules.
The other two classes are the Armenians and the Greeks, who live mixt with the former in the towns and villages, occupying themselves with trade and handicrafts.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Travels of Marco Polo — Volume 1

Chapter XX · Chapter 20

Chapter 20 of The Travels of Marco Polo — Volume 1 is here in full — 66 sentences across 14 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/13 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
CONCERNING THE PROVINCE OF TURCOMANIA.
Line 2
In Turcomania there are three classes of people.
Line 3
First, there are the Turcomans; these are worshippers of Mahommet, a rude people with an uncouth language of their own.{1} They dwell among mountains and downs where they find good pasture, for their occupation is cattle-keeping.
Line 4
Excellent horses, known as _Turquans_, are reared in their country, and also very valuable mules.
Line 5
The other two classes are the Armenians and the Greeks, who live mixt with the former in the towns and villages, occupying themselves with trade and handicrafts.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Armenians noun US /ɑːrˈmiːniənz/

plural of “armenian” — a native or inhabitant of Armenia

From this reading “The other two classes are the Armenians and the Greeks, who live mixt with the former in the towns and villages, occupying themselves with trade and handicrafts.”

downs noun US /daʊnz/

plural of “down” — soft fine feathers

From this reading “First, there are the Turcomans; these are worshippers of Mahommet, a rude people with an uncouth language of their own.{1} They dwell among mountains and downs where they find good pasture, for their occupation is cattle-keeping.”

handicrafts noun US /ˈhændikræfts/

plural of “handicraft” — a work produced by hand labor

From this reading “The other two classes are the Armenians and the Greeks, who live mixt with the former in the towns and villages, occupying themselves with trade and handicrafts.”

mules noun US /mjuːlz/

plural of “mule” — hybrid offspring of a male donkey and a female horse; usually sterile

From this reading “Excellent horses, known as _Turquans_, are reared in their country, and also very valuable mules.”

occupying verb US /ˈɑːkjəpaɪɪŋ/

-ing form of “occupy” — keep busy with

From this reading “The other two classes are the Armenians and the Greeks, who live mixt with the former in the towns and villages, occupying themselves with trade and handicrafts.”

pasture noun US /ˈpæstʃər/

a field covered with grass or herbage and suitable for grazing by livestock

From this reading “First, there are the Turcomans; these are worshippers of Mahommet, a rude people with an uncouth language of their own.{1} They dwell among mountains and downs where they find good pasture, for their occupation is cattle-keeping.”

uncouth adjective US /ˈʌnˈkuːθ/

lacking refinement or cultivation or taste

From this reading “First, there are the Turcomans; these are worshippers of Mahommet, a rude people with an uncouth language of their own.{1} They dwell among mountains and downs where they find good pasture, for their occupation is cattle-keeping.”

worshippers noun US /ˈwɜːrʃɪpərz/

plural of “worshipper” — a person who has religious faith

From this reading “First, there are the Turcomans; these are worshippers of Mahommet, a rude people with an uncouth language of their own.{1} They dwell among mountains and downs where they find good pasture, for their occupation is cattle-keeping.”

All words in this reading · 64

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading First, there are the Turcomans; these are worshippers of Mahommet, a rude people with an uncouth language of their own.{1} They dwell among mountains and downs where they find good pasture, for their occupation is cattle-keeping.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading First, there are the Turcomans; these are worshippers of Mahommet, a rude people with an uncouth language of their own.{1} They dwell among mountains and downs where they find good pasture, for their occupation is cattle-keeping.

alsoadverbUS /ˈɔːlsoʊ/

in addition

From this reading Excellent horses, known as _Turquans_, are reared in their country, and also very valuable mules.

amongprepositionUS /əˈmʌŋ/

surrounded by; in the middle of a group

From this reading First, there are the Turcomans; these are worshippers of Mahommet, a rude people with an uncouth language of their own.{1} They dwell among mountains and downs where they find good pasture, for their occupation is cattle-keeping.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading First, there are the Turcomans; these are worshippers of Mahommet, a rude people with an uncouth language of their own.{1} They dwell among mountains and downs where they find good pasture, for their occupation is cattle-keeping.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading First, there are the Turcomans; these are worshippers of Mahommet, a rude people with an uncouth language of their own.{1} They dwell among mountains and downs where they find good pasture, for their occupation is cattle-keeping.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading In Turcomania there are three classes of people.

ArmeniansnounUS /ɑːrˈmiːniənz/

plural of “armenian” — a native or inhabitant of Armenia

From this reading The other two classes are the Armenians and the Greeks, who live mixt with the former in the towns and villages, occupying themselves with trade and handicrafts.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading Excellent horses, known as _Turquans_, are reared in their country, and also very valuable mules.

cattle-keeping

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading First, there are the Turcomans; these are worshippers of Mahommet, a rude people with an uncouth language of their own.{1} They dwell among mountains and downs where they find good pasture, for their occupation is cattle-keeping.

classesnounUS /ˈklæsəz/

plural of “class” — a collection of things sharing a common attribute

From this reading In Turcomania there are three classes of people.

CONCERNINGverbUS /kənˈsɜːrnɪŋ/

-ing form of “concern” — be relevant to

From this reading CONCERNING THE PROVINCE OF TURCOMANIA.

countrynounUS /ˈkʌntri/

a politically organized body of people under a single government

From this reading Excellent horses, known as _Turquans_, are reared in their country, and also very valuable mules.

downsnounUS /daʊnz/

plural of “down” — soft fine feathers

From this reading First, there are the Turcomans; these are worshippers of Mahommet, a rude people with an uncouth language of their own.{1} They dwell among mountains and downs where they find good pasture, for their occupation is cattle-keeping.

dwellverbUS /dwel/

think moodily or anxiously about something

From this reading First, there are the Turcomans; these are worshippers of Mahommet, a rude people with an uncouth language of their own.{1} They dwell among mountains and downs where they find good pasture, for their occupation is cattle-keeping.

ExcellentadjectiveUS /ˈeksələnt/

very good; of the highest quality

From this reading Excellent horses, known as _Turquans_, are reared in their country, and also very valuable mules.

findverbUS /faɪnd/

come upon, as if by accident; meet with

From this reading First, there are the Turcomans; these are worshippers of Mahommet, a rude people with an uncouth language of their own.{1} They dwell among mountains and downs where they find good pasture, for their occupation is cattle-keeping.

FirstadjectiveUS /fɜːrst/

preceding all others in time or space or degree

From this reading First, there are the Turcomans; these are worshippers of Mahommet, a rude people with an uncouth language of their own.{1} They dwell among mountains and downs where they find good pasture, for their occupation is cattle-keeping.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading First, there are the Turcomans; these are worshippers of Mahommet, a rude people with an uncouth language of their own.{1} They dwell among mountains and downs where they find good pasture, for their occupation is cattle-keeping.

formeradjectiveUS /ˈfɔːrmər/

referring to the first of two things or persons mentioned (or the earlier one or ones of several)

From this reading The other two classes are the Armenians and the Greeks, who live mixt with the former in the towns and villages, occupying themselves with trade and handicrafts.

goodadjectiveUS /ɡʊd/

having desirable or positive qualities especially those suitable for a thing specified

From this reading First, there are the Turcomans; these are worshippers of Mahommet, a rude people with an uncouth language of their own.{1} They dwell among mountains and downs where they find good pasture, for their occupation is cattle-keeping.

GreeksnounUS /ɡriːks/

plural of “greek” — the Hellenic branch of the Indo-European family of languages

From this reading The other two classes are the Armenians and the Greeks, who live mixt with the former in the towns and villages, occupying themselves with trade and handicrafts.

handicraftsnounUS /ˈhændikræfts/

plural of “handicraft” — a work produced by hand labor

From this reading The other two classes are the Armenians and the Greeks, who live mixt with the former in the towns and villages, occupying themselves with trade and handicrafts.

horsesnounUS /ˈhɔːrsəz/

plural of “horse” — solid-hoofed herbivorous quadruped domesticated since prehistoric times

From this reading Excellent horses, known as _Turquans_, are reared in their country, and also very valuable mules.

InprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading In Turcomania there are three classes of people.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading First, there are the Turcomans; these are worshippers of Mahommet, a rude people with an uncouth language of their own.{1} They dwell among mountains and downs where they find good pasture, for their occupation is cattle-keeping.

knownadjectiveUS /noʊn/

apprehended with certainty

From this reading Excellent horses, known as _Turquans_, are reared in their country, and also very valuable mules.

languagenounUS /ˈlæŋɡwədʒ/

a systematic means of communicating by the use of sounds or conventional symbols

From this reading First, there are the Turcomans; these are worshippers of Mahommet, a rude people with an uncouth language of their own.{1} They dwell among mountains and downs where they find good pasture, for their occupation is cattle-keeping.

liveverbUS /laɪv/

be an inhabitant of or reside in

From this reading The other two classes are the Armenians and the Greeks, who live mixt with the former in the towns and villages, occupying themselves with trade and handicrafts.

Mahommet

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading First, there are the Turcomans; these are worshippers of Mahommet, a rude people with an uncouth language of their own.{1} They dwell among mountains and downs where they find good pasture, for their occupation is cattle-keeping.

mixt

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The other two classes are the Armenians and the Greeks, who live mixt with the former in the towns and villages, occupying themselves with trade and handicrafts.

mountainsnounUS /ˈmaʊntənz/

plural of “mountain” — a land mass that projects well above its surroundings; higher than a hill

From this reading First, there are the Turcomans; these are worshippers of Mahommet, a rude people with an uncouth language of their own.{1} They dwell among mountains and downs where they find good pasture, for their occupation is cattle-keeping.

mulesnounUS /mjuːlz/

plural of “mule” — hybrid offspring of a male donkey and a female horse; usually sterile

From this reading Excellent horses, known as _Turquans_, are reared in their country, and also very valuable mules.

occupationnounUS /ˌɑːkjəˈpeɪʃən/

the principal activity in your life that you do to earn money

From this reading First, there are the Turcomans; these are worshippers of Mahommet, a rude people with an uncouth language of their own.{1} They dwell among mountains and downs where they find good pasture, for their occupation is cattle-keeping.

occupyingverbUS /ˈɑːkjəpaɪɪŋ/

-ing form of “occupy” — keep busy with

From this reading The other two classes are the Armenians and the Greeks, who live mixt with the former in the towns and villages, occupying themselves with trade and handicrafts.

OFprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading CONCERNING THE PROVINCE OF TURCOMANIA.

otheradjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading The other two classes are the Armenians and the Greeks, who live mixt with the former in the towns and villages, occupying themselves with trade and handicrafts.

ownverbUS /oʊn/

have ownership or possession of

From this reading First, there are the Turcomans; these are worshippers of Mahommet, a rude people with an uncouth language of their own.{1} They dwell among mountains and downs where they find good pasture, for their occupation is cattle-keeping.

pasturenounUS /ˈpæstʃər/

a field covered with grass or herbage and suitable for grazing by livestock

From this reading First, there are the Turcomans; these are worshippers of Mahommet, a rude people with an uncouth language of their own.{1} They dwell among mountains and downs where they find good pasture, for their occupation is cattle-keeping.

peoplenounUS /ˈpiːpəl/

(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively

From this reading In Turcomania there are three classes of people.

PROVINCEnounUS /ˈprɑːvəns/

the territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation

From this reading CONCERNING THE PROVINCE OF TURCOMANIA.

rearedverbUS /rɪrd/

past form of “rear” — stand up on the hind legs, of quadrupeds

From this reading Excellent horses, known as _Turquans_, are reared in their country, and also very valuable mules.

rudeadjectiveUS /ruːd/

socially incorrect in behavior

From this reading First, there are the Turcomans; these are worshippers of Mahommet, a rude people with an uncouth language of their own.{1} They dwell among mountains and downs where they find good pasture, for their occupation is cattle-keeping.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading CONCERNING THE PROVINCE OF TURCOMANIA.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading First, there are the Turcomans; these are worshippers of Mahommet, a rude people with an uncouth language of their own.{1} They dwell among mountains and downs where they find good pasture, for their occupation is cattle-keeping.

themselvespronounUS /ðemˈselvz/

used when the people doing the action are also its object

From this reading The other two classes are the Armenians and the Greeks, who live mixt with the former in the towns and villages, occupying themselves with trade and handicrafts.

thereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading In Turcomania there are three classes of people.

thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading First, there are the Turcomans; these are worshippers of Mahommet, a rude people with an uncouth language of their own.{1} They dwell among mountains and downs where they find good pasture, for their occupation is cattle-keeping.

TheypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading First, there are the Turcomans; these are worshippers of Mahommet, a rude people with an uncouth language of their own.{1} They dwell among mountains and downs where they find good pasture, for their occupation is cattle-keeping.

threenounUS /θriː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one and one

From this reading In Turcomania there are three classes of people.

townsnounUS /taʊnz/

plural of “town” — an urban area with a fixed boundary that is smaller than a city

From this reading The other two classes are the Armenians and the Greeks, who live mixt with the former in the towns and villages, occupying themselves with trade and handicrafts.

tradenounUS /treɪd/

the commercial exchange (buying and selling on domestic or international markets) of goods and services

From this reading The other two classes are the Armenians and the Greeks, who live mixt with the former in the towns and villages, occupying themselves with trade and handicrafts.

TURCOMANIA

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading CONCERNING THE PROVINCE OF TURCOMANIA.

Turcomans

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading First, there are the Turcomans; these are worshippers of Mahommet, a rude people with an uncouth language of their own.{1} They dwell among mountains and downs where they find good pasture, for their occupation is cattle-keeping.

Turquans

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Excellent horses, known as _Turquans_, are reared in their country, and also very valuable mules.

twonounUS /tuː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number

From this reading The other two classes are the Armenians and the Greeks, who live mixt with the former in the towns and villages, occupying themselves with trade and handicrafts.

uncouthadjectiveUS /ˈʌnˈkuːθ/

lacking refinement or cultivation or taste

From this reading First, there are the Turcomans; these are worshippers of Mahommet, a rude people with an uncouth language of their own.{1} They dwell among mountains and downs where they find good pasture, for their occupation is cattle-keeping.

valuableadjectiveUS /ˈvæljəbəl/

having great material or monetary value especially for use or exchange

From this reading Excellent horses, known as _Turquans_, are reared in their country, and also very valuable mules.

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading Excellent horses, known as _Turquans_, are reared in their country, and also very valuable mules.

villagesnounUS /ˈvɪlədʒəz/

plural of “village” — a community of people smaller than a town

From this reading The other two classes are the Armenians and the Greeks, who live mixt with the former in the towns and villages, occupying themselves with trade and handicrafts.

whereconjunctionUS /wer/

in or at the place that

From this reading First, there are the Turcomans; these are worshippers of Mahommet, a rude people with an uncouth language of their own.{1} They dwell among mountains and downs where they find good pasture, for their occupation is cattle-keeping.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading The other two classes are the Armenians and the Greeks, who live mixt with the former in the towns and villages, occupying themselves with trade and handicrafts.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading First, there are the Turcomans; these are worshippers of Mahommet, a rude people with an uncouth language of their own.{1} They dwell among mountains and downs where they find good pasture, for their occupation is cattle-keeping.

worshippersnounUS /ˈwɜːrʃɪpərz/

plural of “worshipper” — a person who has religious faith

From this reading First, there are the Turcomans; these are worshippers of Mahommet, a rude people with an uncouth language of their own.{1} They dwell among mountains and downs where they find good pasture, for their occupation is cattle-keeping.

Chapter 20 of The Travels of Marco Polo — Volume 1 by Marco Polo holds 66 sentences, grouped into 14 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 20 of The Travels of Marco Polo — Volume 1 contain?

Chapter 20 holds 66 sentences of The Travels of Marco Polo — Volume 1, unabridged, divided into 14 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 20 of The Travels of Marco Polo — Volume 1 by Marco Polo exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 66 sentences, grouped into 14 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 20 of The Travels of Marco Polo — Volume 1?

Work through the 14 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 14 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 20 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 20 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

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Vocabulary met early in The Travels of Marco Polo — Volume 1

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Travels of Marco Polo — Volume 1, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Chapter 1
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Chapter 2
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Chapter 3
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