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The Underdogs
The Underdogs

Chapter I · Chapter 1

Chapter 1 of The Underdogs is here in full — 226 sentences across 46 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Mariano Azuela, the first of the "novelists of the Revolution," was born in Lagos de Moreno, Jalisco, Mexico, in 1873.
He studied medicine in Guadalajara and returned to Lagos in 1909, where he began the practice of his profession.
He began his writing career early; in 1896 he published Impressions of a Student in a weekly of Mexico City.
This was followed by numerous sketches and short stories, and in 1911 by his first novel, Andres Perez, maderista.
Like most of the young Liberals, he supported Francisco I. Madero's uprising, which overthrew the dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz, and in 1911 was made Director of Education of the State of Jalisco.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Underdogs

Chapter I · Chapter 1

Chapter 1 of The Underdogs is here in full — 226 sentences across 46 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/45 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Mariano Azuela, the first of the "novelists of the Revolution," was born in Lagos de Moreno, Jalisco, Mexico, in 1873.
Line 2
He studied medicine in Guadalajara and returned to Lagos in 1909, where he began the practice of his profession.
Line 3
He began his writing career early; in 1896 he published Impressions of a Student in a weekly of Mexico City.
Line 4
This was followed by numerous sketches and short stories, and in 1911 by his first novel, Andres Perez, maderista.
Line 5
Like most of the young Liberals, he supported Francisco I. Madero's uprising, which overthrew the dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz, and in 1911 was made Director of Education of the State of Jalisco.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Diaz noun US /ˈdiːæz/

Portuguese explorer who in 1488 was the first European to get round the Cape of Good Hope (thus establishing a sea route from the Atlantic to Asia) (1450-1500)

From this reading “Like most of the young Liberals, he supported Francisco I. Madero's uprising, which overthrew the dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz, and in 1911 was made Director of Education of the State of Jalisco.”

dictatorship noun US /dɪkˈteɪtərʃɪp/

a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)

From this reading “Like most of the young Liberals, he supported Francisco I. Madero's uprising, which overthrew the dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz, and in 1911 was made Director of Education of the State of Jalisco.”

Guadalajara noun US /ˌɡwɑːdʌləˈhɑːrə/

a city in southwestern Mexico; a popular health resort and site of architecture from the Spanish colonial era

From this reading “He studied medicine in Guadalajara and returned to Lagos in 1909, where he began the practice of his profession.”

Lagos noun US /ˈleɪɡɔːs/

chief port and economic center of Nigeria; located in southwestern Nigeria on the Gulf of Guinea; former capital of Nigeria

From this reading “Mariano Azuela, the first of the "novelists of the Revolution," was born in Lagos de Moreno, Jalisco, Mexico, in 1873.”

Liberals noun US /ˈlɪbɜːrəlz/

plural of “liberal” — a person who favors a political philosophy of progress and reform and the protection of civil liberties

From this reading “Like most of the young Liberals, he supported Francisco I. Madero's uprising, which overthrew the dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz, and in 1911 was made Director of Education of the State of Jalisco.”

novelists noun US /ˈnɑːvələsts/

plural of “novelist” — one who writes novels

From this reading “Mariano Azuela, the first of the "novelists of the Revolution," was born in Lagos de Moreno, Jalisco, Mexico, in 1873.”

overthrew verb US /ˌoʊvərˈθruː/

inflected form of “overthrow” — cause the downfall of; of rulers

From this reading “Like most of the young Liberals, he supported Francisco I. Madero's uprising, which overthrew the dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz, and in 1911 was made Director of Education of the State of Jalisco.”

uprising noun US /əˈpraɪzɪŋ/

organized opposition to authority; a conflict in which one faction tries to wrest control from another

From this reading “Like most of the young Liberals, he supported Francisco I. Madero's uprising, which overthrew the dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz, and in 1911 was made Director of Education of the State of Jalisco.”

All words in this reading · 69

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1873

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Mariano Azuela, the first of the "novelists of the Revolution," was born in Lagos de Moreno, Jalisco, Mexico, in 1873.

1896

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He began his writing career early; in 1896 he published Impressions of a Student in a weekly of Mexico City.

1909

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He studied medicine in Guadalajara and returned to Lagos in 1909, where he began the practice of his profession.

1911

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading This was followed by numerous sketches and short stories, and in 1911 by his first novel, Andres Perez, maderista.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading He began his writing career early; in 1896 he published Impressions of a Student in a weekly of Mexico City.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading He studied medicine in Guadalajara and returned to Lagos in 1909, where he began the practice of his profession.

Andres

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading This was followed by numerous sketches and short stories, and in 1911 by his first novel, Andres Perez, maderista.

Azuela

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Mariano Azuela, the first of the "novelists of the Revolution," was born in Lagos de Moreno, Jalisco, Mexico, in 1873.

beganverbUS /bɪˈɡæn/

inflected form of “begin” — take the first step or steps in carrying out an action

From this reading He studied medicine in Guadalajara and returned to Lagos in 1909, where he began the practice of his profession.

bornadjectiveUS /bɔːrn/

brought into existence

From this reading Mariano Azuela, the first of the "novelists of the Revolution," was born in Lagos de Moreno, Jalisco, Mexico, in 1873.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading This was followed by numerous sketches and short stories, and in 1911 by his first novel, Andres Perez, maderista.

careernounUS /kərˈɪr/

the particular occupation for which you are trained

From this reading He began his writing career early; in 1896 he published Impressions of a Student in a weekly of Mexico City.

CitynounUS /ˈsɪti/

a large and densely populated urban area; may include several independent administrative districts

From this reading He began his writing career early; in 1896 he published Impressions of a Student in a weekly of Mexico City.

denounUS /diː/

a Mid-Atlantic state; one of the original 13 colonies

From this reading Mariano Azuela, the first of the "novelists of the Revolution," was born in Lagos de Moreno, Jalisco, Mexico, in 1873.

DiaznounUS /ˈdiːæz/

Portuguese explorer who in 1488 was the first European to get round the Cape of Good Hope (thus establishing a sea route from the Atlantic to Asia) (1450-1500)

From this reading Like most of the young Liberals, he supported Francisco I. Madero's uprising, which overthrew the dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz, and in 1911 was made Director of Education of the State of Jalisco.

dictatorshipnounUS /dɪkˈteɪtərʃɪp/

a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)

From this reading Like most of the young Liberals, he supported Francisco I. Madero's uprising, which overthrew the dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz, and in 1911 was made Director of Education of the State of Jalisco.

DirectornounUS /dərˈektər/

someone who controls resources and expenditures

From this reading Like most of the young Liberals, he supported Francisco I. Madero's uprising, which overthrew the dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz, and in 1911 was made Director of Education of the State of Jalisco.

earlyadjectiveUS /ˈɜːrli/

at or near the beginning of a period of time or course of events or before the usual or expected time

From this reading He began his writing career early; in 1896 he published Impressions of a Student in a weekly of Mexico City.

EducationnounUS /ˌedʒəˈkeɪʃən/

the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill

From this reading Like most of the young Liberals, he supported Francisco I. Madero's uprising, which overthrew the dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz, and in 1911 was made Director of Education of the State of Jalisco.

firstadjectiveUS /fɜːrst/

preceding all others in time or space or degree

From this reading Mariano Azuela, the first of the "novelists of the Revolution," was born in Lagos de Moreno, Jalisco, Mexico, in 1873.

followedverbUS /ˈfɑːloʊd/

past form of “follow” — to travel behind, go after, come after

From this reading This was followed by numerous sketches and short stories, and in 1911 by his first novel, Andres Perez, maderista.

Francisco

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Like most of the young Liberals, he supported Francisco I. Madero's uprising, which overthrew the dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz, and in 1911 was made Director of Education of the State of Jalisco.

GuadalajaranounUS /ˌɡwɑːdʌləˈhɑːrə/

a city in southwestern Mexico; a popular health resort and site of architecture from the Spanish colonial era

From this reading He studied medicine in Guadalajara and returned to Lagos in 1909, where he began the practice of his profession.

HepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading He studied medicine in Guadalajara and returned to Lagos in 1909, where he began the practice of his profession.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading He studied medicine in Guadalajara and returned to Lagos in 1909, where he began the practice of his profession.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading Like most of the young Liberals, he supported Francisco I. Madero's uprising, which overthrew the dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz, and in 1911 was made Director of Education of the State of Jalisco.

ImpressionsnounUS /ˌɪmˈpreʃənz/

plural of “impression” — a vague idea in which some confidence is placed

From this reading He began his writing career early; in 1896 he published Impressions of a Student in a weekly of Mexico City.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Mariano Azuela, the first of the "novelists of the Revolution," was born in Lagos de Moreno, Jalisco, Mexico, in 1873.

Jalisco

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Mariano Azuela, the first of the "novelists of the Revolution," was born in Lagos de Moreno, Jalisco, Mexico, in 1873.

LagosnounUS /ˈleɪɡɔːs/

chief port and economic center of Nigeria; located in southwestern Nigeria on the Gulf of Guinea; former capital of Nigeria

From this reading Mariano Azuela, the first of the "novelists of the Revolution," was born in Lagos de Moreno, Jalisco, Mexico, in 1873.

LiberalsnounUS /ˈlɪbɜːrəlz/

plural of “liberal” — a person who favors a political philosophy of progress and reform and the protection of civil liberties

From this reading Like most of the young Liberals, he supported Francisco I. Madero's uprising, which overthrew the dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz, and in 1911 was made Director of Education of the State of Jalisco.

LikeverbUS /laɪk/

prefer or wish to do something

From this reading Like most of the young Liberals, he supported Francisco I. Madero's uprising, which overthrew the dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz, and in 1911 was made Director of Education of the State of Jalisco.

madeadjectiveUS /meɪd/

produced by a manufacturing process

From this reading Like most of the young Liberals, he supported Francisco I. Madero's uprising, which overthrew the dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz, and in 1911 was made Director of Education of the State of Jalisco.

maderista

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading This was followed by numerous sketches and short stories, and in 1911 by his first novel, Andres Perez, maderista.

Madero's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Like most of the young Liberals, he supported Francisco I. Madero's uprising, which overthrew the dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz, and in 1911 was made Director of Education of the State of Jalisco.

Mariano

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Mariano Azuela, the first of the "novelists of the Revolution," was born in Lagos de Moreno, Jalisco, Mexico, in 1873.

medicinenounUS /ˈmedəsən/

the branches of medical science that deal with nonsurgical techniques

From this reading He studied medicine in Guadalajara and returned to Lagos in 1909, where he began the practice of his profession.

MexiconounUS /ˈmeksəkoʊ/

a republic in southern North America; became independent from Spain in 1810

From this reading Mariano Azuela, the first of the "novelists of the Revolution," was born in Lagos de Moreno, Jalisco, Mexico, in 1873.

Moreno

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Mariano Azuela, the first of the "novelists of the Revolution," was born in Lagos de Moreno, Jalisco, Mexico, in 1873.

mostadverbUS /moʊst/

used to form the superlative

From this reading Like most of the young Liberals, he supported Francisco I. Madero's uprising, which overthrew the dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz, and in 1911 was made Director of Education of the State of Jalisco.

novelnounUS /ˈnɑːvəl/

an extended fictional work in prose; usually in the form of a story

From this reading This was followed by numerous sketches and short stories, and in 1911 by his first novel, Andres Perez, maderista.

novelistsnounUS /ˈnɑːvələsts/

plural of “novelist” — one who writes novels

From this reading Mariano Azuela, the first of the "novelists of the Revolution," was born in Lagos de Moreno, Jalisco, Mexico, in 1873.

numerousadjectiveUS /ˈnuːmərəs/

amounting to a large indefinite number

From this reading This was followed by numerous sketches and short stories, and in 1911 by his first novel, Andres Perez, maderista.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Mariano Azuela, the first of the "novelists of the Revolution," was born in Lagos de Moreno, Jalisco, Mexico, in 1873.

overthrewverbUS /ˌoʊvərˈθruː/

inflected form of “overthrow” — cause the downfall of; of rulers

From this reading Like most of the young Liberals, he supported Francisco I. Madero's uprising, which overthrew the dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz, and in 1911 was made Director of Education of the State of Jalisco.

Perez

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading This was followed by numerous sketches and short stories, and in 1911 by his first novel, Andres Perez, maderista.

Porfirio

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Like most of the young Liberals, he supported Francisco I. Madero's uprising, which overthrew the dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz, and in 1911 was made Director of Education of the State of Jalisco.

practicenounUS /ˈpræktəs/

a customary way of operation or behavior

From this reading He studied medicine in Guadalajara and returned to Lagos in 1909, where he began the practice of his profession.

professionnounUS /prəˈfeʃən/

the body of people in a learned occupation

From this reading He studied medicine in Guadalajara and returned to Lagos in 1909, where he began the practice of his profession.

publishedadjectiveUS /ˈpʌblɪʃt/

prepared and printed for distribution and sale

From this reading He began his writing career early; in 1896 he published Impressions of a Student in a weekly of Mexico City.

returnedverbUS /rɪˈtɜːrnd/

past form of “return” — go or come back to place, condition, or activity where one has been before

From this reading He studied medicine in Guadalajara and returned to Lagos in 1909, where he began the practice of his profession.

RevolutionnounUS /ˌrevəˈluːʃən/

a drastic and far-reaching change in ways of thinking and behaving

From this reading Mariano Azuela, the first of the "novelists of the Revolution," was born in Lagos de Moreno, Jalisco, Mexico, in 1873.

shortadjectiveUS /ʃɔːrt/

primarily temporal sense; indicating or being or seeming to be limited in duration

From this reading This was followed by numerous sketches and short stories, and in 1911 by his first novel, Andres Perez, maderista.

sketchesnounUS /ˈsketʃəz/

plural of “sketch” — preliminary drawing for later elaboration

From this reading This was followed by numerous sketches and short stories, and in 1911 by his first novel, Andres Perez, maderista.

StatenounUS /steɪt/

the territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation

From this reading Like most of the young Liberals, he supported Francisco I. Madero's uprising, which overthrew the dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz, and in 1911 was made Director of Education of the State of Jalisco.

storiesnounUS /ˈstɔːriz/

plural of “story” — a message that tells the particulars of an act or occurrence or course of events; presented in writing or drama or cinema or as a radio or television program

From this reading This was followed by numerous sketches and short stories, and in 1911 by his first novel, Andres Perez, maderista.

StudentnounUS /ˈstuːdənt/

a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution

From this reading He began his writing career early; in 1896 he published Impressions of a Student in a weekly of Mexico City.

studiedadjectiveUS /ˈstʌdid/

produced or marked by conscious design or premeditation

From this reading He studied medicine in Guadalajara and returned to Lagos in 1909, where he began the practice of his profession.

supportedadjectiveUS /səˈpɔːrtɪd/

sustained or maintained by aid (as distinct from physical support)

From this reading Like most of the young Liberals, he supported Francisco I. Madero's uprising, which overthrew the dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz, and in 1911 was made Director of Education of the State of Jalisco.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Mariano Azuela, the first of the "novelists of the Revolution," was born in Lagos de Moreno, Jalisco, Mexico, in 1873.

ThisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading This was followed by numerous sketches and short stories, and in 1911 by his first novel, Andres Perez, maderista.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading He studied medicine in Guadalajara and returned to Lagos in 1909, where he began the practice of his profession.

uprisingnounUS /əˈpraɪzɪŋ/

organized opposition to authority; a conflict in which one faction tries to wrest control from another

From this reading Like most of the young Liberals, he supported Francisco I. Madero's uprising, which overthrew the dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz, and in 1911 was made Director of Education of the State of Jalisco.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Mariano Azuela, the first of the "novelists of the Revolution," was born in Lagos de Moreno, Jalisco, Mexico, in 1873.

weeklynounUS /ˈwiːkli/

a periodical that is published every week (or 52 issues per year)

From this reading He began his writing career early; in 1896 he published Impressions of a Student in a weekly of Mexico City.

whereconjunctionUS /wer/

in or at the place that

From this reading He studied medicine in Guadalajara and returned to Lagos in 1909, where he began the practice of his profession.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading Like most of the young Liberals, he supported Francisco I. Madero's uprising, which overthrew the dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz, and in 1911 was made Director of Education of the State of Jalisco.

writingnounUS /ˈraɪtɪŋ/

the act of creating written works

From this reading He began his writing career early; in 1896 he published Impressions of a Student in a weekly of Mexico City.

youngadjectiveUS /jʌŋ/

(used of living things especially persons) in an early period of life or development or growth

From this reading Like most of the young Liberals, he supported Francisco I. Madero's uprising, which overthrew the dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz, and in 1911 was made Director of Education of the State of Jalisco.

Chapter 1 of The Underdogs by Mariano Azuela holds 226 sentences, grouped into 46 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the public-domain source, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 1 of The Underdogs contain?

Chapter 1 holds 226 sentences of The Underdogs, unabridged, divided into 46 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 1 of The Underdogs by Mariano Azuela exactly as it stands in the public-domain source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 226 sentences, grouped into 46 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 1 of The Underdogs?

Work through the 46 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 46 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 1 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 1 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The Underdogs

Common questions about reading The Underdogs by Mariano Azuela on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The Underdogs?

Yes. All 3037 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #549 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The Underdogs is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #549, a public-domain edition. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The Underdogs take to read?

About 253 minutes of reading across 608 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read The Underdogs section by section

How to work through The Underdogs section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 13 chapters of The Underdogs to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in The Underdogs

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Underdogs, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Mariano
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Underdogs; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Azuela
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Underdogs; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
First
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Underdogs; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Novelists
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Underdogs; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.