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The Unwilling Vestal
The Unwilling Vestal

Chapter XV · Chapter 15

Chapter 15 of The Unwilling Vestal is here in full — 205 sentences across 41 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/41 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
THE death of a Vestal, except from old age, was always regarded by the Roman populace as a sign of the gods disfavor.
The death of a young Vestal, sudden, unexpected and unexplained, could not but cause great uneasiness throughout all classes of the population.
Moreover, gladiatorial exhibitions were part of the Roman public worship, which largely proceeded on the naive assumption that the gods liked just about what men liked and that, the best way to please the gods and win their favor was to delight them with such spectacles as men enjoyed, acrobatic exhibitions, dramas, beast-fights, fights of beasts with men or of men with men, chariot-races and similar exciting displays, and so put the gods in a good humor.
This underlying theory of diverting spectacles as a species of prayer and as the most effective kind of prayer was not so much definitely expressed by the Romans, as tacitly and unconsciously assumed.
It was, nevertheless, entirely real and all Romans felt every public show as an act of public worship, as a hallowed function.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Unwilling Vestal

Chapter XV · Chapter 15

Chapter 15 of The Unwilling Vestal is here in full — 205 sentences across 41 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/41 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
THE death of a Vestal, except from old age, was always regarded by the Roman populace as a sign of the godsdisfavor.
/ðə deθ ʌv ə ˈvestəl ɪkˈsept frʌm oʊld eɪdʒ wɑːz ˈɔːlweɪz rɪˈɡɑːrdɪd baɪ ðə ˈroʊmən ˈpɑːpjələs æz ə saɪn ʌv ðə ɡɑːdz dɪˈsfeɪvər/
Line 2
The death of a young Vestal, sudden, unexpected and unexplained, could not but cause great uneasiness throughout all classes of the population.
/ðə deθ ʌv ə jʌŋ ˈvestəl ˈsʌdən ˌʌnɪkˈspektɪd ənd ˌʌnɪkˈspleɪnd kʊd nɑːt bʌt kɑːz ɡreɪt ˌʌˈniːzinəs θruːˈaʊt ɔːl ˈklæsəz ʌv ðə ˌpɑːpjəˈleɪʃən/
Line 3
Moreover, gladiatorial exhibitions were part of the Roman public worship, which largely proceeded on the naive assumption that the gods liked just about what men liked and that, the best way to please the gods and win their favor was to delight them with such spectacles as men enjoyed, acrobatic exhibitions, dramas, beast-fights, fights of beasts with men or of men with men, chariot-races and similar exciting displays, and so put the gods in a good humor.
Line 4
This underlying theory of diverting spectacles as a species of prayer and as the most effective kind of prayer was not so much definitely expressed by the Romans, as tacitly and unconsciously assumed.
/ðɪs ˌʌndərˈlaɪɪŋ ˈθɪri ʌv daɪˈvɜːrtɪŋ ˈspektəkəlz æz ə ˈspiːʃiz ʌv prer ənd æz ðə moʊst ɪˈfektɪv kaɪnd ʌv prer wɑːz nɑːt soʊ mʌtʃ ˈdefənətli ɪkˈsprest baɪ ðə ˈroʊmənz æz ˈtæsɪtli ənd ˌʌnˈkɑːnʃəsli əˈsuːmd/
Line 5
It was, nevertheless, entirely real and all Romans felt every public show as an act of public worship, as a hallowed function.
/ɪt wɑːz ˌnevərðəˈles ɪnˈtaɪərli riːl ənd ɔːl ˈroʊmənz felt ˈevəri ˈpʌblɪk ʃoʊ æz æn ækt ʌv ˈpʌblɪk ˈwɜːrʃəp æz ə ˈhæloʊd ˈfʌŋkʃən/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

acrobatic adjective US /ˌækrəˈbætɪk/

vigorously active

From this reading “Moreover, gladiatorial exhibitions were part of the Roman public worship, which largely proceeded on the naive assumption that the gods liked just about what men liked and that, the best way to please the gods and win their favor was to delight them with such spectacles as men enjoyed, acrobatic exhibitions, dramas, beast-fights, fights of beasts with men or of men with men, chariot-races and similar exciting displays, and so put the gods in a good humor.”

disfavor noun US /dɪˈsfeɪvər/

the state of being out of favor

From this reading “THE death of a Vestal, except from old age, was always regarded by the Roman populace as a sign of the gods’ disfavor.”

dramas noun US /ˈdrɑːməz/

plural of “drama” — a dramatic work intended for performance by actors on a stage

From this reading “Moreover, gladiatorial exhibitions were part of the Roman public worship, which largely proceeded on the naive assumption that the gods liked just about what men liked and that, the best way to please the gods and win their favor was to delight them with such spectacles as men enjoyed, acrobatic exhibitions, dramas, beast-fights, fights of beasts with men or of men with men, chariot-races and similar exciting displays, and so put the gods in a good humor.”

exhibitions noun US /ˌeksəˈbɪʃənz/

plural of “exhibition” — the act of exhibiting

From this reading “Moreover, gladiatorial exhibitions were part of the Roman public worship, which largely proceeded on the naive assumption that the gods liked just about what men liked and that, the best way to please the gods and win their favor was to delight them with such spectacles as men enjoyed, acrobatic exhibitions, dramas, beast-fights, fights of beasts with men or of men with men, chariot-races and similar exciting displays, and so put the gods in a good humor.”

tacitly adverb US /ˈtæsɪtli/

in a tacit manner; by unexpressed agreement

From this reading “This underlying theory of diverting spectacles as a species of prayer and as the most effective kind of prayer was not so much definitely expressed by the Romans, as tacitly and unconsciously assumed.”

underlying adjective US /ˌʌndərˈlaɪɪŋ/

in the nature of something though not readily apparent

From this reading “This underlying theory of diverting spectacles as a species of prayer and as the most effective kind of prayer was not so much definitely expressed by the Romans, as tacitly and unconsciously assumed.”

unexplained adjective US /ˌʌnɪkˈspleɪnd/

not explained

From this reading “The death of a young Vestal, sudden, unexpected and unexplained, could not but cause great uneasiness throughout all classes of the population.”

Vestal adjective US /ˈvestəl/

of or relating to Vesta

From this reading “THE death of a Vestal, except from old age, was always regarded by the Roman populace as a sign of the gods’ disfavor.”

All words in this reading · 108

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading THE death of a Vestal, except from old age, was always regarded by the Roman populace as a sign of the gods’ disfavor.

aboutprepositionUS /əˈbaʊt/

on the subject of; concerning

From this reading Moreover, gladiatorial exhibitions were part of the Roman public worship, which largely proceeded on the naive assumption that the gods liked just about what men liked and that, the best way to please the gods and win their favor was to delight them with such spectacles as men enjoyed, acrobatic exhibitions, dramas, beast-fights, fights of beasts with men or of men with men, chariot-races and similar exciting displays, and so put the gods in a good humor.

acrobaticadjectiveUS /ˌækrəˈbætɪk/

vigorously active

From this reading Moreover, gladiatorial exhibitions were part of the Roman public worship, which largely proceeded on the naive assumption that the gods liked just about what men liked and that, the best way to please the gods and win their favor was to delight them with such spectacles as men enjoyed, acrobatic exhibitions, dramas, beast-fights, fights of beasts with men or of men with men, chariot-races and similar exciting displays, and so put the gods in a good humor.

actverbUS /ækt/

perform an action, or work out or perform (an action)

From this reading It was, nevertheless, entirely real and all Romans felt every public show as an act of public worship, as a hallowed function.

agenounUS /eɪdʒ/

how long something has existed

From this reading THE death of a Vestal, except from old age, was always regarded by the Roman populace as a sign of the gods’ disfavor.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading The death of a young Vestal, sudden, unexpected and unexplained, could not but cause great uneasiness throughout all classes of the population.

alwaysadverbUS /ˈɔːlweɪz/

at all times; all the time and on every occasion

From this reading THE death of a Vestal, except from old age, was always regarded by the Roman populace as a sign of the gods’ disfavor.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading It was, nevertheless, entirely real and all Romans felt every public show as an act of public worship, as a hallowed function.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading The death of a young Vestal, sudden, unexpected and unexplained, could not but cause great uneasiness throughout all classes of the population.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading THE death of a Vestal, except from old age, was always regarded by the Roman populace as a sign of the gods’ disfavor.

assumedadjectiveUS /əˈsuːmd/

adopted in order to deceive

From this reading This underlying theory of diverting spectacles as a species of prayer and as the most effective kind of prayer was not so much definitely expressed by the Romans, as tacitly and unconsciously assumed.

assumptionnounUS /əˈsʌmpʃən/

a statement that is assumed to be true and from which a conclusion can be drawn

From this reading Moreover, gladiatorial exhibitions were part of the Roman public worship, which largely proceeded on the naive assumption that the gods liked just about what men liked and that, the best way to please the gods and win their favor was to delight them with such spectacles as men enjoyed, acrobatic exhibitions, dramas, beast-fights, fights of beasts with men or of men with men, chariot-races and similar exciting displays, and so put the gods in a good humor.

beast-fights

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Moreover, gladiatorial exhibitions were part of the Roman public worship, which largely proceeded on the naive assumption that the gods liked just about what men liked and that, the best way to please the gods and win their favor was to delight them with such spectacles as men enjoyed, acrobatic exhibitions, dramas, beast-fights, fights of beasts with men or of men with men, chariot-races and similar exciting displays, and so put the gods in a good humor.

beastsnounUS /biːsts/

plural of “beast” — a living organism characterized by voluntary movement

From this reading Moreover, gladiatorial exhibitions were part of the Roman public worship, which largely proceeded on the naive assumption that the gods liked just about what men liked and that, the best way to please the gods and win their favor was to delight them with such spectacles as men enjoyed, acrobatic exhibitions, dramas, beast-fights, fights of beasts with men or of men with men, chariot-races and similar exciting displays, and so put the gods in a good humor.

bestnounUS /best/

the supreme effort one can make

From this reading Moreover, gladiatorial exhibitions were part of the Roman public worship, which largely proceeded on the naive assumption that the gods liked just about what men liked and that, the best way to please the gods and win their favor was to delight them with such spectacles as men enjoyed, acrobatic exhibitions, dramas, beast-fights, fights of beasts with men or of men with men, chariot-races and similar exciting displays, and so put the gods in a good humor.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading The death of a young Vestal, sudden, unexpected and unexplained, could not but cause great uneasiness throughout all classes of the population.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading THE death of a Vestal, except from old age, was always regarded by the Roman populace as a sign of the gods’ disfavor.

causenounUS /kɑːz/

events that provide the generative force that is the origin of something

From this reading The death of a young Vestal, sudden, unexpected and unexplained, could not but cause great uneasiness throughout all classes of the population.

chariot-races

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Moreover, gladiatorial exhibitions were part of the Roman public worship, which largely proceeded on the naive assumption that the gods liked just about what men liked and that, the best way to please the gods and win their favor was to delight them with such spectacles as men enjoyed, acrobatic exhibitions, dramas, beast-fights, fights of beasts with men or of men with men, chariot-races and similar exciting displays, and so put the gods in a good humor.

classesnounUS /ˈklæsəz/

plural of “class” — a collection of things sharing a common attribute

From this reading The death of a young Vestal, sudden, unexpected and unexplained, could not but cause great uneasiness throughout all classes of the population.

couldmodal verbUS /kʊd/

the past of “can”; used for possibility or polite requests

From this reading The death of a young Vestal, sudden, unexpected and unexplained, could not but cause great uneasiness throughout all classes of the population.

deathnounUS /deθ/

the event of dying or departure from life

From this reading THE death of a Vestal, except from old age, was always regarded by the Roman populace as a sign of the gods’ disfavor.

definitelyadverbUS /ˈdefənətli/

without question and beyond doubt

From this reading This underlying theory of diverting spectacles as a species of prayer and as the most effective kind of prayer was not so much definitely expressed by the Romans, as tacitly and unconsciously assumed.

delightverbUS /dɪˈlaɪt/

give pleasure to or be pleasing to

From this reading Moreover, gladiatorial exhibitions were part of the Roman public worship, which largely proceeded on the naive assumption that the gods liked just about what men liked and that, the best way to please the gods and win their favor was to delight them with such spectacles as men enjoyed, acrobatic exhibitions, dramas, beast-fights, fights of beasts with men or of men with men, chariot-races and similar exciting displays, and so put the gods in a good humor.

disfavornounUS /dɪˈsfeɪvər/

the state of being out of favor

From this reading THE death of a Vestal, except from old age, was always regarded by the Roman populace as a sign of the gods’ disfavor.

displaysnounUS /dɪˈspleɪz/

plural of “display” — something intended to communicate a particular impression

From this reading Moreover, gladiatorial exhibitions were part of the Roman public worship, which largely proceeded on the naive assumption that the gods liked just about what men liked and that, the best way to please the gods and win their favor was to delight them with such spectacles as men enjoyed, acrobatic exhibitions, dramas, beast-fights, fights of beasts with men or of men with men, chariot-races and similar exciting displays, and so put the gods in a good humor.

divertingadjectiveUS /daɪˈvɜːrtɪŋ/

providing enjoyment; pleasantly entertaining

From this reading This underlying theory of diverting spectacles as a species of prayer and as the most effective kind of prayer was not so much definitely expressed by the Romans, as tacitly and unconsciously assumed.

dramasnounUS /ˈdrɑːməz/

plural of “drama” — a dramatic work intended for performance by actors on a stage

From this reading Moreover, gladiatorial exhibitions were part of the Roman public worship, which largely proceeded on the naive assumption that the gods liked just about what men liked and that, the best way to please the gods and win their favor was to delight them with such spectacles as men enjoyed, acrobatic exhibitions, dramas, beast-fights, fights of beasts with men or of men with men, chariot-races and similar exciting displays, and so put the gods in a good humor.

effectiveadjectiveUS /ɪˈfektɪv/

producing or capable of producing an intended result or having a striking effect

From this reading This underlying theory of diverting spectacles as a species of prayer and as the most effective kind of prayer was not so much definitely expressed by the Romans, as tacitly and unconsciously assumed.

enjoyedverbUS /ˌenˈdʒɔɪd/

past form of “enjoy” — derive or receive pleasure from; get enjoyment from; take pleasure in

From this reading Moreover, gladiatorial exhibitions were part of the Roman public worship, which largely proceeded on the naive assumption that the gods liked just about what men liked and that, the best way to please the gods and win their favor was to delight them with such spectacles as men enjoyed, acrobatic exhibitions, dramas, beast-fights, fights of beasts with men or of men with men, chariot-races and similar exciting displays, and so put the gods in a good humor.

entirelyadverbUS /ɪnˈtaɪərli/

to a complete degree or to the full or entire extent (“whole” is often used informally for “wholly”)

From this reading It was, nevertheless, entirely real and all Romans felt every public show as an act of public worship, as a hallowed function.

everydeterminerUS /ˈevəri/

all the members of a group, with none left out

From this reading It was, nevertheless, entirely real and all Romans felt every public show as an act of public worship, as a hallowed function.

exceptprepositionUS /ɪkˈsept/

apart from; not including

From this reading THE death of a Vestal, except from old age, was always regarded by the Roman populace as a sign of the gods’ disfavor.

excitingadjectiveUS /ɪkˈsaɪtɪŋ/

creating or arousing excitement

From this reading Moreover, gladiatorial exhibitions were part of the Roman public worship, which largely proceeded on the naive assumption that the gods liked just about what men liked and that, the best way to please the gods and win their favor was to delight them with such spectacles as men enjoyed, acrobatic exhibitions, dramas, beast-fights, fights of beasts with men or of men with men, chariot-races and similar exciting displays, and so put the gods in a good humor.

exhibitionsnounUS /ˌeksəˈbɪʃənz/

plural of “exhibition” — the act of exhibiting

From this reading Moreover, gladiatorial exhibitions were part of the Roman public worship, which largely proceeded on the naive assumption that the gods liked just about what men liked and that, the best way to please the gods and win their favor was to delight them with such spectacles as men enjoyed, acrobatic exhibitions, dramas, beast-fights, fights of beasts with men or of men with men, chariot-races and similar exciting displays, and so put the gods in a good humor.

expressedadjectiveUS /ɪkˈsprest/

communicated in words

From this reading This underlying theory of diverting spectacles as a species of prayer and as the most effective kind of prayer was not so much definitely expressed by the Romans, as tacitly and unconsciously assumed.

favorverbUS /ˈfeɪvər/

promote over another

From this reading Moreover, gladiatorial exhibitions were part of the Roman public worship, which largely proceeded on the naive assumption that the gods liked just about what men liked and that, the best way to please the gods and win their favor was to delight them with such spectacles as men enjoyed, acrobatic exhibitions, dramas, beast-fights, fights of beasts with men or of men with men, chariot-races and similar exciting displays, and so put the gods in a good humor.

feltverbUS /felt/

mat together and make felt-like

From this reading It was, nevertheless, entirely real and all Romans felt every public show as an act of public worship, as a hallowed function.

fightsnounUS /faɪts/

plural of “fight” — a hostile meeting of opposing military forces in the course of a war

From this reading Moreover, gladiatorial exhibitions were part of the Roman public worship, which largely proceeded on the naive assumption that the gods liked just about what men liked and that, the best way to please the gods and win their favor was to delight them with such spectacles as men enjoyed, acrobatic exhibitions, dramas, beast-fights, fights of beasts with men or of men with men, chariot-races and similar exciting displays, and so put the gods in a good humor.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading THE death of a Vestal, except from old age, was always regarded by the Roman populace as a sign of the gods’ disfavor.

functionnounUS /ˈfʌŋkʃən/

(mathematics) a mathematical relation such that each element of a given set (the domain of the function) is associated with an element of another set (the range of the function)

From this reading It was, nevertheless, entirely real and all Romans felt every public show as an act of public worship, as a hallowed function.

gladiatorialadjective

of or relating to or resembling gladiators or their combat

From this reading Moreover, gladiatorial exhibitions were part of the Roman public worship, which largely proceeded on the naive assumption that the gods liked just about what men liked and that, the best way to please the gods and win their favor was to delight them with such spectacles as men enjoyed, acrobatic exhibitions, dramas, beast-fights, fights of beasts with men or of men with men, chariot-races and similar exciting displays, and so put the gods in a good humor.

godsnounUS /ɡɑːdz/

plural of “god” — the supernatural being conceived as the perfect and omnipotent and omniscient originator and ruler of the universe; the object of worship in monotheistic religions

From this reading THE death of a Vestal, except from old age, was always regarded by the Roman populace as a sign of the gods’ disfavor.

goodadjectiveUS /ɡʊd/

having desirable or positive qualities especially those suitable for a thing specified

From this reading Moreover, gladiatorial exhibitions were part of the Roman public worship, which largely proceeded on the naive assumption that the gods liked just about what men liked and that, the best way to please the gods and win their favor was to delight them with such spectacles as men enjoyed, acrobatic exhibitions, dramas, beast-fights, fights of beasts with men or of men with men, chariot-races and similar exciting displays, and so put the gods in a good humor.

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading The death of a young Vestal, sudden, unexpected and unexplained, could not but cause great uneasiness throughout all classes of the population.

hallowedadjectiveUS /ˈhæloʊd/

worthy of religious veneration

From this reading It was, nevertheless, entirely real and all Romans felt every public show as an act of public worship, as a hallowed function.

humornounUS /ˈhjuːmər/

a message whose ingenuity or verbal skill or incongruity has the power to evoke laughter

From this reading Moreover, gladiatorial exhibitions were part of the Roman public worship, which largely proceeded on the naive assumption that the gods liked just about what men liked and that, the best way to please the gods and win their favor was to delight them with such spectacles as men enjoyed, acrobatic exhibitions, dramas, beast-fights, fights of beasts with men or of men with men, chariot-races and similar exciting displays, and so put the gods in a good humor.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Moreover, gladiatorial exhibitions were part of the Roman public worship, which largely proceeded on the naive assumption that the gods liked just about what men liked and that, the best way to please the gods and win their favor was to delight them with such spectacles as men enjoyed, acrobatic exhibitions, dramas, beast-fights, fights of beasts with men or of men with men, chariot-races and similar exciting displays, and so put the gods in a good humor.

ItpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading It was, nevertheless, entirely real and all Romans felt every public show as an act of public worship, as a hallowed function.

justadverbUS /dʒʌst/

and nothing more

From this reading Moreover, gladiatorial exhibitions were part of the Roman public worship, which largely proceeded on the naive assumption that the gods liked just about what men liked and that, the best way to please the gods and win their favor was to delight them with such spectacles as men enjoyed, acrobatic exhibitions, dramas, beast-fights, fights of beasts with men or of men with men, chariot-races and similar exciting displays, and so put the gods in a good humor.

kindadjectiveUS /kaɪnd/

having or showing a tender and considerate and helpful nature; used especially of persons and their behavior

From this reading This underlying theory of diverting spectacles as a species of prayer and as the most effective kind of prayer was not so much definitely expressed by the Romans, as tacitly and unconsciously assumed.

largelyadverbUS /ˈlɑːrdʒli/

in large part; mainly or chiefly

From this reading Moreover, gladiatorial exhibitions were part of the Roman public worship, which largely proceeded on the naive assumption that the gods liked just about what men liked and that, the best way to please the gods and win their favor was to delight them with such spectacles as men enjoyed, acrobatic exhibitions, dramas, beast-fights, fights of beasts with men or of men with men, chariot-races and similar exciting displays, and so put the gods in a good humor.

likedadjectiveUS /laɪkt/

found pleasant or attractive; often used as a combining form

From this reading Moreover, gladiatorial exhibitions were part of the Roman public worship, which largely proceeded on the naive assumption that the gods liked just about what men liked and that, the best way to please the gods and win their favor was to delight them with such spectacles as men enjoyed, acrobatic exhibitions, dramas, beast-fights, fights of beasts with men or of men with men, chariot-races and similar exciting displays, and so put the gods in a good humor.

mennounUS /men/

the force of workers available

From this reading Moreover, gladiatorial exhibitions were part of the Roman public worship, which largely proceeded on the naive assumption that the gods liked just about what men liked and that, the best way to please the gods and win their favor was to delight them with such spectacles as men enjoyed, acrobatic exhibitions, dramas, beast-fights, fights of beasts with men or of men with men, chariot-races and similar exciting displays, and so put the gods in a good humor.

MoreoveradverbUS /mɔːˈroʊvər/

in addition to what has just been said

From this reading Moreover, gladiatorial exhibitions were part of the Roman public worship, which largely proceeded on the naive assumption that the gods liked just about what men liked and that, the best way to please the gods and win their favor was to delight them with such spectacles as men enjoyed, acrobatic exhibitions, dramas, beast-fights, fights of beasts with men or of men with men, chariot-races and similar exciting displays, and so put the gods in a good humor.

mostadverbUS /moʊst/

used to form the superlative

From this reading This underlying theory of diverting spectacles as a species of prayer and as the most effective kind of prayer was not so much definitely expressed by the Romans, as tacitly and unconsciously assumed.

muchadverbUS /mʌtʃ/

to a great degree or extent

From this reading This underlying theory of diverting spectacles as a species of prayer and as the most effective kind of prayer was not so much definitely expressed by the Romans, as tacitly and unconsciously assumed.

naiveadjectiveUS /ˌnaɪˈiːv/

marked by or showing unaffected simplicity and lack of guile or worldly experience

From this reading Moreover, gladiatorial exhibitions were part of the Roman public worship, which largely proceeded on the naive assumption that the gods liked just about what men liked and that, the best way to please the gods and win their favor was to delight them with such spectacles as men enjoyed, acrobatic exhibitions, dramas, beast-fights, fights of beasts with men or of men with men, chariot-races and similar exciting displays, and so put the gods in a good humor.

neverthelessadverbUS /ˌnevərðəˈles/

in spite of what has just been said

From this reading It was, nevertheless, entirely real and all Romans felt every public show as an act of public worship, as a hallowed function.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading The death of a young Vestal, sudden, unexpected and unexplained, could not but cause great uneasiness throughout all classes of the population.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading THE death of a Vestal, except from old age, was always regarded by the Roman populace as a sign of the gods’ disfavor.

oldadjectiveUS /oʊld/

(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading THE death of a Vestal, except from old age, was always regarded by the Roman populace as a sign of the gods’ disfavor.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading Moreover, gladiatorial exhibitions were part of the Roman public worship, which largely proceeded on the naive assumption that the gods liked just about what men liked and that, the best way to please the gods and win their favor was to delight them with such spectacles as men enjoyed, acrobatic exhibitions, dramas, beast-fights, fights of beasts with men or of men with men, chariot-races and similar exciting displays, and so put the gods in a good humor.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading Moreover, gladiatorial exhibitions were part of the Roman public worship, which largely proceeded on the naive assumption that the gods liked just about what men liked and that, the best way to please the gods and win their favor was to delight them with such spectacles as men enjoyed, acrobatic exhibitions, dramas, beast-fights, fights of beasts with men or of men with men, chariot-races and similar exciting displays, and so put the gods in a good humor.

partnounUS /pɑːrt/

something determined in relation to something that includes it

From this reading Moreover, gladiatorial exhibitions were part of the Roman public worship, which largely proceeded on the naive assumption that the gods liked just about what men liked and that, the best way to please the gods and win their favor was to delight them with such spectacles as men enjoyed, acrobatic exhibitions, dramas, beast-fights, fights of beasts with men or of men with men, chariot-races and similar exciting displays, and so put the gods in a good humor.

pleaseverbUS /pliːz/

give pleasure to or be pleasing to

From this reading Moreover, gladiatorial exhibitions were part of the Roman public worship, which largely proceeded on the naive assumption that the gods liked just about what men liked and that, the best way to please the gods and win their favor was to delight them with such spectacles as men enjoyed, acrobatic exhibitions, dramas, beast-fights, fights of beasts with men or of men with men, chariot-races and similar exciting displays, and so put the gods in a good humor.

populacenounUS /ˈpɑːpjələs/

people in general considered as a whole

From this reading THE death of a Vestal, except from old age, was always regarded by the Roman populace as a sign of the gods’ disfavor.

populationnounUS /ˌpɑːpjəˈleɪʃən/

the people who inhabit a territory or state

From this reading The death of a young Vestal, sudden, unexpected and unexplained, could not but cause great uneasiness throughout all classes of the population.

prayernounUS /prer/

the act of communicating with a deity (especially as a petition or in adoration or contrition or thanksgiving)

From this reading This underlying theory of diverting spectacles as a species of prayer and as the most effective kind of prayer was not so much definitely expressed by the Romans, as tacitly and unconsciously assumed.

proceededverbUS /prəˈsiːdɪd/

past form of “proceed” — continue talking

From this reading Moreover, gladiatorial exhibitions were part of the Roman public worship, which largely proceeded on the naive assumption that the gods liked just about what men liked and that, the best way to please the gods and win their favor was to delight them with such spectacles as men enjoyed, acrobatic exhibitions, dramas, beast-fights, fights of beasts with men or of men with men, chariot-races and similar exciting displays, and so put the gods in a good humor.

publicnounUS /ˈpʌblɪk/

people in general considered as a whole

From this reading Moreover, gladiatorial exhibitions were part of the Roman public worship, which largely proceeded on the naive assumption that the gods liked just about what men liked and that, the best way to please the gods and win their favor was to delight them with such spectacles as men enjoyed, acrobatic exhibitions, dramas, beast-fights, fights of beasts with men or of men with men, chariot-races and similar exciting displays, and so put the gods in a good humor.

putverbUS /pʊt/

put into a certain place or abstract location

From this reading Moreover, gladiatorial exhibitions were part of the Roman public worship, which largely proceeded on the naive assumption that the gods liked just about what men liked and that, the best way to please the gods and win their favor was to delight them with such spectacles as men enjoyed, acrobatic exhibitions, dramas, beast-fights, fights of beasts with men or of men with men, chariot-races and similar exciting displays, and so put the gods in a good humor.

realadjectiveUS /riːl/

being or occurring in fact or actuality; having verified existence; not illusory

From this reading It was, nevertheless, entirely real and all Romans felt every public show as an act of public worship, as a hallowed function.

regardedverbUS /rɪˈɡɑːrdɪd/

past form of “regard” — deem to be

From this reading THE death of a Vestal, except from old age, was always regarded by the Roman populace as a sign of the gods’ disfavor.

RomanadjectiveUS /ˈroʊmən/

relating to or characteristic of people of Rome

From this reading THE death of a Vestal, except from old age, was always regarded by the Roman populace as a sign of the gods’ disfavor.

RomansnounUS /ˈroʊmənz/

a New Testament book containing an exposition of the doctrines of Saint Paul; written in AD 58

From this reading This underlying theory of diverting spectacles as a species of prayer and as the most effective kind of prayer was not so much definitely expressed by the Romans, as tacitly and unconsciously assumed.

showverbUS /ʃoʊ/

give an exhibition of to an interested audience

From this reading It was, nevertheless, entirely real and all Romans felt every public show as an act of public worship, as a hallowed function.

signnounUS /saɪn/

a perceptible indication of something not immediately apparent (as a visible clue that something has happened)

From this reading THE death of a Vestal, except from old age, was always regarded by the Roman populace as a sign of the gods’ disfavor.

similaradjectiveUS /ˈsɪmələr/

marked by correspondence or resemblance

From this reading Moreover, gladiatorial exhibitions were part of the Roman public worship, which largely proceeded on the naive assumption that the gods liked just about what men liked and that, the best way to please the gods and win their favor was to delight them with such spectacles as men enjoyed, acrobatic exhibitions, dramas, beast-fights, fights of beasts with men or of men with men, chariot-races and similar exciting displays, and so put the gods in a good humor.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading Moreover, gladiatorial exhibitions were part of the Roman public worship, which largely proceeded on the naive assumption that the gods liked just about what men liked and that, the best way to please the gods and win their favor was to delight them with such spectacles as men enjoyed, acrobatic exhibitions, dramas, beast-fights, fights of beasts with men or of men with men, chariot-races and similar exciting displays, and so put the gods in a good humor.

speciesnounUS /ˈspiːʃiz/

(biology) taxonomic group whose members can interbreed

From this reading This underlying theory of diverting spectacles as a species of prayer and as the most effective kind of prayer was not so much definitely expressed by the Romans, as tacitly and unconsciously assumed.

spectaclesnounUS /ˈspektəkəlz/

(plural) optical instrument consisting of a frame that holds a pair of lenses for correcting defective vision

From this reading Moreover, gladiatorial exhibitions were part of the Roman public worship, which largely proceeded on the naive assumption that the gods liked just about what men liked and that, the best way to please the gods and win their favor was to delight them with such spectacles as men enjoyed, acrobatic exhibitions, dramas, beast-fights, fights of beasts with men or of men with men, chariot-races and similar exciting displays, and so put the gods in a good humor.

suchdeterminerUS /sʌtʃ/

of the kind already mentioned

From this reading Moreover, gladiatorial exhibitions were part of the Roman public worship, which largely proceeded on the naive assumption that the gods liked just about what men liked and that, the best way to please the gods and win their favor was to delight them with such spectacles as men enjoyed, acrobatic exhibitions, dramas, beast-fights, fights of beasts with men or of men with men, chariot-races and similar exciting displays, and so put the gods in a good humor.

suddenadjectiveUS /ˈsʌdən/

happening without warning or in a short space of time

From this reading The death of a young Vestal, sudden, unexpected and unexplained, could not but cause great uneasiness throughout all classes of the population.

tacitlyadverbUS /ˈtæsɪtli/

in a tacit manner; by unexpressed agreement

From this reading This underlying theory of diverting spectacles as a species of prayer and as the most effective kind of prayer was not so much definitely expressed by the Romans, as tacitly and unconsciously assumed.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading Moreover, gladiatorial exhibitions were part of the Roman public worship, which largely proceeded on the naive assumption that the gods liked just about what men liked and that, the best way to please the gods and win their favor was to delight them with such spectacles as men enjoyed, acrobatic exhibitions, dramas, beast-fights, fights of beasts with men or of men with men, chariot-races and similar exciting displays, and so put the gods in a good humor.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE death of a Vestal, except from old age, was always regarded by the Roman populace as a sign of the gods’ disfavor.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading Moreover, gladiatorial exhibitions were part of the Roman public worship, which largely proceeded on the naive assumption that the gods liked just about what men liked and that, the best way to please the gods and win their favor was to delight them with such spectacles as men enjoyed, acrobatic exhibitions, dramas, beast-fights, fights of beasts with men or of men with men, chariot-races and similar exciting displays, and so put the gods in a good humor.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading Moreover, gladiatorial exhibitions were part of the Roman public worship, which largely proceeded on the naive assumption that the gods liked just about what men liked and that, the best way to please the gods and win their favor was to delight them with such spectacles as men enjoyed, acrobatic exhibitions, dramas, beast-fights, fights of beasts with men or of men with men, chariot-races and similar exciting displays, and so put the gods in a good humor.

theorynounUS /ˈθɪri/

a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world; an organized system of accepted knowledge that applies in a variety of circumstances to explain a specific set of phenomena

From this reading This underlying theory of diverting spectacles as a species of prayer and as the most effective kind of prayer was not so much definitely expressed by the Romans, as tacitly and unconsciously assumed.

ThisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading This underlying theory of diverting spectacles as a species of prayer and as the most effective kind of prayer was not so much definitely expressed by the Romans, as tacitly and unconsciously assumed.

throughoutprepositionUS /θruːˈaʊt/

in every part of a place, or for the whole of a period

From this reading The death of a young Vestal, sudden, unexpected and unexplained, could not but cause great uneasiness throughout all classes of the population.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Moreover, gladiatorial exhibitions were part of the Roman public worship, which largely proceeded on the naive assumption that the gods liked just about what men liked and that, the best way to please the gods and win their favor was to delight them with such spectacles as men enjoyed, acrobatic exhibitions, dramas, beast-fights, fights of beasts with men or of men with men, chariot-races and similar exciting displays, and so put the gods in a good humor.

unconsciouslyadverbUS /ˌʌnˈkɑːnʃəsli/

without awareness

From this reading This underlying theory of diverting spectacles as a species of prayer and as the most effective kind of prayer was not so much definitely expressed by the Romans, as tacitly and unconsciously assumed.

underlyingadjectiveUS /ˌʌndərˈlaɪɪŋ/

in the nature of something though not readily apparent

From this reading This underlying theory of diverting spectacles as a species of prayer and as the most effective kind of prayer was not so much definitely expressed by the Romans, as tacitly and unconsciously assumed.

uneasinessnounUS /ˌʌˈniːzinəs/

feelings of anxiety that make you tense and irritable

From this reading The death of a young Vestal, sudden, unexpected and unexplained, could not but cause great uneasiness throughout all classes of the population.

unexpectedadjectiveUS /ˌʌnɪkˈspektɪd/

not expected or anticipated

From this reading The death of a young Vestal, sudden, unexpected and unexplained, could not but cause great uneasiness throughout all classes of the population.

unexplainedadjectiveUS /ˌʌnɪkˈspleɪnd/

not explained

From this reading The death of a young Vestal, sudden, unexpected and unexplained, could not but cause great uneasiness throughout all classes of the population.

VestaladjectiveUS /ˈvestəl/

of or relating to Vesta

From this reading THE death of a Vestal, except from old age, was always regarded by the Roman populace as a sign of the gods’ disfavor.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading THE death of a Vestal, except from old age, was always regarded by the Roman populace as a sign of the gods’ disfavor.

waynounUS /weɪ/

how something is done or how it happens

From this reading Moreover, gladiatorial exhibitions were part of the Roman public worship, which largely proceeded on the naive assumption that the gods liked just about what men liked and that, the best way to please the gods and win their favor was to delight them with such spectacles as men enjoyed, acrobatic exhibitions, dramas, beast-fights, fights of beasts with men or of men with men, chariot-races and similar exciting displays, and so put the gods in a good humor.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Moreover, gladiatorial exhibitions were part of the Roman public worship, which largely proceeded on the naive assumption that the gods liked just about what men liked and that, the best way to please the gods and win their favor was to delight them with such spectacles as men enjoyed, acrobatic exhibitions, dramas, beast-fights, fights of beasts with men or of men with men, chariot-races and similar exciting displays, and so put the gods in a good humor.

whatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading Moreover, gladiatorial exhibitions were part of the Roman public worship, which largely proceeded on the naive assumption that the gods liked just about what men liked and that, the best way to please the gods and win their favor was to delight them with such spectacles as men enjoyed, acrobatic exhibitions, dramas, beast-fights, fights of beasts with men or of men with men, chariot-races and similar exciting displays, and so put the gods in a good humor.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading Moreover, gladiatorial exhibitions were part of the Roman public worship, which largely proceeded on the naive assumption that the gods liked just about what men liked and that, the best way to please the gods and win their favor was to delight them with such spectacles as men enjoyed, acrobatic exhibitions, dramas, beast-fights, fights of beasts with men or of men with men, chariot-races and similar exciting displays, and so put the gods in a good humor.

winverbUS /wɪn/

be the winner in a contest or competition; be victorious

From this reading Moreover, gladiatorial exhibitions were part of the Roman public worship, which largely proceeded on the naive assumption that the gods liked just about what men liked and that, the best way to please the gods and win their favor was to delight them with such spectacles as men enjoyed, acrobatic exhibitions, dramas, beast-fights, fights of beasts with men or of men with men, chariot-races and similar exciting displays, and so put the gods in a good humor.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading Moreover, gladiatorial exhibitions were part of the Roman public worship, which largely proceeded on the naive assumption that the gods liked just about what men liked and that, the best way to please the gods and win their favor was to delight them with such spectacles as men enjoyed, acrobatic exhibitions, dramas, beast-fights, fights of beasts with men or of men with men, chariot-races and similar exciting displays, and so put the gods in a good humor.

worshipverbUS /ˈwɜːrʃəp/

love unquestioningly and uncritically or to excess; venerate as an idol

From this reading Moreover, gladiatorial exhibitions were part of the Roman public worship, which largely proceeded on the naive assumption that the gods liked just about what men liked and that, the best way to please the gods and win their favor was to delight them with such spectacles as men enjoyed, acrobatic exhibitions, dramas, beast-fights, fights of beasts with men or of men with men, chariot-races and similar exciting displays, and so put the gods in a good humor.

youngadjectiveUS /jʌŋ/

(used of living things especially persons) in an early period of life or development or growth

From this reading The death of a young Vestal, sudden, unexpected and unexplained, could not but cause great uneasiness throughout all classes of the population.

Chapter 15 of The Unwilling Vestal by Edward Lucas White holds 205 sentences, grouped into 41 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 15 of The Unwilling Vestal contain?

Chapter 15 holds 205 sentences of The Unwilling Vestal, unabridged, divided into 41 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 15 of The Unwilling Vestal by Edward Lucas White exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 205 sentences, grouped into 41 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 15 of The Unwilling Vestal?

Work through the 41 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 41 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 15 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 15 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The Unwilling Vestal

Common questions about reading The Unwilling Vestal by Edward Lucas White on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The Unwilling Vestal?

Yes. All 5109 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #6070 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The Unwilling Vestal is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #6070, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The Unwilling Vestal take to read?

About 425 minutes of reading across 1022 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read The Unwilling Vestal section by section

How to work through The Unwilling Vestal section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 23 chapters of The Unwilling Vestal to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in The Unwilling Vestal

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Unwilling Vestal, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Brinnaria
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Unwilling Vestal; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Severely
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Unwilling Vestal; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Marry
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Unwilling Vestal; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Designate
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Unwilling Vestal; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.