Complete classic literature • Five-line readings • Clear US narration
VELMORA ACADEMY
Academy of Archival Languages & Memory Studies
Menu Close
The Vale of Cedars
The Vale of Cedars

Chapter III · Chapter 3

Chapter 3 of The Vale of Cedars is here in full — 62 sentences across 13 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for The Vale of Cedars
Context Illustration Reading 1/12 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
"Now History unfolds her ample page, Rich with the spoils of Time."
Clearly to comprehend the internal condition of Spain at the period of our narrative (1479)--a condition which, though apparently purely national, had influence over every domestic hearth--it is necessary to glance back a few years.
The various petty Sovereignties into which Spain had been divided never permitted any lengthened period of peace; but these had at length merged into two great kingdoms, under the names of Arragon and Castile.
The _form_ of both governments was monarchical; but the _genius_ of the former was purely republican, and the power of the sovereign so circumscribed by the Junta, the Justicia, and the Holy Brotherhood, that the vices or follies of the monarch were of less consequence, in a national point of view, in Arragon, than in any other kingdom.
It was not so with Castile.
0:00 / 0:00
Speed 0.75x
AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Vale of Cedars

Chapter III · Chapter 3

Chapter 3 of The Vale of Cedars is here in full — 62 sentences across 13 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/12 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
"Now History unfolds her ample page, Rich with the spoils of Time."
/naʊ ˈhɪstəri ənˈfoʊldz hɜːr ˈæmpəl peɪdʒ rɪtʃ wɪð ðə spɔɪlz ʌv taɪm/
Line 2
Clearly to comprehend the internal condition of Spain at the period of our narrative (1479)--a condition which, though apparently purely national, had influence over every domestic hearth--it is necessary to glance back a few years.
Line 3
The various petty Sovereignties into which Spain had been divided never permitted any lengthened period of peace; but these had at length merged into two great kingdoms, under the names of Arragon and Castile.
Line 4
The _form_ of both governments was monarchical; but the _genius_ of the former was purely republican, and the power of the sovereign so circumscribed by the Junta, the Justicia, and the Holy Brotherhood, that the vices or follies of the monarch were of less consequence, in a national point of view, in Arragon, than in any other kingdom.
Line 5
It was not so with Castile.
/ɪt wɑːz nɑːt soʊ wɪð ˌkæˈstaɪl/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Castile noun US /ˌkæˈstaɪl/

a region of central Spain; a former kingdom that comprised most of modern Spain and united with Aragon to form Spain in 1479

From this reading “The various petty Sovereignties into which Spain had been divided never permitted any lengthened period of peace; but these had at length merged into two great kingdoms, under the names of Arragon and Castile.”

circumscribed adjective US /ˌsɜːrkəmˈskraɪbd/

subject to limits or subjected to limits

From this reading “The _form_ of both governments was monarchical; but the _genius_ of the former was purely republican, and the power of the sovereign so circumscribed by the Junta, the Justicia, and the Holy Brotherhood, that the vices or follies of the monarch were of less consequence, in a national point of view, in Arragon, than in any other kingdom.”

governments noun US /ˈɡʌvərmənts/

plural of “government” — the organization that is the governing authority of a political unit

From this reading “The _form_ of both governments was monarchical; but the _genius_ of the former was purely republican, and the power of the sovereign so circumscribed by the Junta, the Justicia, and the Holy Brotherhood, that the vices or follies of the monarch were of less consequence, in a national point of view, in Arragon, than in any other kingdom.”

Junta noun US /ˈhʊntə/

a group of military officers who rule a country after seizing power

From this reading “The _form_ of both governments was monarchical; but the _genius_ of the former was purely republican, and the power of the sovereign so circumscribed by the Junta, the Justicia, and the Holy Brotherhood, that the vices or follies of the monarch were of less consequence, in a national point of view, in Arragon, than in any other kingdom.”

kingdoms noun US /ˈkɪŋdəmz/

plural of “kingdom” — a domain in which something is dominant

From this reading “The various petty Sovereignties into which Spain had been divided never permitted any lengthened period of peace; but these had at length merged into two great kingdoms, under the names of Arragon and Castile.”

lengthened adjective US /ˈleŋθənd/

drawn out or made longer spatially

From this reading “The various petty Sovereignties into which Spain had been divided never permitted any lengthened period of peace; but these had at length merged into two great kingdoms, under the names of Arragon and Castile.”

merged adjective US /mɜːrdʒd/

formed or united into a whole

From this reading “The various petty Sovereignties into which Spain had been divided never permitted any lengthened period of peace; but these had at length merged into two great kingdoms, under the names of Arragon and Castile.”

unfolds verb US /ənˈfoʊldz/

third-person singular of “unfold” — develop or come to a promising stage

From this reading “"Now History unfolds her ample page, Rich with the spoils of Time."”

All words in this reading · 97

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1479

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Clearly to comprehend the internal condition of Spain at the period of our narrative (1479)--a condition which, though apparently purely national, had influence over every domestic hearth--it is necessary to glance back a few years.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Clearly to comprehend the internal condition of Spain at the period of our narrative (1479)--a condition which, though apparently purely national, had influence over every domestic hearth--it is necessary to glance back a few years.

ampleadjectiveUS /ˈæmpəl/

more than enough in size or scope or capacity

From this reading "Now History unfolds her ample page, Rich with the spoils of Time."

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading The various petty Sovereignties into which Spain had been divided never permitted any lengthened period of peace; but these had at length merged into two great kingdoms, under the names of Arragon and Castile.

anyadjectiveUS /ˈeni/

one or some or every or all without specification

From this reading The various petty Sovereignties into which Spain had been divided never permitted any lengthened period of peace; but these had at length merged into two great kingdoms, under the names of Arragon and Castile.

apparentlyadverbUS /əˈperəntli/

from appearances alone

From this reading Clearly to comprehend the internal condition of Spain at the period of our narrative (1479)--a condition which, though apparently purely national, had influence over every domestic hearth--it is necessary to glance back a few years.

Arragon

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The various petty Sovereignties into which Spain had been divided never permitted any lengthened period of peace; but these had at length merged into two great kingdoms, under the names of Arragon and Castile.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading Clearly to comprehend the internal condition of Spain at the period of our narrative (1479)--a condition which, though apparently purely national, had influence over every domestic hearth--it is necessary to glance back a few years.

backadverbUS /bæk/

in or to or toward a former location

From this reading Clearly to comprehend the internal condition of Spain at the period of our narrative (1479)--a condition which, though apparently purely national, had influence over every domestic hearth--it is necessary to glance back a few years.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading The various petty Sovereignties into which Spain had been divided never permitted any lengthened period of peace; but these had at length merged into two great kingdoms, under the names of Arragon and Castile.

bothdeterminerUS /boʊθ/

the two together, not just one

From this reading The _form_ of both governments was monarchical; but the _genius_ of the former was purely republican, and the power of the sovereign so circumscribed by the Junta, the Justicia, and the Holy Brotherhood, that the vices or follies of the monarch were of less consequence, in a national point of view, in Arragon, than in any other kingdom.

BrotherhoodnounUS /ˈbrʌðərhʊd/

the kinship relation between a male offspring and the siblings

From this reading The _form_ of both governments was monarchical; but the _genius_ of the former was purely republican, and the power of the sovereign so circumscribed by the Junta, the Justicia, and the Holy Brotherhood, that the vices or follies of the monarch were of less consequence, in a national point of view, in Arragon, than in any other kingdom.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading The various petty Sovereignties into which Spain had been divided never permitted any lengthened period of peace; but these had at length merged into two great kingdoms, under the names of Arragon and Castile.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading The _form_ of both governments was monarchical; but the _genius_ of the former was purely republican, and the power of the sovereign so circumscribed by the Junta, the Justicia, and the Holy Brotherhood, that the vices or follies of the monarch were of less consequence, in a national point of view, in Arragon, than in any other kingdom.

CastilenounUS /ˌkæˈstaɪl/

a region of central Spain; a former kingdom that comprised most of modern Spain and united with Aragon to form Spain in 1479

From this reading The various petty Sovereignties into which Spain had been divided never permitted any lengthened period of peace; but these had at length merged into two great kingdoms, under the names of Arragon and Castile.

circumscribedadjectiveUS /ˌsɜːrkəmˈskraɪbd/

subject to limits or subjected to limits

From this reading The _form_ of both governments was monarchical; but the _genius_ of the former was purely republican, and the power of the sovereign so circumscribed by the Junta, the Justicia, and the Holy Brotherhood, that the vices or follies of the monarch were of less consequence, in a national point of view, in Arragon, than in any other kingdom.

ClearlyadverbUS /ˈklɪrli/

without doubt or question

From this reading Clearly to comprehend the internal condition of Spain at the period of our narrative (1479)--a condition which, though apparently purely national, had influence over every domestic hearth--it is necessary to glance back a few years.

comprehendverbUS /ˌkɑːmpriˈhend/

get the meaning of something

From this reading Clearly to comprehend the internal condition of Spain at the period of our narrative (1479)--a condition which, though apparently purely national, had influence over every domestic hearth--it is necessary to glance back a few years.

conditionnounUS /kənˈdɪʃən/

a state at a particular time

From this reading Clearly to comprehend the internal condition of Spain at the period of our narrative (1479)--a condition which, though apparently purely national, had influence over every domestic hearth--it is necessary to glance back a few years.

consequencenounUS /ˈkɑːnsəkwəns/

a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon

From this reading The _form_ of both governments was monarchical; but the _genius_ of the former was purely republican, and the power of the sovereign so circumscribed by the Junta, the Justicia, and the Holy Brotherhood, that the vices or follies of the monarch were of less consequence, in a national point of view, in Arragon, than in any other kingdom.

dividedadjectiveUS /dɪˈvaɪdɪd/

separated into parts or pieces

From this reading The various petty Sovereignties into which Spain had been divided never permitted any lengthened period of peace; but these had at length merged into two great kingdoms, under the names of Arragon and Castile.

domesticadjectiveUS /dəˈmestɪk/

of concern to or concerning the internal affairs of a nation

From this reading Clearly to comprehend the internal condition of Spain at the period of our narrative (1479)--a condition which, though apparently purely national, had influence over every domestic hearth--it is necessary to glance back a few years.

everydeterminerUS /ˈevəri/

all the members of a group, with none left out

From this reading Clearly to comprehend the internal condition of Spain at the period of our narrative (1479)--a condition which, though apparently purely national, had influence over every domestic hearth--it is necessary to glance back a few years.

fewadjectiveUS /fjuː/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “a”; a small but indefinite number

From this reading Clearly to comprehend the internal condition of Spain at the period of our narrative (1479)--a condition which, though apparently purely national, had influence over every domestic hearth--it is necessary to glance back a few years.

folliesnounUS /ˈfɑːliz/

a revue with elaborate costuming

From this reading The _form_ of both governments was monarchical; but the _genius_ of the former was purely republican, and the power of the sovereign so circumscribed by the Junta, the Justicia, and the Holy Brotherhood, that the vices or follies of the monarch were of less consequence, in a national point of view, in Arragon, than in any other kingdom.

formnounUS /fɔːrm/

the phonological or orthographic sound or appearance of a word that can be used to describe or identify something

From this reading The _form_ of both governments was monarchical; but the _genius_ of the former was purely republican, and the power of the sovereign so circumscribed by the Junta, the Justicia, and the Holy Brotherhood, that the vices or follies of the monarch were of less consequence, in a national point of view, in Arragon, than in any other kingdom.

formeradjectiveUS /ˈfɔːrmər/

referring to the first of two things or persons mentioned (or the earlier one or ones of several)

From this reading The _form_ of both governments was monarchical; but the _genius_ of the former was purely republican, and the power of the sovereign so circumscribed by the Junta, the Justicia, and the Holy Brotherhood, that the vices or follies of the monarch were of less consequence, in a national point of view, in Arragon, than in any other kingdom.

geniusnounUS /ˈdʒiːnjəs/

someone who has exceptional intellectual ability and originality

From this reading The _form_ of both governments was monarchical; but the _genius_ of the former was purely republican, and the power of the sovereign so circumscribed by the Junta, the Justicia, and the Holy Brotherhood, that the vices or follies of the monarch were of less consequence, in a national point of view, in Arragon, than in any other kingdom.

glanceverbUS /ɡlæns/

throw a glance at; take a brief look at

From this reading Clearly to comprehend the internal condition of Spain at the period of our narrative (1479)--a condition which, though apparently purely national, had influence over every domestic hearth--it is necessary to glance back a few years.

governmentsnounUS /ˈɡʌvərmənts/

plural of “government” — the organization that is the governing authority of a political unit

From this reading The _form_ of both governments was monarchical; but the _genius_ of the former was purely republican, and the power of the sovereign so circumscribed by the Junta, the Justicia, and the Holy Brotherhood, that the vices or follies of the monarch were of less consequence, in a national point of view, in Arragon, than in any other kingdom.

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading The various petty Sovereignties into which Spain had been divided never permitted any lengthened period of peace; but these had at length merged into two great kingdoms, under the names of Arragon and Castile.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading Clearly to comprehend the internal condition of Spain at the period of our narrative (1479)--a condition which, though apparently purely national, had influence over every domestic hearth--it is necessary to glance back a few years.

hearthnounUS /hɑːrθ/

an open recess in a wall at the base of a chimney where a fire can be built

From this reading Clearly to comprehend the internal condition of Spain at the period of our narrative (1479)--a condition which, though apparently purely national, had influence over every domestic hearth--it is necessary to glance back a few years.

herdeterminerUS /hɜːr/

belonging to a woman, girl, or female animal already mentioned

From this reading "Now History unfolds her ample page, Rich with the spoils of Time."

HistorynounUS /ˈhɪstəri/

the aggregate of past events

From this reading "Now History unfolds her ample page, Rich with the spoils of Time."

HolynounUS /ˈhoʊli/

a sacred place of pilgrimage

From this reading The _form_ of both governments was monarchical; but the _genius_ of the former was purely republican, and the power of the sovereign so circumscribed by the Junta, the Justicia, and the Holy Brotherhood, that the vices or follies of the monarch were of less consequence, in a national point of view, in Arragon, than in any other kingdom.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading The _form_ of both governments was monarchical; but the _genius_ of the former was purely republican, and the power of the sovereign so circumscribed by the Junta, the Justicia, and the Holy Brotherhood, that the vices or follies of the monarch were of less consequence, in a national point of view, in Arragon, than in any other kingdom.

influencenounUS /ˈɪnfluːəns/

a power to affect persons or events especially power based on prestige etc

From this reading Clearly to comprehend the internal condition of Spain at the period of our narrative (1479)--a condition which, though apparently purely national, had influence over every domestic hearth--it is necessary to glance back a few years.

internaladjectiveUS /ˌɪnˈtɜːrnəl/

happening or arising or located within some limits or especially surface

From this reading Clearly to comprehend the internal condition of Spain at the period of our narrative (1479)--a condition which, though apparently purely national, had influence over every domestic hearth--it is necessary to glance back a few years.

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading The various petty Sovereignties into which Spain had been divided never permitted any lengthened period of peace; but these had at length merged into two great kingdoms, under the names of Arragon and Castile.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Clearly to comprehend the internal condition of Spain at the period of our narrative (1479)--a condition which, though apparently purely national, had influence over every domestic hearth--it is necessary to glance back a few years.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading Clearly to comprehend the internal condition of Spain at the period of our narrative (1479)--a condition which, though apparently purely national, had influence over every domestic hearth--it is necessary to glance back a few years.

JuntanounUS /ˈhʊntə/

a group of military officers who rule a country after seizing power

From this reading The _form_ of both governments was monarchical; but the _genius_ of the former was purely republican, and the power of the sovereign so circumscribed by the Junta, the Justicia, and the Holy Brotherhood, that the vices or follies of the monarch were of less consequence, in a national point of view, in Arragon, than in any other kingdom.

Justicia

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The _form_ of both governments was monarchical; but the _genius_ of the former was purely republican, and the power of the sovereign so circumscribed by the Junta, the Justicia, and the Holy Brotherhood, that the vices or follies of the monarch were of less consequence, in a national point of view, in Arragon, than in any other kingdom.

kingdomnounUS /ˈkɪŋdəm/

a domain in which something is dominant

From this reading The _form_ of both governments was monarchical; but the _genius_ of the former was purely republican, and the power of the sovereign so circumscribed by the Junta, the Justicia, and the Holy Brotherhood, that the vices or follies of the monarch were of less consequence, in a national point of view, in Arragon, than in any other kingdom.

kingdomsnounUS /ˈkɪŋdəmz/

plural of “kingdom” — a domain in which something is dominant

From this reading The various petty Sovereignties into which Spain had been divided never permitted any lengthened period of peace; but these had at length merged into two great kingdoms, under the names of Arragon and Castile.

lengthnounUS /leŋkθ/

the linear extent in space from one end to the other; the longest dimension of something that is fixed in place

From this reading The various petty Sovereignties into which Spain had been divided never permitted any lengthened period of peace; but these had at length merged into two great kingdoms, under the names of Arragon and Castile.

lengthenedadjectiveUS /ˈleŋθənd/

drawn out or made longer spatially

From this reading The various petty Sovereignties into which Spain had been divided never permitted any lengthened period of peace; but these had at length merged into two great kingdoms, under the names of Arragon and Castile.

lessadverbUS /les/

used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs

From this reading The _form_ of both governments was monarchical; but the _genius_ of the former was purely republican, and the power of the sovereign so circumscribed by the Junta, the Justicia, and the Holy Brotherhood, that the vices or follies of the monarch were of less consequence, in a national point of view, in Arragon, than in any other kingdom.

mergedadjectiveUS /mɜːrdʒd/

formed or united into a whole

From this reading The various petty Sovereignties into which Spain had been divided never permitted any lengthened period of peace; but these had at length merged into two great kingdoms, under the names of Arragon and Castile.

monarchnounUS /ˈmɑːnɑːrk/

a nation's ruler or head of state usually by hereditary right

From this reading The _form_ of both governments was monarchical; but the _genius_ of the former was purely republican, and the power of the sovereign so circumscribed by the Junta, the Justicia, and the Holy Brotherhood, that the vices or follies of the monarch were of less consequence, in a national point of view, in Arragon, than in any other kingdom.

monarchicaladjective

having the characteristics of or befitting or worthy of a monarch

From this reading The _form_ of both governments was monarchical; but the _genius_ of the former was purely republican, and the power of the sovereign so circumscribed by the Junta, the Justicia, and the Holy Brotherhood, that the vices or follies of the monarch were of less consequence, in a national point of view, in Arragon, than in any other kingdom.

namesnounUS /neɪmz/

verbal abuse; a crude substitute for argument

From this reading The various petty Sovereignties into which Spain had been divided never permitted any lengthened period of peace; but these had at length merged into two great kingdoms, under the names of Arragon and Castile.

narrativenounUS /ˈnærətɪv/

a message that tells the particulars of an act or occurrence or course of events; presented in writing or drama or cinema or as a radio or television program

From this reading Clearly to comprehend the internal condition of Spain at the period of our narrative (1479)--a condition which, though apparently purely national, had influence over every domestic hearth--it is necessary to glance back a few years.

nationaladjectiveUS /ˈnæʃənəl/

of or relating to or belonging to a nation or country

From this reading Clearly to comprehend the internal condition of Spain at the period of our narrative (1479)--a condition which, though apparently purely national, had influence over every domestic hearth--it is necessary to glance back a few years.

necessaryadjectiveUS /ˈnesəseri/

absolutely essential

From this reading Clearly to comprehend the internal condition of Spain at the period of our narrative (1479)--a condition which, though apparently purely national, had influence over every domestic hearth--it is necessary to glance back a few years.

neveradverbUS /ˈnevər/

not ever; at no time in the past or future

From this reading The various petty Sovereignties into which Spain had been divided never permitted any lengthened period of peace; but these had at length merged into two great kingdoms, under the names of Arragon and Castile.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading It was not so with Castile.

NowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading "Now History unfolds her ample page, Rich with the spoils of Time."

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading "Now History unfolds her ample page, Rich with the spoils of Time."

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading The _form_ of both governments was monarchical; but the _genius_ of the former was purely republican, and the power of the sovereign so circumscribed by the Junta, the Justicia, and the Holy Brotherhood, that the vices or follies of the monarch were of less consequence, in a national point of view, in Arragon, than in any other kingdom.

otheradjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading The _form_ of both governments was monarchical; but the _genius_ of the former was purely republican, and the power of the sovereign so circumscribed by the Junta, the Justicia, and the Holy Brotherhood, that the vices or follies of the monarch were of less consequence, in a national point of view, in Arragon, than in any other kingdom.

ourdeterminerUS /ˈaʊər/

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading Clearly to comprehend the internal condition of Spain at the period of our narrative (1479)--a condition which, though apparently purely national, had influence over every domestic hearth--it is necessary to glance back a few years.

overprepositionUS /ˈoʊvər/

above and across; more than

From this reading Clearly to comprehend the internal condition of Spain at the period of our narrative (1479)--a condition which, though apparently purely national, had influence over every domestic hearth--it is necessary to glance back a few years.

pagenounUS /peɪdʒ/

one side of one leaf (of a book or magazine or newspaper or letter etc.) or the written or pictorial matter it contains

From this reading "Now History unfolds her ample page, Rich with the spoils of Time."

peacenounUS /piːs/

the state prevailing during the absence of war

From this reading The various petty Sovereignties into which Spain had been divided never permitted any lengthened period of peace; but these had at length merged into two great kingdoms, under the names of Arragon and Castile.

periodnounUS /ˈpɪriəd/

an amount of time

From this reading Clearly to comprehend the internal condition of Spain at the period of our narrative (1479)--a condition which, though apparently purely national, had influence over every domestic hearth--it is necessary to glance back a few years.

permittedverbUS /pərˈmɪtɪd/

inflected form of “permit” — consent to, give permission

From this reading The various petty Sovereignties into which Spain had been divided never permitted any lengthened period of peace; but these had at length merged into two great kingdoms, under the names of Arragon and Castile.

pettyadjectiveUS /ˈpetiː/

inferior in rank or status

From this reading The various petty Sovereignties into which Spain had been divided never permitted any lengthened period of peace; but these had at length merged into two great kingdoms, under the names of Arragon and Castile.

pointnounUS /pɔɪnt/

a geometric element that has position but no extension

From this reading The _form_ of both governments was monarchical; but the _genius_ of the former was purely republican, and the power of the sovereign so circumscribed by the Junta, the Justicia, and the Holy Brotherhood, that the vices or follies of the monarch were of less consequence, in a national point of view, in Arragon, than in any other kingdom.

powernounUS /ˈpaʊər/

possession of controlling influence

From this reading The _form_ of both governments was monarchical; but the _genius_ of the former was purely republican, and the power of the sovereign so circumscribed by the Junta, the Justicia, and the Holy Brotherhood, that the vices or follies of the monarch were of less consequence, in a national point of view, in Arragon, than in any other kingdom.

purelyadverbUS /ˈpjʊrli/

restricted to something

From this reading Clearly to comprehend the internal condition of Spain at the period of our narrative (1479)--a condition which, though apparently purely national, had influence over every domestic hearth--it is necessary to glance back a few years.

republicannounUS /rɪˈpʌblɪkən/

a member of the Republican Party

From this reading The _form_ of both governments was monarchical; but the _genius_ of the former was purely republican, and the power of the sovereign so circumscribed by the Junta, the Justicia, and the Holy Brotherhood, that the vices or follies of the monarch were of less consequence, in a national point of view, in Arragon, than in any other kingdom.

RichadjectiveUS /rɪtʃ/

possessing material wealth

From this reading "Now History unfolds her ample page, Rich with the spoils of Time."

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading The _form_ of both governments was monarchical; but the _genius_ of the former was purely republican, and the power of the sovereign so circumscribed by the Junta, the Justicia, and the Holy Brotherhood, that the vices or follies of the monarch were of less consequence, in a national point of view, in Arragon, than in any other kingdom.

sovereignadjectiveUS /ˈsɑːv.rən/

Possessing supreme or ultimate power; autonomous and commanding.

From this reading The _form_ of both governments was monarchical; but the _genius_ of the former was purely republican, and the power of the sovereign so circumscribed by the Junta, the Justicia, and the Holy Brotherhood, that the vices or follies of the monarch were of less consequence, in a national point of view, in Arragon, than in any other kingdom.

Sovereignties

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The various petty Sovereignties into which Spain had been divided never permitted any lengthened period of peace; but these had at length merged into two great kingdoms, under the names of Arragon and Castile.

SpainnounUS /speɪn/

a parliamentary monarchy in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula; a former colonial power

From this reading Clearly to comprehend the internal condition of Spain at the period of our narrative (1479)--a condition which, though apparently purely national, had influence over every domestic hearth--it is necessary to glance back a few years.

spoilsnounUS /spɔɪlz/

plural of “spoil” — (usually plural) valuables taken by violence (especially in war)

From this reading "Now History unfolds her ample page, Rich with the spoils of Time."

thanconjunctionUS /ðæn/

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading The _form_ of both governments was monarchical; but the _genius_ of the former was purely republican, and the power of the sovereign so circumscribed by the Junta, the Justicia, and the Holy Brotherhood, that the vices or follies of the monarch were of less consequence, in a national point of view, in Arragon, than in any other kingdom.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading The _form_ of both governments was monarchical; but the _genius_ of the former was purely republican, and the power of the sovereign so circumscribed by the Junta, the Justicia, and the Holy Brotherhood, that the vices or follies of the monarch were of less consequence, in a national point of view, in Arragon, than in any other kingdom.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading "Now History unfolds her ample page, Rich with the spoils of Time."

thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading The various petty Sovereignties into which Spain had been divided never permitted any lengthened period of peace; but these had at length merged into two great kingdoms, under the names of Arragon and Castile.

thoughconjunctionUS /ðoʊ/

in spite of the fact that

From this reading Clearly to comprehend the internal condition of Spain at the period of our narrative (1479)--a condition which, though apparently purely national, had influence over every domestic hearth--it is necessary to glance back a few years.

TimenounUS /taɪm/

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading "Now History unfolds her ample page, Rich with the spoils of Time."

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Clearly to comprehend the internal condition of Spain at the period of our narrative (1479)--a condition which, though apparently purely national, had influence over every domestic hearth--it is necessary to glance back a few years.

twonounUS /tuː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number

From this reading The various petty Sovereignties into which Spain had been divided never permitted any lengthened period of peace; but these had at length merged into two great kingdoms, under the names of Arragon and Castile.

underprepositionUS /ˈʌndər/

below or beneath something; less than

From this reading The various petty Sovereignties into which Spain had been divided never permitted any lengthened period of peace; but these had at length merged into two great kingdoms, under the names of Arragon and Castile.

unfoldsverbUS /ənˈfoʊldz/

third-person singular of “unfold” — develop or come to a promising stage

From this reading "Now History unfolds her ample page, Rich with the spoils of Time."

variousadjectiveUS /ˈveriəs/

of many different kinds purposefully arranged but lacking any uniformity

From this reading The various petty Sovereignties into which Spain had been divided never permitted any lengthened period of peace; but these had at length merged into two great kingdoms, under the names of Arragon and Castile.

vicesnounUS /ˈvaɪsəz/

plural of “vice” — moral weakness

From this reading The _form_ of both governments was monarchical; but the _genius_ of the former was purely republican, and the power of the sovereign so circumscribed by the Junta, the Justicia, and the Holy Brotherhood, that the vices or follies of the monarch were of less consequence, in a national point of view, in Arragon, than in any other kingdom.

viewnounUS /vjuː/

a way of regarding situations or topics etc.

From this reading The _form_ of both governments was monarchical; but the _genius_ of the former was purely republican, and the power of the sovereign so circumscribed by the Junta, the Justicia, and the Holy Brotherhood, that the vices or follies of the monarch were of less consequence, in a national point of view, in Arragon, than in any other kingdom.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The _form_ of both governments was monarchical; but the _genius_ of the former was purely republican, and the power of the sovereign so circumscribed by the Junta, the Justicia, and the Holy Brotherhood, that the vices or follies of the monarch were of less consequence, in a national point of view, in Arragon, than in any other kingdom.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading The _form_ of both governments was monarchical; but the _genius_ of the former was purely republican, and the power of the sovereign so circumscribed by the Junta, the Justicia, and the Holy Brotherhood, that the vices or follies of the monarch were of less consequence, in a national point of view, in Arragon, than in any other kingdom.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading Clearly to comprehend the internal condition of Spain at the period of our narrative (1479)--a condition which, though apparently purely national, had influence over every domestic hearth--it is necessary to glance back a few years.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading "Now History unfolds her ample page, Rich with the spoils of Time."

yearsnounUS /jɪrz/

a late time of life

From this reading Clearly to comprehend the internal condition of Spain at the period of our narrative (1479)--a condition which, though apparently purely national, had influence over every domestic hearth--it is necessary to glance back a few years.

Chapter 3 of The Vale of Cedars by Grace Aguilar holds 62 sentences, grouped into 13 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 3 of The Vale of Cedars contain?

Chapter 3 holds 62 sentences of The Vale of Cedars, unabridged, divided into 13 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 3 of The Vale of Cedars by Grace Aguilar exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 62 sentences, grouped into 13 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 3 of The Vale of Cedars?

Work through the 13 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 13 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 3 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 3 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The Vale of Cedars

Common questions about reading The Vale of Cedars by Grace Aguilar on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The Vale of Cedars?

Yes. All 3335 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #12725 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The Vale of Cedars is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #12725, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The Vale of Cedars take to read?

About 277 minutes of reading across 667 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read The Vale of Cedars section by section

How to work through The Vale of Cedars section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 35 chapters of The Vale of Cedars to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in The Vale of Cedars

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Vale of Cedars, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Parted
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Vale of Cedars; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Closed
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Vale of Cedars; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Again
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Vale of Cedars; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Leaving
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Vale of Cedars; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.