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The Victorian Age in Literature
The Victorian Age in Literature

Chapter I · Chapter 1

Chapter 1 of The Victorian Age in Literature is here in full — 511 sentences across 103 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/102 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
The previous literary life of this country had left vigorous many old forces in the Victorian time, as in our time.
Roman Britain and Mediæval England are still not only alive but lively; for real development is not leaving things behind, as on a road, but drawing life from them, as from a root.
Even when we improve we never progress.
For progress, the metaphor from the road, implies a man leaving his home behind him: but improvement means a man exalting the towers or extending the gardens of his home.
The ancient English literature was like all the several literatures of Christendom, alike in its likeness, alike in its very unlikeness.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Victorian Age in Literature

Chapter I · Chapter 1

Chapter 1 of The Victorian Age in Literature is here in full — 511 sentences across 103 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/102 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
The previous literary life of this country had left vigorous many old forces in the Victorian time, as in our time.
/ðə ˈpriːviəs ˈlɪtəreri laɪf ʌv ðɪs ˈkʌntri hæd left ˈvɪɡərəs ˈmeni oʊld ˈfɔːrsɪz ɪn ðə vɪkˈtɔːriən taɪm æz ɪn ˈaʊər taɪm/
Line 2
Roman Britain and Mediæval England are still not only alive but lively; for real development is not leaving things behind, as on a road, but drawing life from them, as from a root.
Line 3
Even when we improve we never progress.
/ˈiːvɪn wen wiː ˌɪmˈpruːv wiː ˈnevər ˈprɑːɡres/
Line 4
For progress, the metaphor from the road, implies a man leaving his home behind him: but improvement means a man exalting the towers or extending the gardens of his home.
/fɔːr ˈprɑːɡres ðə ˈmetəfɔːr frʌm ðə roʊd ˌɪmˈplaɪz ə mæn ˈliːvɪŋ hɪz hoʊm bɪˈhaɪnd hɪm bʌt ˌɪmˈpruːvmənt miːnz ə mæn ɪɡˈzɔːltɪŋ ðə ˈtaʊərz ɔːr ɪkˈstendɪŋ ðə ˈɡɑːrdənz ʌv hɪz hoʊm/
Line 5
The ancient English literature was like all the several literatures of Christendom, alike in its likeness, alike in its very unlikeness.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Britain noun US /ˈbrɪtən/

a monarchy in northwestern Europe occupying most of the British Isles; divided into England and Scotland and Wales and Northern Ireland; “Great Britain” is often used loosely to refer to the United Kingdom

From this reading “Roman Britain and Mediæval England are still not only alive but lively; for real development is not leaving things behind, as on a road, but drawing life from them, as from a root.”

Christendom noun US /ˈkrɪsəndəm/

the collective body of Christians throughout the world and history (found predominantly in Europe and the Americas and Australia)

From this reading “The ancient English literature was like all the several literatures of Christendom, alike in its likeness, alike in its very unlikeness.”

exalting adjective US /ɪɡˈzɔːltɪŋ/

tending to exalt

From this reading “For progress, the metaphor from the road, implies a man leaving his home behind him: but improvement means a man exalting the towers or extending the gardens of his home.”

extending verb US /ɪkˈstendɪŋ/

-ing form of “extend” — extend in scope or range or area

From this reading “For progress, the metaphor from the road, implies a man leaving his home behind him: but improvement means a man exalting the towers or extending the gardens of his home.”

implies verb US /ˌɪmˈplaɪz/

third-person singular of “imply” — express or state indirectly

From this reading “For progress, the metaphor from the road, implies a man leaving his home behind him: but improvement means a man exalting the towers or extending the gardens of his home.”

improve verb US /ˌɪmˈpruːv/

to make better

From this reading “Even when we improve we never progress.”

metaphor noun US /ˈmetəfɔːr/

a figure of speech in which an expression is used to refer to something that it does not literally denote in order to suggest a similarity

From this reading “For progress, the metaphor from the road, implies a man leaving his home behind him: but improvement means a man exalting the towers or extending the gardens of his home.”

Victorian adjective US /vɪkˈtɔːriən/

of or relating to Queen Victoria of Great Britain or to the age in which she ruled

From this reading “The previous literary life of this country had left vigorous many old forces in the Victorian time, as in our time.”

All words in this reading · 77

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Roman Britain and Mediæval England are still not only alive but lively; for real development is not leaving things behind, as on a road, but drawing life from them, as from a root.

alikeadverbUS /əˈlaɪk/

equally

From this reading The ancient English literature was like all the several literatures of Christendom, alike in its likeness, alike in its very unlikeness.

aliveadjectiveUS /əˈlaɪv/

possessing life

From this reading Roman Britain and Mediæval England are still not only alive but lively; for real development is not leaving things behind, as on a road, but drawing life from them, as from a root.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading The ancient English literature was like all the several literatures of Christendom, alike in its likeness, alike in its very unlikeness.

ancientadjectiveUS /ˈeɪn.ʃənt/

Belonging to the very distant past and no longer in existence or deeply revered.

From this reading The ancient English literature was like all the several literatures of Christendom, alike in its likeness, alike in its very unlikeness.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Roman Britain and Mediæval England are still not only alive but lively; for real development is not leaving things behind, as on a road, but drawing life from them, as from a root.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Roman Britain and Mediæval England are still not only alive but lively; for real development is not leaving things behind, as on a road, but drawing life from them, as from a root.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading The previous literary life of this country had left vigorous many old forces in the Victorian time, as in our time.

behindprepositionUS /bɪˈhaɪnd/

at or toward the back of something

From this reading Roman Britain and Mediæval England are still not only alive but lively; for real development is not leaving things behind, as on a road, but drawing life from them, as from a root.

BritainnounUS /ˈbrɪtən/

a monarchy in northwestern Europe occupying most of the British Isles; divided into England and Scotland and Wales and Northern Ireland; “Great Britain” is often used loosely to refer to the United Kingdom

From this reading Roman Britain and Mediæval England are still not only alive but lively; for real development is not leaving things behind, as on a road, but drawing life from them, as from a root.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading Roman Britain and Mediæval England are still not only alive but lively; for real development is not leaving things behind, as on a road, but drawing life from them, as from a root.

ChristendomnounUS /ˈkrɪsəndəm/

the collective body of Christians throughout the world and history (found predominantly in Europe and the Americas and Australia)

From this reading The ancient English literature was like all the several literatures of Christendom, alike in its likeness, alike in its very unlikeness.

countrynounUS /ˈkʌntri/

a politically organized body of people under a single government

From this reading The previous literary life of this country had left vigorous many old forces in the Victorian time, as in our time.

developmentnounUS /dɪˈveləpmənt/

act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining

From this reading Roman Britain and Mediæval England are still not only alive but lively; for real development is not leaving things behind, as on a road, but drawing life from them, as from a root.

drawingnounUS /ˈdrɔːɪŋ/

an illustration that is drawn by hand and published in a book, magazine, or newspaper

From this reading Roman Britain and Mediæval England are still not only alive but lively; for real development is not leaving things behind, as on a road, but drawing life from them, as from a root.

EnglandnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlənd/

a division of the United Kingdom

From this reading Roman Britain and Mediæval England are still not only alive but lively; for real development is not leaving things behind, as on a road, but drawing life from them, as from a root.

EnglishnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/

an Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch; the official language of Britain and the United States and most of the commonwealth countries

From this reading The ancient English literature was like all the several literatures of Christendom, alike in its likeness, alike in its very unlikeness.

EvenadjectiveUS /ˈiːvɪn/

divisible by two

From this reading Even when we improve we never progress.

exaltingadjectiveUS /ɪɡˈzɔːltɪŋ/

tending to exalt

From this reading For progress, the metaphor from the road, implies a man leaving his home behind him: but improvement means a man exalting the towers or extending the gardens of his home.

extendingverbUS /ɪkˈstendɪŋ/

-ing form of “extend” — extend in scope or range or area

From this reading For progress, the metaphor from the road, implies a man leaving his home behind him: but improvement means a man exalting the towers or extending the gardens of his home.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading Roman Britain and Mediæval England are still not only alive but lively; for real development is not leaving things behind, as on a road, but drawing life from them, as from a root.

forcesnounUS /ˈfɔːrsɪz/

plural of “force” — a powerful effect or influence

From this reading The previous literary life of this country had left vigorous many old forces in the Victorian time, as in our time.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading Roman Britain and Mediæval England are still not only alive but lively; for real development is not leaving things behind, as on a road, but drawing life from them, as from a root.

gardensnounUS /ˈɡɑːrdənz/

plural of “garden” — a plot of ground where plants are cultivated

From this reading For progress, the metaphor from the road, implies a man leaving his home behind him: but improvement means a man exalting the towers or extending the gardens of his home.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading The previous literary life of this country had left vigorous many old forces in the Victorian time, as in our time.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading For progress, the metaphor from the road, implies a man leaving his home behind him: but improvement means a man exalting the towers or extending the gardens of his home.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading For progress, the metaphor from the road, implies a man leaving his home behind him: but improvement means a man exalting the towers or extending the gardens of his home.

homenounUS /hoʊm/

where you live at a particular time

From this reading For progress, the metaphor from the road, implies a man leaving his home behind him: but improvement means a man exalting the towers or extending the gardens of his home.

impliesverbUS /ˌɪmˈplaɪz/

third-person singular of “imply” — express or state indirectly

From this reading For progress, the metaphor from the road, implies a man leaving his home behind him: but improvement means a man exalting the towers or extending the gardens of his home.

improveverbUS /ˌɪmˈpruːv/

to make better

From this reading Even when we improve we never progress.

improvementnounUS /ˌɪmˈpruːvmənt/

a change for the better; progress in development

From this reading For progress, the metaphor from the road, implies a man leaving his home behind him: but improvement means a man exalting the towers or extending the gardens of his home.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading The previous literary life of this country had left vigorous many old forces in the Victorian time, as in our time.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Roman Britain and Mediæval England are still not only alive but lively; for real development is not leaving things behind, as on a road, but drawing life from them, as from a root.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading The ancient English literature was like all the several literatures of Christendom, alike in its likeness, alike in its very unlikeness.

leavingnounUS /ˈliːvɪŋ/

the act of departing

From this reading Roman Britain and Mediæval England are still not only alive but lively; for real development is not leaving things behind, as on a road, but drawing life from them, as from a root.

leftnounUS /left/

location near or direction toward the left side; i.e. the side to the north when a person or object faces east

From this reading The previous literary life of this country had left vigorous many old forces in the Victorian time, as in our time.

lifenounUS /laɪf/

a characteristic state or mode of living

From this reading The previous literary life of this country had left vigorous many old forces in the Victorian time, as in our time.

likeverbUS /laɪk/

prefer or wish to do something

From this reading The ancient English literature was like all the several literatures of Christendom, alike in its likeness, alike in its very unlikeness.

likenessnounUS /ˈlaɪknəs/

similarity in appearance or character or nature between persons or things

From this reading The ancient English literature was like all the several literatures of Christendom, alike in its likeness, alike in its very unlikeness.

literaryadjectiveUS /ˈlɪtəreri/

of or relating to or characteristic of literature

From this reading The previous literary life of this country had left vigorous many old forces in the Victorian time, as in our time.

literaturenounUS /ˈlɪtərətʃər/

creative writing of recognized artistic value

From this reading The ancient English literature was like all the several literatures of Christendom, alike in its likeness, alike in its very unlikeness.

literatures

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The ancient English literature was like all the several literatures of Christendom, alike in its likeness, alike in its very unlikeness.

livelyadjectiveUS /ˈlaɪvli/

full of life and energy

From this reading Roman Britain and Mediæval England are still not only alive but lively; for real development is not leaving things behind, as on a road, but drawing life from them, as from a root.

mannounUS /mæn/

an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)

From this reading For progress, the metaphor from the road, implies a man leaving his home behind him: but improvement means a man exalting the towers or extending the gardens of his home.

manyadjectiveUS /ˈmeni/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “as” or “too” or “so” or “that”; amounting to a large but indefinite number

From this reading The previous literary life of this country had left vigorous many old forces in the Victorian time, as in our time.

meansnounUS /miːnz/

thing or person that acts to produce a particular effect or achieve an end

From this reading For progress, the metaphor from the road, implies a man leaving his home behind him: but improvement means a man exalting the towers or extending the gardens of his home.

Mediæval

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Roman Britain and Mediæval England are still not only alive but lively; for real development is not leaving things behind, as on a road, but drawing life from them, as from a root.

metaphornounUS /ˈmetəfɔːr/

a figure of speech in which an expression is used to refer to something that it does not literally denote in order to suggest a similarity

From this reading For progress, the metaphor from the road, implies a man leaving his home behind him: but improvement means a man exalting the towers or extending the gardens of his home.

neveradverbUS /ˈnevər/

not ever; at no time in the past or future

From this reading Even when we improve we never progress.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading Roman Britain and Mediæval England are still not only alive but lively; for real development is not leaving things behind, as on a road, but drawing life from them, as from a root.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading The previous literary life of this country had left vigorous many old forces in the Victorian time, as in our time.

oldadjectiveUS /oʊld/

(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading The previous literary life of this country had left vigorous many old forces in the Victorian time, as in our time.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading Roman Britain and Mediæval England are still not only alive but lively; for real development is not leaving things behind, as on a road, but drawing life from them, as from a root.

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading Roman Britain and Mediæval England are still not only alive but lively; for real development is not leaving things behind, as on a road, but drawing life from them, as from a root.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading For progress, the metaphor from the road, implies a man leaving his home behind him: but improvement means a man exalting the towers or extending the gardens of his home.

ourdeterminerUS /ˈaʊər/

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading The previous literary life of this country had left vigorous many old forces in the Victorian time, as in our time.

previousadjectiveUS /ˈpriːviəs/

just preceding something else in time or order

From this reading The previous literary life of this country had left vigorous many old forces in the Victorian time, as in our time.

progressnounUS /ˈprɑːɡres/

gradual improvement or growth or development

From this reading Even when we improve we never progress.

realadjectiveUS /riːl/

being or occurring in fact or actuality; having verified existence; not illusory

From this reading Roman Britain and Mediæval England are still not only alive but lively; for real development is not leaving things behind, as on a road, but drawing life from them, as from a root.

roadnounUS /roʊd/

an open way (generally public) for travel or transportation

From this reading Roman Britain and Mediæval England are still not only alive but lively; for real development is not leaving things behind, as on a road, but drawing life from them, as from a root.

RomanadjectiveUS /ˈroʊmən/

relating to or characteristic of people of Rome

From this reading Roman Britain and Mediæval England are still not only alive but lively; for real development is not leaving things behind, as on a road, but drawing life from them, as from a root.

rootnounUS /ruːt/

(botany) the usually underground organ that lacks buds or leaves or nodes; absorbs water and mineral salts; usually it anchors the plant to the ground

From this reading Roman Britain and Mediæval England are still not only alive but lively; for real development is not leaving things behind, as on a road, but drawing life from them, as from a root.

severaladjectiveUS /ˈsevrəl/

(used with count nouns) of an indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many

From this reading The ancient English literature was like all the several literatures of Christendom, alike in its likeness, alike in its very unlikeness.

stilladjectiveUS /stɪl/

not in physical motion

From this reading Roman Britain and Mediæval England are still not only alive but lively; for real development is not leaving things behind, as on a road, but drawing life from them, as from a root.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading The previous literary life of this country had left vigorous many old forces in the Victorian time, as in our time.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading Roman Britain and Mediæval England are still not only alive but lively; for real development is not leaving things behind, as on a road, but drawing life from them, as from a root.

thingsnounUS /θɪŋz/

any movable possession (especially articles of clothing)

From this reading Roman Britain and Mediæval England are still not only alive but lively; for real development is not leaving things behind, as on a road, but drawing life from them, as from a root.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading The previous literary life of this country had left vigorous many old forces in the Victorian time, as in our time.

timenounUS /taɪm/

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading The previous literary life of this country had left vigorous many old forces in the Victorian time, as in our time.

towersnounUS /ˈtaʊərz/

plural of “tower” — a structure taller than its diameter; can stand alone or be attached to a larger building

From this reading For progress, the metaphor from the road, implies a man leaving his home behind him: but improvement means a man exalting the towers or extending the gardens of his home.

unlikenessnoun

dissimilarity evidenced by an absence of likeness

From this reading The ancient English literature was like all the several literatures of Christendom, alike in its likeness, alike in its very unlikeness.

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading The ancient English literature was like all the several literatures of Christendom, alike in its likeness, alike in its very unlikeness.

VictorianadjectiveUS /vɪkˈtɔːriən/

of or relating to Queen Victoria of Great Britain or to the age in which she ruled

From this reading The previous literary life of this country had left vigorous many old forces in the Victorian time, as in our time.

vigorousadjectiveUS /ˈvɪɡərəs/

characterized by forceful and energetic action or activity

From this reading The previous literary life of this country had left vigorous many old forces in the Victorian time, as in our time.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The ancient English literature was like all the several literatures of Christendom, alike in its likeness, alike in its very unlikeness.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading Even when we improve we never progress.

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading Even when we improve we never progress.

Chapter 1 of The Victorian Age in Literature by G. K. (Gilbert Keith) Chesterton holds 511 sentences, grouped into 103 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 1 of The Victorian Age in Literature contain?

Chapter 1 holds 511 sentences of The Victorian Age in Literature, unabridged, divided into 103 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 1 of The Victorian Age in Literature by G. K. (Gilbert Keith) Chesterton exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 511 sentences, grouped into 103 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 1 of The Victorian Age in Literature?

Work through the 103 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 103 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 1 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 1 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The Victorian Age in Literature

Common questions about reading The Victorian Age in Literature by G. K. (Gilbert Keith) Chesterton on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The Victorian Age in Literature?

Yes. All 1635 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #18639 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The Victorian Age in Literature is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #18639, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The Victorian Age in Literature take to read?

About 136 minutes of reading across 327 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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How to work through The Victorian Age in Literature section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 4 chapters of The Victorian Age in Literature to begin.

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    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in The Victorian Age in Literature

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Victorian Age in Literature, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Previous
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Victorian Age in Literature; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Literary
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Victorian Age in Literature; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Country
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Victorian Age in Literature; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Vigorous
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Victorian Age in Literature; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.