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The Village in the Jungle
The Village in the Jungle

Chapter IV

Chapter 4 of The Village in the Jungle is here in full — 213 sentences across 43 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/42 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
In towns and large villages there are, especially among people of the higher castes, many rigid customs and formalities regarding marriages always observed.
It is true that the exclusion of women no longer exists; but young girls after puberty are supposed to be kept within the house, and only to meet men of the immediate family.
A marriage is arranged formally; a formal proposal is made by the man's father or mother to the girl's father or mother.
There are usually long negotiations and bargainings between the two families over the dowry.
When at last the preliminaries are settled and the wedding day arrives, it is a very solemn and formal affair.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Village in the Jungle

Chapter IV

Chapter 4 of The Village in the Jungle is here in full — 213 sentences across 43 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/42 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
In towns and large villages there are, especially among people of the higher castes, many rigid customs and formalities regarding marriages always observed.
/ɪn taʊnz ənd lɑːrdʒ ˈvɪlədʒəz ðer ɑːr əˈspeʃli əˈmʌŋ ˈpiːpəl ʌv ðə ˈhaɪər kæsts ˈmeni ˈrɪdʒəd ˈkʌstəmz ənd fɔːrˈmælətiz rɪˈɡɑːrdɪŋ ˈmerɪdʒɪz ˈɔːlweɪz əbˈzɜːrvd/
Line 2
It is true that the exclusion of women no longer exists; but young girls after puberty are supposed to be kept within the house, and only to meet men of the immediate family.
/ɪt ɪz truː ðæt ðə ɪkˈskluːʒən ʌv ˈwɪmən noʊ ˈlɔːŋɡər ɪɡˈzɪsts bʌt jʌŋ ɡɜːrlz ˈæftər ˈpjuːbərti ɑːr səˈpoʊzd tuː biː kept wɪˈðɪn ðə haʊs ənd ˈoʊnli tuː miːt men ʌv ðə ˌɪˈmiːdiːət ˈfæməli/
Line 3
A marriage is arranged formally; a formal proposal is made by the man's father or mother to the girl's father or mother.
/ə ˈmerɪdʒ ɪz ərˈeɪndʒd ˈfɔːrməli ə ˈfɔːrməl prəˈpoʊzəl ɪz meɪd baɪ ðə mænz ˈfɑːðər ɔːr ˈmʌðər tuː ðə ɡɜːrlz ˈfɑːðər ɔːr ˈmʌðər/
Line 4
There are usually long negotiations and bargainings between the two families over the dowry.
Line 5
When at last the preliminaries are settled and the wedding day arrives, it is a very solemn and formal affair.
/wen æt læst ðə prɪˈlɪməneriz ɑːr ˈsetəld ənd ðə ˈwedɪŋ deɪ ərˈaɪvz ɪt ɪz ə ˈveri ˈsɑːləm ənd ˈfɔːrməl əˈfer/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

castes noun US /kæsts/

plural of “caste” — social status or position conferred by a system based on class

From this reading “In towns and large villages there are, especially among people of the higher castes, many rigid customs and formalities regarding marriages always observed.”

dowry noun US /ˈdaʊri/

money or property brought by a woman to her husband at marriage

From this reading “There are usually long negotiations and bargainings between the two families over the dowry.”

exclusion noun US /ɪkˈskluːʒən/

the state of being excluded

From this reading “It is true that the exclusion of women no longer exists; but young girls after puberty are supposed to be kept within the house, and only to meet men of the immediate family.”

formalities noun US /fɔːrˈmælətiz/

a requirement of etiquette or custom

From this reading “In towns and large villages there are, especially among people of the higher castes, many rigid customs and formalities regarding marriages always observed.”

marriages noun US /ˈmerɪdʒɪz/

plural of “marriage” — the state of being a married couple voluntarily joined for life (or until divorce)

From this reading “In towns and large villages there are, especially among people of the higher castes, many rigid customs and formalities regarding marriages always observed.”

negotiations noun US /nəˌɡoʊʃiˈeɪʃənz/

plural of “negotiation” — a discussion intended to produce an agreement

From this reading “There are usually long negotiations and bargainings between the two families over the dowry.”

preliminaries noun US /prɪˈlɪməneriz/

plural of “preliminary” — a minor match preceding the main event

From this reading “When at last the preliminaries are settled and the wedding day arrives, it is a very solemn and formal affair.”

puberty noun US /ˈpjuːbərti/

the time of life when sex glands become functional

From this reading “It is true that the exclusion of women no longer exists; but young girls after puberty are supposed to be kept within the house, and only to meet men of the immediate family.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

young girls adjective + noun counted as “young girl”

a girl or young woman who is unmarried

In this reading “It is true that the exclusion of women no longer exists; but young girls after puberty are supposed to be kept within the house, and only to meet men of the immediate family.”

wedding day noun + noun

the day of a wedding

In this reading “When at last the preliminaries are settled and the wedding day arrives, it is a very solemn and formal affair.”

between the two preposition + article + noun counted as “between … two”

In this reading “There are usually long negotiations and bargainings between the two families over the dowry.”

All words in this reading · 80

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

AdeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading A marriage is arranged formally; a formal proposal is made by the man's father or mother to the girl's father or mother.

affairnounUS /əˈfer/

a vaguely specified concern

From this reading When at last the preliminaries are settled and the wedding day arrives, it is a very solemn and formal affair.

afterprepositionUS /ˈæftər/

later than; following

From this reading It is true that the exclusion of women no longer exists; but young girls after puberty are supposed to be kept within the house, and only to meet men of the immediate family.

alwaysadverbUS /ˈɔːlweɪz/

at all times; all the time and on every occasion

From this reading In towns and large villages there are, especially among people of the higher castes, many rigid customs and formalities regarding marriages always observed.

amongprepositionUS /əˈmʌŋ/

surrounded by; in the middle of a group

From this reading In towns and large villages there are, especially among people of the higher castes, many rigid customs and formalities regarding marriages always observed.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading In towns and large villages there are, especially among people of the higher castes, many rigid customs and formalities regarding marriages always observed.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading In towns and large villages there are, especially among people of the higher castes, many rigid customs and formalities regarding marriages always observed.

arrangedadjectiveUS /ərˈeɪndʒd/

disposed or placed in a particular kind of order

From this reading A marriage is arranged formally; a formal proposal is made by the man's father or mother to the girl's father or mother.

arrivesverbUS /ərˈaɪvz/

third-person singular of “arrive” — reach a destination; arrive by movement or progress

From this reading When at last the preliminaries are settled and the wedding day arrives, it is a very solemn and formal affair.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading When at last the preliminaries are settled and the wedding day arrives, it is a very solemn and formal affair.

bargainings

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading There are usually long negotiations and bargainings between the two families over the dowry.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading It is true that the exclusion of women no longer exists; but young girls after puberty are supposed to be kept within the house, and only to meet men of the immediate family.

betweenprepositionUS /bɪˈtwiːn/

in the space, time, or range separating two things

From this reading There are usually long negotiations and bargainings between the two families over the dowry.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading It is true that the exclusion of women no longer exists; but young girls after puberty are supposed to be kept within the house, and only to meet men of the immediate family.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading A marriage is arranged formally; a formal proposal is made by the man's father or mother to the girl's father or mother.

castesnounUS /kæsts/

plural of “caste” — social status or position conferred by a system based on class

From this reading In towns and large villages there are, especially among people of the higher castes, many rigid customs and formalities regarding marriages always observed.

customsnounUS /ˈkʌstəmz/

money collected under a tariff

From this reading In towns and large villages there are, especially among people of the higher castes, many rigid customs and formalities regarding marriages always observed.

daynounUS /deɪ/

time for Earth to make a complete rotation on its axis

From this reading When at last the preliminaries are settled and the wedding day arrives, it is a very solemn and formal affair.

dowrynounUS /ˈdaʊri/

money or property brought by a woman to her husband at marriage

From this reading There are usually long negotiations and bargainings between the two families over the dowry.

especiallyadverbUS /əˈspeʃli/

to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common

From this reading In towns and large villages there are, especially among people of the higher castes, many rigid customs and formalities regarding marriages always observed.

exclusionnounUS /ɪkˈskluːʒən/

the state of being excluded

From this reading It is true that the exclusion of women no longer exists; but young girls after puberty are supposed to be kept within the house, and only to meet men of the immediate family.

existsverbUS /ɪɡˈzɪsts/

third-person singular of “exist” — have an existence, be extant

From this reading It is true that the exclusion of women no longer exists; but young girls after puberty are supposed to be kept within the house, and only to meet men of the immediate family.

familiesnounUS /ˈfæməliz/

plural of “family” — a social unit living together

From this reading There are usually long negotiations and bargainings between the two families over the dowry.

familynounUS /ˈfæməli/

a social unit living together

From this reading It is true that the exclusion of women no longer exists; but young girls after puberty are supposed to be kept within the house, and only to meet men of the immediate family.

fathernounUS /ˈfɑːðər/

a male parent (also used as a term of address to your father)

From this reading A marriage is arranged formally; a formal proposal is made by the man's father or mother to the girl's father or mother.

formaladjectiveUS /ˈfɔːrməl/

being in accord with established forms and conventions and requirements (as e.g. of formal dress)

From this reading A marriage is arranged formally; a formal proposal is made by the man's father or mother to the girl's father or mother.

formalitiesnounUS /fɔːrˈmælətiz/

a requirement of etiquette or custom

From this reading In towns and large villages there are, especially among people of the higher castes, many rigid customs and formalities regarding marriages always observed.

formallyadverbUS /ˈfɔːrməli/

with official authorization

From this reading A marriage is arranged formally; a formal proposal is made by the man's father or mother to the girl's father or mother.

girl'snounUS /ɡɜːrlz/

possessive form of “girl” — a young female

From this reading A marriage is arranged formally; a formal proposal is made by the man's father or mother to the girl's father or mother.

girlsnounUS /ɡɜːrlz/

plural of “girl” — a young female

From this reading It is true that the exclusion of women no longer exists; but young girls after puberty are supposed to be kept within the house, and only to meet men of the immediate family.

higheradjectiveUS /ˈhaɪər/

advanced in complexity or elaboration

From this reading In towns and large villages there are, especially among people of the higher castes, many rigid customs and formalities regarding marriages always observed.

housenounUS /haʊs/

a dwelling that serves as living quarters for one or more families

From this reading It is true that the exclusion of women no longer exists; but young girls after puberty are supposed to be kept within the house, and only to meet men of the immediate family.

immediateadjectiveUS /ˌɪˈmiːdiːət/

of the present time and place

From this reading It is true that the exclusion of women no longer exists; but young girls after puberty are supposed to be kept within the house, and only to meet men of the immediate family.

InprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading In towns and large villages there are, especially among people of the higher castes, many rigid customs and formalities regarding marriages always observed.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading It is true that the exclusion of women no longer exists; but young girls after puberty are supposed to be kept within the house, and only to meet men of the immediate family.

ItpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading It is true that the exclusion of women no longer exists; but young girls after puberty are supposed to be kept within the house, and only to meet men of the immediate family.

keptadjectiveUS /kept/

(especially of promises or contracts) not violated or disregarded

From this reading It is true that the exclusion of women no longer exists; but young girls after puberty are supposed to be kept within the house, and only to meet men of the immediate family.

largeadjectiveUS /lɑːrdʒ/

above average in size or number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading In towns and large villages there are, especially among people of the higher castes, many rigid customs and formalities regarding marriages always observed.

lastadjectiveUS /læst/

immediately past

From this reading When at last the preliminaries are settled and the wedding day arrives, it is a very solemn and formal affair.

longadjectiveUS /lɔːŋ/

primarily temporal sense; being or indicating a relatively great or greater than average duration or passage of time or a duration as specified

From this reading There are usually long negotiations and bargainings between the two families over the dowry.

longeradverbUS /ˈlɔːŋɡər/

for more time

From this reading It is true that the exclusion of women no longer exists; but young girls after puberty are supposed to be kept within the house, and only to meet men of the immediate family.

madeadjectiveUS /meɪd/

produced by a manufacturing process

From this reading A marriage is arranged formally; a formal proposal is made by the man's father or mother to the girl's father or mother.

man'snounUS /mænz/

possessive form of “man” — an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)

From this reading A marriage is arranged formally; a formal proposal is made by the man's father or mother to the girl's father or mother.

manyadjectiveUS /ˈmeni/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “as” or “too” or “so” or “that”; amounting to a large but indefinite number

From this reading In towns and large villages there are, especially among people of the higher castes, many rigid customs and formalities regarding marriages always observed.

marriagenounUS /ˈmerɪdʒ/

the state of being a married couple voluntarily joined for life (or until divorce)

From this reading A marriage is arranged formally; a formal proposal is made by the man's father or mother to the girl's father or mother.

marriagesnounUS /ˈmerɪdʒɪz/

plural of “marriage” — the state of being a married couple voluntarily joined for life (or until divorce)

From this reading In towns and large villages there are, especially among people of the higher castes, many rigid customs and formalities regarding marriages always observed.

meetverbUS /miːt/

come together

From this reading It is true that the exclusion of women no longer exists; but young girls after puberty are supposed to be kept within the house, and only to meet men of the immediate family.

mennounUS /men/

the force of workers available

From this reading It is true that the exclusion of women no longer exists; but young girls after puberty are supposed to be kept within the house, and only to meet men of the immediate family.

mothernounUS /ˈmʌðər/

a woman who has given birth to a child (also used as a term of address to your mother)

From this reading A marriage is arranged formally; a formal proposal is made by the man's father or mother to the girl's father or mother.

negotiationsnounUS /nəˌɡoʊʃiˈeɪʃənz/

plural of “negotiation” — a discussion intended to produce an agreement

From this reading There are usually long negotiations and bargainings between the two families over the dowry.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading It is true that the exclusion of women no longer exists; but young girls after puberty are supposed to be kept within the house, and only to meet men of the immediate family.

observedadjectiveUS /əbˈzɜːrvd/

discovered or determined by scientific observation

From this reading In towns and large villages there are, especially among people of the higher castes, many rigid customs and formalities regarding marriages always observed.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading In towns and large villages there are, especially among people of the higher castes, many rigid customs and formalities regarding marriages always observed.

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading It is true that the exclusion of women no longer exists; but young girls after puberty are supposed to be kept within the house, and only to meet men of the immediate family.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading A marriage is arranged formally; a formal proposal is made by the man's father or mother to the girl's father or mother.

overprepositionUS /ˈoʊvər/

above and across; more than

From this reading There are usually long negotiations and bargainings between the two families over the dowry.

peoplenounUS /ˈpiːpəl/

(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively

From this reading In towns and large villages there are, especially among people of the higher castes, many rigid customs and formalities regarding marriages always observed.

preliminariesnounUS /prɪˈlɪməneriz/

plural of “preliminary” — a minor match preceding the main event

From this reading When at last the preliminaries are settled and the wedding day arrives, it is a very solemn and formal affair.

proposalnounUS /prəˈpoʊzəl/

something proposed (such as a plan or assumption)

From this reading A marriage is arranged formally; a formal proposal is made by the man's father or mother to the girl's father or mother.

pubertynounUS /ˈpjuːbərti/

the time of life when sex glands become functional

From this reading It is true that the exclusion of women no longer exists; but young girls after puberty are supposed to be kept within the house, and only to meet men of the immediate family.

regardingverbUS /rɪˈɡɑːrdɪŋ/

-ing form of “regard” — deem to be

From this reading In towns and large villages there are, especially among people of the higher castes, many rigid customs and formalities regarding marriages always observed.

rigidadjectiveUS /ˈrɪdʒəd/

incapable of or resistant to bending

From this reading In towns and large villages there are, especially among people of the higher castes, many rigid customs and formalities regarding marriages always observed.

settledadjectiveUS /ˈsetəld/

established or decided beyond dispute or doubt

From this reading When at last the preliminaries are settled and the wedding day arrives, it is a very solemn and formal affair.

solemnadjectiveUS /ˈsɑːləm/

dignified and somber in manner or character and committed to keeping promises

From this reading When at last the preliminaries are settled and the wedding day arrives, it is a very solemn and formal affair.

supposedadjectiveUS /səˈpoʊzd/

required or under orders

From this reading It is true that the exclusion of women no longer exists; but young girls after puberty are supposed to be kept within the house, and only to meet men of the immediate family.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading It is true that the exclusion of women no longer exists; but young girls after puberty are supposed to be kept within the house, and only to meet men of the immediate family.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading In towns and large villages there are, especially among people of the higher castes, many rigid customs and formalities regarding marriages always observed.

thereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading In towns and large villages there are, especially among people of the higher castes, many rigid customs and formalities regarding marriages always observed.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading It is true that the exclusion of women no longer exists; but young girls after puberty are supposed to be kept within the house, and only to meet men of the immediate family.

townsnounUS /taʊnz/

plural of “town” — an urban area with a fixed boundary that is smaller than a city

From this reading In towns and large villages there are, especially among people of the higher castes, many rigid customs and formalities regarding marriages always observed.

trueadjectiveUS /truː/

consistent with fact or reality; not false

From this reading It is true that the exclusion of women no longer exists; but young girls after puberty are supposed to be kept within the house, and only to meet men of the immediate family.

twonounUS /tuː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number

From this reading There are usually long negotiations and bargainings between the two families over the dowry.

usuallyadverbUS /ˈjuːʒəwəli/

under normal conditions

From this reading There are usually long negotiations and bargainings between the two families over the dowry.

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading When at last the preliminaries are settled and the wedding day arrives, it is a very solemn and formal affair.

villagesnounUS /ˈvɪlədʒəz/

plural of “village” — a community of people smaller than a town

From this reading In towns and large villages there are, especially among people of the higher castes, many rigid customs and formalities regarding marriages always observed.

weddingnounUS /ˈwedɪŋ/

the social event at which the ceremony of marriage is performed

From this reading When at last the preliminaries are settled and the wedding day arrives, it is a very solemn and formal affair.

WhenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading When at last the preliminaries are settled and the wedding day arrives, it is a very solemn and formal affair.

withinprepositionUS /wɪˈðɪn/

inside; before a period of time has passed

From this reading It is true that the exclusion of women no longer exists; but young girls after puberty are supposed to be kept within the house, and only to meet men of the immediate family.

womennounUS /ˈwɪmən/

plural of “woman” — an adult female person (as opposed to a man)

From this reading It is true that the exclusion of women no longer exists; but young girls after puberty are supposed to be kept within the house, and only to meet men of the immediate family.

youngadjectiveUS /jʌŋ/

(used of living things especially persons) in an early period of life or development or growth

From this reading It is true that the exclusion of women no longer exists; but young girls after puberty are supposed to be kept within the house, and only to meet men of the immediate family.

Chapter 4 of The Village in the Jungle by Leonard Woolf holds 213 sentences, grouped into 43 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 4 of The Village in the Jungle contain?

Chapter 4 holds 213 sentences of The Village in the Jungle, unabridged, divided into 43 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 4 of The Village in the Jungle by Leonard Woolf exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 213 sentences, grouped into 43 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 4 of The Village in the Jungle?

Work through the 43 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 43 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 4 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 4 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The Village in the Jungle

Common questions about reading The Village in the Jungle by Leonard Woolf on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The Village in the Jungle?

Yes. All 4791 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #60627 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The Village in the Jungle is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #60627, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The Village in the Jungle take to read?

About 399 minutes of reading across 959 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read The Village in the Jungle section by section

How to work through The Village in the Jungle section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 10 chapters of The Village in the Jungle to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in The Village in the Jungle

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Village in the Jungle, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Given
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Village in the Jungle; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Little
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Village in the Jungle; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
You've
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Village in the Jungle; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Given--
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Village in the Jungle; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.