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The Vinegar Saint
The Vinegar Saint

Chapter I

Chapter 1 of The Vinegar Saint is here in full — 397 sentences across 80 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for The Vinegar Saint
Context Illustration Reading 1/79 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
“_Some_one must keep watch lest the Heavens fall!”
--_The Vinegar Saint._ (_For aren’t all prefaces really postscripts?_) This chronicle of Gorgas and her friends was within sight of the end when out of Germany came the incredible news of war.
Twenty-five years earlier Bardek had fought “the big Austrian” because “he had spoke against the French”; all of which the present scribe had duly writ down, but only as one tells of ancient passions or historic loves and hates.
Who, outside of unspeakable Germany, was prepared for the shock of the world war?
Then, when our own boys were moving across the seas--just because one had “spoke against the French”--the history of Gorgas and the Vinegar Saint was put aside, along with other matter that we once thought important; and the present historian was standing reveille, watch and guard on a scrubby hill leagues from home.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Vinegar Saint

Chapter I

Chapter 1 of The Vinegar Saint is here in full — 397 sentences across 80 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/79 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
“_Some_one must keep watch lest the Heavens fall!”
Line 2
--_The Vinegar Saint._ (_For aren’t all prefaces really postscripts?_) This chronicle of Gorgas and her friends was within sight of the end when out of Germany came the incredible news of war.
Line 3
Twenty-five years earlier Bardek had fought “the big Austrian” because “he had spoke against the French”; all of which the present scribe had duly writ down, but only as one tells of ancient passions or historic loves and hates.
Line 4
Who, outside of unspeakable Germany, was prepared for the shock of the world war?
/huː ˈaʊtˈsaɪd ʌv ənˈspiːkəbəl ˈdʒɜːrməni wɑːz priˈperd fɔːr ðə ʃɑːk ʌv ðə wɜːrld wɔːr/
Line 5
Then, when our own boys were moving across the seas--just because one had “spoke against the French”--the history of Gorgas and the Vinegar Saint was put aside, along with other matter that we once thought important; and the present historian was standing reveille, watch and guard on a scrubby hill leagues from home.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

chronicle noun US /ˈkrɑː.nɪ.kəl/

A detailed written record of historical events in order. (Sử ký, biên niên sử lịch sử.)

From this reading “--_The Vinegar Saint._ (_For aren’t all prefaces really postscripts?_) This chronicle of Gorgas and her friends was within sight of the end when out of Germany came the incredible news of war.”

Gorgas noun US /ˈɡɔːrɡəz/

United States Army surgeon who suppressed yellow fever in Havana and in the Panama Canal Zone (1854-1920)

From this reading “--_The Vinegar Saint._ (_For aren’t all prefaces really postscripts?_) This chronicle of Gorgas and her friends was within sight of the end when out of Germany came the incredible news of war.”

historian noun US /hɪˈstɔːriən/

a person who is an authority on history and who studies it and writes about it

From this reading “Then, when our own boys were moving across the seas--just because one had “spoke against the French”--the history of Gorgas and the Vinegar Saint was put aside, along with other matter that we once thought important; and the present historian was standing reveille, watch and guard on a scrubby hill leagues from home.”

postscripts noun US /ˈpoʊskrɪpts/

plural of “postscript” — a note appended to a letter after the signature

From this reading “--_The Vinegar Saint._ (_For aren’t all prefaces really postscripts?_) This chronicle of Gorgas and her friends was within sight of the end when out of Germany came the incredible news of war.”

reveille noun US /ˈrevəliː/

(military) signal to wake up

From this reading “Then, when our own boys were moving across the seas--just because one had “spoke against the French”--the history of Gorgas and the Vinegar Saint was put aside, along with other matter that we once thought important; and the present historian was standing reveille, watch and guard on a scrubby hill leagues from home.”

scribe verb US /skraɪb/

score a line on with a pointed instrument, as in metalworking

From this reading “Twenty-five years earlier Bardek had fought “the big Austrian” because “he had spoke against the French”; all of which the present scribe had duly writ down, but only as one tells of ancient passions or historic loves and hates.”

scrubby adjective US /ˈskrʌbi/

sparsely covered with stunted trees or vegetation and underbrush

From this reading “Then, when our own boys were moving across the seas--just because one had “spoke against the French”--the history of Gorgas and the Vinegar Saint was put aside, along with other matter that we once thought important; and the present historian was standing reveille, watch and guard on a scrubby hill leagues from home.”

Vinegar noun US /ˈvɪnəɡər/

sour-tasting liquid produced usually by oxidation of the alcohol in wine or cider and used as a condiment or food preservative

From this reading “--_The Vinegar Saint._ (_For aren’t all prefaces really postscripts?_) This chronicle of Gorgas and her friends was within sight of the end when out of Germany came the incredible news of war.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

Twenty-five years adjective + noun

In this reading “Twenty-five years earlier Bardek had fought “the big Austrian” because “he had spoke against the French”; all of which the present scribe had duly writ down, but only as one tells of ancient passions or historic loves and hates.”

within sight preposition + noun

In this reading “--_The Vinegar Saint._ (_For aren’t all prefaces really postscripts?_) This chronicle of Gorgas and her friends was within sight of the end when out of Germany came the incredible news of war.”

put aside verb + particle

stop using

In this reading “Then, when our own boys were moving across the seas--just because one had “spoke against the French”--the history of Gorgas and the Vinegar Saint was put aside, along with other matter that we once thought important; and the present historian was standing reveille, watch and guard on a scrubby hill leagues from home.”

other matter adjective + noun

In this reading “Then, when our own boys were moving across the seas--just because one had “spoke against the French”--the history of Gorgas and the Vinegar Saint was put aside, along with other matter that we once thought important; and the present historian was standing reveille, watch and guard on a scrubby hill leagues from home.”

from home preposition + noun

In this reading “Then, when our own boys were moving across the seas--just because one had “spoke against the French”--the history of Gorgas and the Vinegar Saint was put aside, along with other matter that we once thought important; and the present historian was standing reveille, watch and guard on a scrubby hill leagues from home.”

All words in this reading · 102

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Then, when our own boys were moving across the seas--just because one had “spoke against the French”--the history of Gorgas and the Vinegar Saint was put aside, along with other matter that we once thought important; and the present historian was standing reveille, watch and guard on a scrubby hill leagues from home.

acrossprepositionUS /əˈkrɔːs/

from one side of something to the other

From this reading Then, when our own boys were moving across the seas--just because one had “spoke against the French”--the history of Gorgas and the Vinegar Saint was put aside, along with other matter that we once thought important; and the present historian was standing reveille, watch and guard on a scrubby hill leagues from home.

againstprepositionUS /əˈɡenst/

touching and pressing; in opposition to

From this reading Twenty-five years earlier Bardek had fought “the big Austrian” because “he had spoke against the French”; all of which the present scribe had duly writ down, but only as one tells of ancient passions or historic loves and hates.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading --_The Vinegar Saint._ (_For aren’t all prefaces really postscripts?_) This chronicle of Gorgas and her friends was within sight of the end when out of Germany came the incredible news of war.

alongprepositionUS /əˈlɔːŋ/

following the length of something from one end toward the other

From this reading Then, when our own boys were moving across the seas--just because one had “spoke against the French”--the history of Gorgas and the Vinegar Saint was put aside, along with other matter that we once thought important; and the present historian was standing reveille, watch and guard on a scrubby hill leagues from home.

ancientadjectiveUS /ˈeɪn.ʃənt/

Belonging to the very distant past and no longer in existence or deeply revered.

From this reading Twenty-five years earlier Bardek had fought “the big Austrian” because “he had spoke against the French”; all of which the present scribe had duly writ down, but only as one tells of ancient passions or historic loves and hates.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading --_The Vinegar Saint._ (_For aren’t all prefaces really postscripts?_) This chronicle of Gorgas and her friends was within sight of the end when out of Germany came the incredible news of war.

aren't

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading --_The Vinegar Saint._ (_For aren’t all prefaces really postscripts?_) This chronicle of Gorgas and her friends was within sight of the end when out of Germany came the incredible news of war.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading Twenty-five years earlier Bardek had fought “the big Austrian” because “he had spoke against the French”; all of which the present scribe had duly writ down, but only as one tells of ancient passions or historic loves and hates.

asideadverbUS /əˈsaɪd/

on or to one side

From this reading Then, when our own boys were moving across the seas--just because one had “spoke against the French”--the history of Gorgas and the Vinegar Saint was put aside, along with other matter that we once thought important; and the present historian was standing reveille, watch and guard on a scrubby hill leagues from home.

AustriannounUS /ˈɔːstriən/

a native or inhabitant of Austria

From this reading Twenty-five years earlier Bardek had fought “the big Austrian” because “he had spoke against the French”; all of which the present scribe had duly writ down, but only as one tells of ancient passions or historic loves and hates.

Bardek

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Twenty-five years earlier Bardek had fought “the big Austrian” because “he had spoke against the French”; all of which the present scribe had duly writ down, but only as one tells of ancient passions or historic loves and hates.

becauseconjunctionUS /bɪˈkɔːz/

for the reason that

From this reading Twenty-five years earlier Bardek had fought “the big Austrian” because “he had spoke against the French”; all of which the present scribe had duly writ down, but only as one tells of ancient passions or historic loves and hates.

bigadjectiveUS /bɪɡ/

above average in size or number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading Twenty-five years earlier Bardek had fought “the big Austrian” because “he had spoke against the French”; all of which the present scribe had duly writ down, but only as one tells of ancient passions or historic loves and hates.

boysnounUS /bɔɪz/

plural of “boy” — a youthful male person

From this reading Then, when our own boys were moving across the seas--just because one had “spoke against the French”--the history of Gorgas and the Vinegar Saint was put aside, along with other matter that we once thought important; and the present historian was standing reveille, watch and guard on a scrubby hill leagues from home.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading Twenty-five years earlier Bardek had fought “the big Austrian” because “he had spoke against the French”; all of which the present scribe had duly writ down, but only as one tells of ancient passions or historic loves and hates.

cameverbUS /keɪm/

inflected form of “come” — move toward, travel toward something or somebody or approach something or somebody

From this reading --_The Vinegar Saint._ (_For aren’t all prefaces really postscripts?_) This chronicle of Gorgas and her friends was within sight of the end when out of Germany came the incredible news of war.

chroniclenounUS /ˈkrɑː.nɪ.kəl/

A detailed written record of historical events in order. (Sử ký, biên niên sử lịch sử.)

From this reading --_The Vinegar Saint._ (_For aren’t all prefaces really postscripts?_) This chronicle of Gorgas and her friends was within sight of the end when out of Germany came the incredible news of war.

downadjectiveUS /daʊn/

being or moving lower in position or less in some value

From this reading Twenty-five years earlier Bardek had fought “the big Austrian” because “he had spoke against the French”; all of which the present scribe had duly writ down, but only as one tells of ancient passions or historic loves and hates.

dulyadverbUS /ˈduːli/

in accordance with what is appropriate or suitable for the circumstances

From this reading Twenty-five years earlier Bardek had fought “the big Austrian” because “he had spoke against the French”; all of which the present scribe had duly writ down, but only as one tells of ancient passions or historic loves and hates.

earlieradverbUS /ˈɜːrliər/

earlier in time; previously

From this reading Twenty-five years earlier Bardek had fought “the big Austrian” because “he had spoke against the French”; all of which the present scribe had duly writ down, but only as one tells of ancient passions or historic loves and hates.

endnounUS /end/

either extremity of something that has length

From this reading --_The Vinegar Saint._ (_For aren’t all prefaces really postscripts?_) This chronicle of Gorgas and her friends was within sight of the end when out of Germany came the incredible news of war.

fallverbUS /fɔːl/

descend in free fall under the influence of gravity

From this reading “_Some_one must keep watch lest the Heavens fall!”

ForprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading --_The Vinegar Saint._ (_For aren’t all prefaces really postscripts?_) This chronicle of Gorgas and her friends was within sight of the end when out of Germany came the incredible news of war.

foughtverbUS /fɔːt/

inflected form of “fight” — be engaged in a fight; carry on a fight

From this reading Twenty-five years earlier Bardek had fought “the big Austrian” because “he had spoke against the French”; all of which the present scribe had duly writ down, but only as one tells of ancient passions or historic loves and hates.

FrenchnounUS /frentʃ/

the Romance language spoken in France and in countries colonized by France

From this reading Twenty-five years earlier Bardek had fought “the big Austrian” because “he had spoke against the French”; all of which the present scribe had duly writ down, but only as one tells of ancient passions or historic loves and hates.

friendsnounUS /frendz/

plural of “friend” — a person you know well and regard with affection and trust

From this reading --_The Vinegar Saint._ (_For aren’t all prefaces really postscripts?_) This chronicle of Gorgas and her friends was within sight of the end when out of Germany came the incredible news of war.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading Then, when our own boys were moving across the seas--just because one had “spoke against the French”--the history of Gorgas and the Vinegar Saint was put aside, along with other matter that we once thought important; and the present historian was standing reveille, watch and guard on a scrubby hill leagues from home.

GermanynounUS /ˈdʒɜːrməni/

a republic in central Europe; split into East Germany and West Germany after World War II and reunited in 1990

From this reading --_The Vinegar Saint._ (_For aren’t all prefaces really postscripts?_) This chronicle of Gorgas and her friends was within sight of the end when out of Germany came the incredible news of war.

GorgasnounUS /ˈɡɔːrɡəz/

United States Army surgeon who suppressed yellow fever in Havana and in the Panama Canal Zone (1854-1920)

From this reading --_The Vinegar Saint._ (_For aren’t all prefaces really postscripts?_) This chronicle of Gorgas and her friends was within sight of the end when out of Germany came the incredible news of war.

guardnounUS /ɡɑːrd/

a person who keeps watch over something or someone

From this reading Then, when our own boys were moving across the seas--just because one had “spoke against the French”--the history of Gorgas and the Vinegar Saint was put aside, along with other matter that we once thought important; and the present historian was standing reveille, watch and guard on a scrubby hill leagues from home.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading Twenty-five years earlier Bardek had fought “the big Austrian” because “he had spoke against the French”; all of which the present scribe had duly writ down, but only as one tells of ancient passions or historic loves and hates.

hatesnounUS /heɪts/

plural of “hate” — the emotion of intense dislike; a feeling of dislike so strong that it demands action

From this reading Twenty-five years earlier Bardek had fought “the big Austrian” because “he had spoke against the French”; all of which the present scribe had duly writ down, but only as one tells of ancient passions or historic loves and hates.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Twenty-five years earlier Bardek had fought “the big Austrian” because “he had spoke against the French”; all of which the present scribe had duly writ down, but only as one tells of ancient passions or historic loves and hates.

HeavensnounUS /ˈhevənz/

the apparent surface of the imaginary sphere on which celestial bodies appear to be projected

From this reading “_Some_one must keep watch lest the Heavens fall!”

herdeterminerUS /hɜːr/

belonging to a woman, girl, or female animal already mentioned

From this reading --_The Vinegar Saint._ (_For aren’t all prefaces really postscripts?_) This chronicle of Gorgas and her friends was within sight of the end when out of Germany came the incredible news of war.

hillnounUS /hɪl/

a local and well-defined elevation of the land

From this reading Then, when our own boys were moving across the seas--just because one had “spoke against the French”--the history of Gorgas and the Vinegar Saint was put aside, along with other matter that we once thought important; and the present historian was standing reveille, watch and guard on a scrubby hill leagues from home.

historiannounUS /hɪˈstɔːriən/

a person who is an authority on history and who studies it and writes about it

From this reading Then, when our own boys were moving across the seas--just because one had “spoke against the French”--the history of Gorgas and the Vinegar Saint was put aside, along with other matter that we once thought important; and the present historian was standing reveille, watch and guard on a scrubby hill leagues from home.

historicadjectiveUS /hɪˈstɔːrɪk/

belonging to the past; of what is important or famous in the past

From this reading Twenty-five years earlier Bardek had fought “the big Austrian” because “he had spoke against the French”; all of which the present scribe had duly writ down, but only as one tells of ancient passions or historic loves and hates.

historynounUS /ˈhɪstəri/

the aggregate of past events

From this reading Then, when our own boys were moving across the seas--just because one had “spoke against the French”--the history of Gorgas and the Vinegar Saint was put aside, along with other matter that we once thought important; and the present historian was standing reveille, watch and guard on a scrubby hill leagues from home.

homenounUS /hoʊm/

where you live at a particular time

From this reading Then, when our own boys were moving across the seas--just because one had “spoke against the French”--the history of Gorgas and the Vinegar Saint was put aside, along with other matter that we once thought important; and the present historian was standing reveille, watch and guard on a scrubby hill leagues from home.

importantadjectiveUS /ˌɪmˈpɔːrtənt/

of great significance or value

From this reading Then, when our own boys were moving across the seas--just because one had “spoke against the French”--the history of Gorgas and the Vinegar Saint was put aside, along with other matter that we once thought important; and the present historian was standing reveille, watch and guard on a scrubby hill leagues from home.

incredibleadjectiveUS /ˌɪnˈkredəbəl/

beyond belief or understanding

From this reading --_The Vinegar Saint._ (_For aren’t all prefaces really postscripts?_) This chronicle of Gorgas and her friends was within sight of the end when out of Germany came the incredible news of war.

justadverbUS /dʒʌst/

and nothing more

From this reading Then, when our own boys were moving across the seas--just because one had “spoke against the French”--the history of Gorgas and the Vinegar Saint was put aside, along with other matter that we once thought important; and the present historian was standing reveille, watch and guard on a scrubby hill leagues from home.

keepverbUS /kiːp/

cause to continue in a certain state, position, or activity; e.g., “keep clean”

From this reading “_Some_one must keep watch lest the Heavens fall!”

leaguesnounUS /liːɡz/

plural of “league” — an association of sports teams that organizes matches for its members

From this reading Then, when our own boys were moving across the seas--just because one had “spoke against the French”--the history of Gorgas and the Vinegar Saint was put aside, along with other matter that we once thought important; and the present historian was standing reveille, watch and guard on a scrubby hill leagues from home.

lestconjunctionUS /lest/

in order that something should not happen

From this reading “_Some_one must keep watch lest the Heavens fall!”

lovesnounUS /lʌvz/

plural of “love” — a strong positive emotion of regard and affection

From this reading Twenty-five years earlier Bardek had fought “the big Austrian” because “he had spoke against the French”; all of which the present scribe had duly writ down, but only as one tells of ancient passions or historic loves and hates.

matternounUS /ˈmætər/

a vaguely specified concern

From this reading Then, when our own boys were moving across the seas--just because one had “spoke against the French”--the history of Gorgas and the Vinegar Saint was put aside, along with other matter that we once thought important; and the present historian was standing reveille, watch and guard on a scrubby hill leagues from home.

movingadjectiveUS /ˈmuːvɪŋ/

in motion

From this reading Then, when our own boys were moving across the seas--just because one had “spoke against the French”--the history of Gorgas and the Vinegar Saint was put aside, along with other matter that we once thought important; and the present historian was standing reveille, watch and guard on a scrubby hill leagues from home.

mustmodal verbUS /mʌst/

used to say something is necessary, or almost certainly true

From this reading “_Some_one must keep watch lest the Heavens fall!”

newsnounUS /nuːz/

information about recent and important events

From this reading --_The Vinegar Saint._ (_For aren’t all prefaces really postscripts?_) This chronicle of Gorgas and her friends was within sight of the end when out of Germany came the incredible news of war.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading --_The Vinegar Saint._ (_For aren’t all prefaces really postscripts?_) This chronicle of Gorgas and her friends was within sight of the end when out of Germany came the incredible news of war.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading Then, when our own boys were moving across the seas--just because one had “spoke against the French”--the history of Gorgas and the Vinegar Saint was put aside, along with other matter that we once thought important; and the present historian was standing reveille, watch and guard on a scrubby hill leagues from home.

onceadverbUS /wʌns/

on one occasion

From this reading Then, when our own boys were moving across the seas--just because one had “spoke against the French”--the history of Gorgas and the Vinegar Saint was put aside, along with other matter that we once thought important; and the present historian was standing reveille, watch and guard on a scrubby hill leagues from home.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading “_Some_one must keep watch lest the Heavens fall!”

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading Twenty-five years earlier Bardek had fought “the big Austrian” because “he had spoke against the French”; all of which the present scribe had duly writ down, but only as one tells of ancient passions or historic loves and hates.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading Twenty-five years earlier Bardek had fought “the big Austrian” because “he had spoke against the French”; all of which the present scribe had duly writ down, but only as one tells of ancient passions or historic loves and hates.

otheradjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading Then, when our own boys were moving across the seas--just because one had “spoke against the French”--the history of Gorgas and the Vinegar Saint was put aside, along with other matter that we once thought important; and the present historian was standing reveille, watch and guard on a scrubby hill leagues from home.

ourdeterminerUS /ˈaʊər/

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading Then, when our own boys were moving across the seas--just because one had “spoke against the French”--the history of Gorgas and the Vinegar Saint was put aside, along with other matter that we once thought important; and the present historian was standing reveille, watch and guard on a scrubby hill leagues from home.

outadjectiveUS /aʊt/

not allowed to continue to bat or run

From this reading --_The Vinegar Saint._ (_For aren’t all prefaces really postscripts?_) This chronicle of Gorgas and her friends was within sight of the end when out of Germany came the incredible news of war.

outsideadjectiveUS /ˈaʊtˈsaɪd/

relating to or being on or near the outer side or limit

From this reading Who, outside of unspeakable Germany, was prepared for the shock of the world war?

ownverbUS /oʊn/

have ownership or possession of

From this reading Then, when our own boys were moving across the seas--just because one had “spoke against the French”--the history of Gorgas and the Vinegar Saint was put aside, along with other matter that we once thought important; and the present historian was standing reveille, watch and guard on a scrubby hill leagues from home.

passionsnounUS /ˈpæʃənz/

plural of “passion” — a strong feeling or emotion

From this reading Twenty-five years earlier Bardek had fought “the big Austrian” because “he had spoke against the French”; all of which the present scribe had duly writ down, but only as one tells of ancient passions or historic loves and hates.

postscriptsnounUS /ˈpoʊskrɪpts/

plural of “postscript” — a note appended to a letter after the signature

From this reading --_The Vinegar Saint._ (_For aren’t all prefaces really postscripts?_) This chronicle of Gorgas and her friends was within sight of the end when out of Germany came the incredible news of war.

prefaces

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading --_The Vinegar Saint._ (_For aren’t all prefaces really postscripts?_) This chronicle of Gorgas and her friends was within sight of the end when out of Germany came the incredible news of war.

preparedadjectiveUS /priˈperd/

made ready or fit or suitable beforehand

From this reading Who, outside of unspeakable Germany, was prepared for the shock of the world war?

presentverbUS /ˈprezənt/

give an exhibition of to an interested audience

From this reading Twenty-five years earlier Bardek had fought “the big Austrian” because “he had spoke against the French”; all of which the present scribe had duly writ down, but only as one tells of ancient passions or historic loves and hates.

putverbUS /pʊt/

put into a certain place or abstract location

From this reading Then, when our own boys were moving across the seas--just because one had “spoke against the French”--the history of Gorgas and the Vinegar Saint was put aside, along with other matter that we once thought important; and the present historian was standing reveille, watch and guard on a scrubby hill leagues from home.

reallyadverbUS /ˈrɪli/

in accordance with truth or fact or reality

From this reading --_The Vinegar Saint._ (_For aren’t all prefaces really postscripts?_) This chronicle of Gorgas and her friends was within sight of the end when out of Germany came the incredible news of war.

reveillenounUS /ˈrevəliː/

(military) signal to wake up

From this reading Then, when our own boys were moving across the seas--just because one had “spoke against the French”--the history of Gorgas and the Vinegar Saint was put aside, along with other matter that we once thought important; and the present historian was standing reveille, watch and guard on a scrubby hill leagues from home.

SaintnounUS /seɪnt/

a person who has died and has been declared a saint by canonization

From this reading --_The Vinegar Saint._ (_For aren’t all prefaces really postscripts?_) This chronicle of Gorgas and her friends was within sight of the end when out of Germany came the incredible news of war.

scribeverbUS /skraɪb/

score a line on with a pointed instrument, as in metalworking

From this reading Twenty-five years earlier Bardek had fought “the big Austrian” because “he had spoke against the French”; all of which the present scribe had duly writ down, but only as one tells of ancient passions or historic loves and hates.

scrubbyadjectiveUS /ˈskrʌbi/

sparsely covered with stunted trees or vegetation and underbrush

From this reading Then, when our own boys were moving across the seas--just because one had “spoke against the French”--the history of Gorgas and the Vinegar Saint was put aside, along with other matter that we once thought important; and the present historian was standing reveille, watch and guard on a scrubby hill leagues from home.

seasnounUS /siːz/

plural of “sea” — a division of an ocean or a large body of salt water partially enclosed by land

From this reading Then, when our own boys were moving across the seas--just because one had “spoke against the French”--the history of Gorgas and the Vinegar Saint was put aside, along with other matter that we once thought important; and the present historian was standing reveille, watch and guard on a scrubby hill leagues from home.

shocknounUS /ʃɑːk/

the feeling of distress and disbelief that you have when something bad happens accidentally

From this reading Who, outside of unspeakable Germany, was prepared for the shock of the world war?

sightnounUS /saɪt/

an instance of visual perception

From this reading --_The Vinegar Saint._ (_For aren’t all prefaces really postscripts?_) This chronicle of Gorgas and her friends was within sight of the end when out of Germany came the incredible news of war.

SomeadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading “_Some_one must keep watch lest the Heavens fall!”

spokenounUS /spoʊk/

support consisting of a radial member of a wheel joining the hub to the rim

From this reading Twenty-five years earlier Bardek had fought “the big Austrian” because “he had spoke against the French”; all of which the present scribe had duly writ down, but only as one tells of ancient passions or historic loves and hates.

standingadjectiveUS /ˈstændɪŋ/

having a supporting base

From this reading Then, when our own boys were moving across the seas--just because one had “spoke against the French”--the history of Gorgas and the Vinegar Saint was put aside, along with other matter that we once thought important; and the present historian was standing reveille, watch and guard on a scrubby hill leagues from home.

tellsnounUS /telz/

plural of “tell” — a Swiss patriot who lived in the early 14th century and who was renowned for his skill as an archer

From this reading Twenty-five years earlier Bardek had fought “the big Austrian” because “he had spoke against the French”; all of which the present scribe had duly writ down, but only as one tells of ancient passions or historic loves and hates.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading Then, when our own boys were moving across the seas--just because one had “spoke against the French”--the history of Gorgas and the Vinegar Saint was put aside, along with other matter that we once thought important; and the present historian was standing reveille, watch and guard on a scrubby hill leagues from home.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading “_Some_one must keep watch lest the Heavens fall!”

ThenadverbUS /ðen/

subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors)

From this reading Then, when our own boys were moving across the seas--just because one had “spoke against the French”--the history of Gorgas and the Vinegar Saint was put aside, along with other matter that we once thought important; and the present historian was standing reveille, watch and guard on a scrubby hill leagues from home.

ThisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading --_The Vinegar Saint._ (_For aren’t all prefaces really postscripts?_) This chronicle of Gorgas and her friends was within sight of the end when out of Germany came the incredible news of war.

thoughtnounUS /θɔːt/

the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about

From this reading Then, when our own boys were moving across the seas--just because one had “spoke against the French”--the history of Gorgas and the Vinegar Saint was put aside, along with other matter that we once thought important; and the present historian was standing reveille, watch and guard on a scrubby hill leagues from home.

Twenty-fiveadjectiveUS /ˈtwentifaɪv/

being five more than twenty

From this reading Twenty-five years earlier Bardek had fought “the big Austrian” because “he had spoke against the French”; all of which the present scribe had duly writ down, but only as one tells of ancient passions or historic loves and hates.

unspeakableadjectiveUS /ənˈspiːkəbəl/

defying expression or description

From this reading Who, outside of unspeakable Germany, was prepared for the shock of the world war?

VinegarnounUS /ˈvɪnəɡər/

sour-tasting liquid produced usually by oxidation of the alcohol in wine or cider and used as a condiment or food preservative

From this reading --_The Vinegar Saint._ (_For aren’t all prefaces really postscripts?_) This chronicle of Gorgas and her friends was within sight of the end when out of Germany came the incredible news of war.

warnounUS /wɔːr/

the waging of armed conflict against an enemy

From this reading --_The Vinegar Saint._ (_For aren’t all prefaces really postscripts?_) This chronicle of Gorgas and her friends was within sight of the end when out of Germany came the incredible news of war.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading --_The Vinegar Saint._ (_For aren’t all prefaces really postscripts?_) This chronicle of Gorgas and her friends was within sight of the end when out of Germany came the incredible news of war.

watchverbUS /wɑːtʃ/

look attentively

From this reading “_Some_one must keep watch lest the Heavens fall!”

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading Then, when our own boys were moving across the seas--just because one had “spoke against the French”--the history of Gorgas and the Vinegar Saint was put aside, along with other matter that we once thought important; and the present historian was standing reveille, watch and guard on a scrubby hill leagues from home.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Then, when our own boys were moving across the seas--just because one had “spoke against the French”--the history of Gorgas and the Vinegar Saint was put aside, along with other matter that we once thought important; and the present historian was standing reveille, watch and guard on a scrubby hill leagues from home.

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading --_The Vinegar Saint._ (_For aren’t all prefaces really postscripts?_) This chronicle of Gorgas and her friends was within sight of the end when out of Germany came the incredible news of war.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading Twenty-five years earlier Bardek had fought “the big Austrian” because “he had spoke against the French”; all of which the present scribe had duly writ down, but only as one tells of ancient passions or historic loves and hates.

WhopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading Who, outside of unspeakable Germany, was prepared for the shock of the world war?

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading Then, when our own boys were moving across the seas--just because one had “spoke against the French”--the history of Gorgas and the Vinegar Saint was put aside, along with other matter that we once thought important; and the present historian was standing reveille, watch and guard on a scrubby hill leagues from home.

withinprepositionUS /wɪˈðɪn/

inside; before a period of time has passed

From this reading --_The Vinegar Saint._ (_For aren’t all prefaces really postscripts?_) This chronicle of Gorgas and her friends was within sight of the end when out of Germany came the incredible news of war.

worldnounUS /wɜːrld/

everything that exists anywhere

From this reading Who, outside of unspeakable Germany, was prepared for the shock of the world war?

writnounUS /rɪt/

(law) a legal document issued by a court or judicial officer

From this reading Twenty-five years earlier Bardek had fought “the big Austrian” because “he had spoke against the French”; all of which the present scribe had duly writ down, but only as one tells of ancient passions or historic loves and hates.

yearsnounUS /jɪrz/

a late time of life

From this reading Twenty-five years earlier Bardek had fought “the big Austrian” because “he had spoke against the French”; all of which the present scribe had duly writ down, but only as one tells of ancient passions or historic loves and hates.

Chapter 1 of The Vinegar Saint by Hughes Mearns holds 397 sentences, grouped into 80 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 1 of The Vinegar Saint contain?

Chapter 1 holds 397 sentences of The Vinegar Saint, unabridged, divided into 80 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 1 of The Vinegar Saint by Hughes Mearns exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 397 sentences, grouped into 80 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 1 of The Vinegar Saint?

Work through the 80 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 80 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 1 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 1 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The Vinegar Saint

Common questions about reading The Vinegar Saint by Hughes Mearns on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The Vinegar Saint?

Yes. All 0 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #? are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The Vinegar Saint is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #?, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The Vinegar Saint take to read?

About 5 minutes of reading across 0 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read The Vinegar Saint section by section

How to work through The Vinegar Saint section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 0 chapters of The Vinegar Saint to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in The Vinegar Saint

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Vinegar Saint, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Chapter 1
One of the 0 chapters of The Vinegar Saint, divided into 5-sentence reading sections.
Chapter 2
One of the 0 chapters of The Vinegar Saint, divided into 5-sentence reading sections.
Chapter 3
One of the 0 chapters of The Vinegar Saint, divided into 5-sentence reading sections.