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The Virginians
The Virginians

Chapter XXXI · Chapter 31

Chapter 31 of The Virginians is here in full — 448 sentences across 90 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/89 · 5 lines
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We must now, however, and before we proceed with the history of Miss Lydia and her doings, perform the duty of explaining that sentence in Mr. Warrington's letter to his brother which refers to Lady Maria Esmond, and which, to some simple readers, may be still mysterious.
For how, indeed, could well-regulated persons divine such a secret?
How could innocent and respectable young people suppose that a woman of noble birth, of ancient family, of mature experience,--a woman whom we have seen exceedingly in love only a score of months ago,--should so far forget herself as (oh, my very finger-tips blush as I write the sentence!)--as not only to fall in love with a person of low origin, and very many years her junior, but actually to marry him in the face of the world?
That is, not exactly in the face, but behind the back of the world, so to speak; for Parson Sampson privily tied the indissoluble knot for the pair at his chapel in Mayfair.
Now stop before you condemn her utterly.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Virginians

Chapter XXXI · Chapter 31

Chapter 31 of The Virginians is here in full — 448 sentences across 90 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/89 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
We must now, however, and before we proceed with the history of Miss Lydia and her doings, perform the duty of explaining that sentence in Mr. Warrington's letter to his brother which refers to Lady Maria Esmond, and which, to some simple readers, may be still mysterious.
Line 2
For how, indeed, could well-regulated persons divine such a secret?
Line 3
How could innocent and respectable young people suppose that a woman of noble birth, of ancient family, of mature experience,--a woman whom we have seen exceedingly in love only a score of months ago,--should so far forget herself as (oh, my very finger-tips blush as I write the sentence!)--as not only to fall in love with a person of low origin, and very many years her junior, but actually to marry him in the face of the world?
Line 4
That is, not exactly in the face, but behind the back of the world, so to speak; for Parson Sampson privily tied the indissoluble knot for the pair at his chapel in Mayfair.
Line 5
Now stop before you condemn her utterly.
/naʊ stɑːp bɪˈfɔːr juː kənˈdem hɜːr ˈʌtərli/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

condemn verb US /kənˈdem/

express strong disapproval of

From this reading “Now stop before you condemn her utterly.”

doings noun US /ˈduːɪŋz/

manner of acting or controlling yourself

From this reading “We must now, however, and before we proceed with the history of Miss Lydia and her doings, perform the duty of explaining that sentence in Mr. Warrington's letter to his brother which refers to Lady Maria Esmond, and which, to some simple readers, may be still mysterious.”

explaining verb US /ɪkˈspleɪnɪŋ/

-ing form of “explain” — make plain and comprehensible

From this reading “We must now, however, and before we proceed with the history of Miss Lydia and her doings, perform the duty of explaining that sentence in Mr. Warrington's letter to his brother which refers to Lady Maria Esmond, and which, to some simple readers, may be still mysterious.”

junior noun US /ˈdʒuːnjər/

term of address for a disrespectful and annoying male

From this reading “How could innocent and respectable young people suppose that a woman of noble birth, of ancient family, of mature experience,--a woman whom we have seen exceedingly in love only a score of months ago,--should so far forget herself as (oh, my very finger-tips blush as I write the sentence!)--as not only to fall in love with a person of low origin, and very many years her junior, but actually to marry him in the face of the world?”

knot noun US /nɑːt/

a tight cluster of people or things

From this reading “That is, not exactly in the face, but behind the back of the world, so to speak; for Parson Sampson privily tied the indissoluble knot for the pair at his chapel in Mayfair.”

Lydia noun US /ˈlɪdiə/

an ancient region on the coast of western Asia Minor; a powerful kingdom until conquered by the Persians in 546 BC

From this reading “We must now, however, and before we proceed with the history of Miss Lydia and her doings, perform the duty of explaining that sentence in Mr. Warrington's letter to his brother which refers to Lady Maria Esmond, and which, to some simple readers, may be still mysterious.”

mature adjective US /məˈtʃʊr/

characteristic of maturity

From this reading “How could innocent and respectable young people suppose that a woman of noble birth, of ancient family, of mature experience,--a woman whom we have seen exceedingly in love only a score of months ago,--should so far forget herself as (oh, my very finger-tips blush as I write the sentence!)--as not only to fall in love with a person of low origin, and very many years her junior, but actually to marry him in the face of the world?”

refers verb US /rəˈfɜːrz/

third-person singular of “refer” — make reference to

From this reading “We must now, however, and before we proceed with the history of Miss Lydia and her doings, perform the duty of explaining that sentence in Mr. Warrington's letter to his brother which refers to Lady Maria Esmond, and which, to some simple readers, may be still mysterious.”

All words in this reading · 116

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading For how, indeed, could well-regulated persons divine such a secret?

actuallyadverbUS /ˈæktʃuːəli/

in actual fact

From this reading How could innocent and respectable young people suppose that a woman of noble birth, of ancient family, of mature experience,--a woman whom we have seen exceedingly in love only a score of months ago,--should so far forget herself as (oh, my very finger-tips blush as I write the sentence!)--as not only to fall in love with a person of low origin, and very many years her junior, but actually to marry him in the face of the world?

agoadverbUS /əˈɡoʊ/

in the past

From this reading How could innocent and respectable young people suppose that a woman of noble birth, of ancient family, of mature experience,--a woman whom we have seen exceedingly in love only a score of months ago,--should so far forget herself as (oh, my very finger-tips blush as I write the sentence!)--as not only to fall in love with a person of low origin, and very many years her junior, but actually to marry him in the face of the world?

ancientadjectiveUS /ˈeɪn.ʃənt/

Belonging to the very distant past and no longer in existence or deeply revered.

From this reading How could innocent and respectable young people suppose that a woman of noble birth, of ancient family, of mature experience,--a woman whom we have seen exceedingly in love only a score of months ago,--should so far forget herself as (oh, my very finger-tips blush as I write the sentence!)--as not only to fall in love with a person of low origin, and very many years her junior, but actually to marry him in the face of the world?

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading We must now, however, and before we proceed with the history of Miss Lydia and her doings, perform the duty of explaining that sentence in Mr. Warrington's letter to his brother which refers to Lady Maria Esmond, and which, to some simple readers, may be still mysterious.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading How could innocent and respectable young people suppose that a woman of noble birth, of ancient family, of mature experience,--a woman whom we have seen exceedingly in love only a score of months ago,--should so far forget herself as (oh, my very finger-tips blush as I write the sentence!)--as not only to fall in love with a person of low origin, and very many years her junior, but actually to marry him in the face of the world?

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading That is, not exactly in the face, but behind the back of the world, so to speak; for Parson Sampson privily tied the indissoluble knot for the pair at his chapel in Mayfair.

backadverbUS /bæk/

in or to or toward a former location

From this reading That is, not exactly in the face, but behind the back of the world, so to speak; for Parson Sampson privily tied the indissoluble knot for the pair at his chapel in Mayfair.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading We must now, however, and before we proceed with the history of Miss Lydia and her doings, perform the duty of explaining that sentence in Mr. Warrington's letter to his brother which refers to Lady Maria Esmond, and which, to some simple readers, may be still mysterious.

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading We must now, however, and before we proceed with the history of Miss Lydia and her doings, perform the duty of explaining that sentence in Mr. Warrington's letter to his brother which refers to Lady Maria Esmond, and which, to some simple readers, may be still mysterious.

behindprepositionUS /bɪˈhaɪnd/

at or toward the back of something

From this reading That is, not exactly in the face, but behind the back of the world, so to speak; for Parson Sampson privily tied the indissoluble knot for the pair at his chapel in Mayfair.

birthnounUS /bɜːrθ/

the time when something begins (especially life)

From this reading How could innocent and respectable young people suppose that a woman of noble birth, of ancient family, of mature experience,--a woman whom we have seen exceedingly in love only a score of months ago,--should so far forget herself as (oh, my very finger-tips blush as I write the sentence!)--as not only to fall in love with a person of low origin, and very many years her junior, but actually to marry him in the face of the world?

blushverbUS /blʌʃ/

turn red, as if in embarrassment or shame

From this reading How could innocent and respectable young people suppose that a woman of noble birth, of ancient family, of mature experience,--a woman whom we have seen exceedingly in love only a score of months ago,--should so far forget herself as (oh, my very finger-tips blush as I write the sentence!)--as not only to fall in love with a person of low origin, and very many years her junior, but actually to marry him in the face of the world?

brothernounUS /ˈbrʌðər/

a male with the same parents as someone else

From this reading We must now, however, and before we proceed with the history of Miss Lydia and her doings, perform the duty of explaining that sentence in Mr. Warrington's letter to his brother which refers to Lady Maria Esmond, and which, to some simple readers, may be still mysterious.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading How could innocent and respectable young people suppose that a woman of noble birth, of ancient family, of mature experience,--a woman whom we have seen exceedingly in love only a score of months ago,--should so far forget herself as (oh, my very finger-tips blush as I write the sentence!)--as not only to fall in love with a person of low origin, and very many years her junior, but actually to marry him in the face of the world?

chapelnounUS /ˈtʃæpəl/

a place of worship that has its own altar

From this reading That is, not exactly in the face, but behind the back of the world, so to speak; for Parson Sampson privily tied the indissoluble knot for the pair at his chapel in Mayfair.

condemnverbUS /kənˈdem/

express strong disapproval of

From this reading Now stop before you condemn her utterly.

couldmodal verbUS /kʊd/

the past of “can”; used for possibility or polite requests

From this reading For how, indeed, could well-regulated persons divine such a secret?

divineadjectiveUS /dɪˈvaɪn/

emanating from God

From this reading For how, indeed, could well-regulated persons divine such a secret?

doingsnounUS /ˈduːɪŋz/

manner of acting or controlling yourself

From this reading We must now, however, and before we proceed with the history of Miss Lydia and her doings, perform the duty of explaining that sentence in Mr. Warrington's letter to his brother which refers to Lady Maria Esmond, and which, to some simple readers, may be still mysterious.

dutynounUS /ˈduːti/

the social force that binds you to the courses of action demanded by that force

From this reading We must now, however, and before we proceed with the history of Miss Lydia and her doings, perform the duty of explaining that sentence in Mr. Warrington's letter to his brother which refers to Lady Maria Esmond, and which, to some simple readers, may be still mysterious.

Esmond

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading We must now, however, and before we proceed with the history of Miss Lydia and her doings, perform the duty of explaining that sentence in Mr. Warrington's letter to his brother which refers to Lady Maria Esmond, and which, to some simple readers, may be still mysterious.

exactlyadverbUS /ɪɡˈzæktli/

indicating exactness or preciseness

From this reading That is, not exactly in the face, but behind the back of the world, so to speak; for Parson Sampson privily tied the indissoluble knot for the pair at his chapel in Mayfair.

exceedinglyadverbUS /ɪkˈsiːdɪŋli/

to an extreme degree

From this reading How could innocent and respectable young people suppose that a woman of noble birth, of ancient family, of mature experience,--a woman whom we have seen exceedingly in love only a score of months ago,--should so far forget herself as (oh, my very finger-tips blush as I write the sentence!)--as not only to fall in love with a person of low origin, and very many years her junior, but actually to marry him in the face of the world?

experienceverbUS /ɪkˈspɪriəns/

undergo or live through a difficult experience

From this reading How could innocent and respectable young people suppose that a woman of noble birth, of ancient family, of mature experience,--a woman whom we have seen exceedingly in love only a score of months ago,--should so far forget herself as (oh, my very finger-tips blush as I write the sentence!)--as not only to fall in love with a person of low origin, and very many years her junior, but actually to marry him in the face of the world?

explainingverbUS /ɪkˈspleɪnɪŋ/

-ing form of “explain” — make plain and comprehensible

From this reading We must now, however, and before we proceed with the history of Miss Lydia and her doings, perform the duty of explaining that sentence in Mr. Warrington's letter to his brother which refers to Lady Maria Esmond, and which, to some simple readers, may be still mysterious.

facenounUS /feɪs/

the front of the human head from the forehead to the chin and ear to ear

From this reading How could innocent and respectable young people suppose that a woman of noble birth, of ancient family, of mature experience,--a woman whom we have seen exceedingly in love only a score of months ago,--should so far forget herself as (oh, my very finger-tips blush as I write the sentence!)--as not only to fall in love with a person of low origin, and very many years her junior, but actually to marry him in the face of the world?

fallverbUS /fɔːl/

descend in free fall under the influence of gravity

From this reading How could innocent and respectable young people suppose that a woman of noble birth, of ancient family, of mature experience,--a woman whom we have seen exceedingly in love only a score of months ago,--should so far forget herself as (oh, my very finger-tips blush as I write the sentence!)--as not only to fall in love with a person of low origin, and very many years her junior, but actually to marry him in the face of the world?

familynounUS /ˈfæməli/

a social unit living together

From this reading How could innocent and respectable young people suppose that a woman of noble birth, of ancient family, of mature experience,--a woman whom we have seen exceedingly in love only a score of months ago,--should so far forget herself as (oh, my very finger-tips blush as I write the sentence!)--as not only to fall in love with a person of low origin, and very many years her junior, but actually to marry him in the face of the world?

faradverbUS /fɑːr/

to a considerable degree; very much

From this reading How could innocent and respectable young people suppose that a woman of noble birth, of ancient family, of mature experience,--a woman whom we have seen exceedingly in love only a score of months ago,--should so far forget herself as (oh, my very finger-tips blush as I write the sentence!)--as not only to fall in love with a person of low origin, and very many years her junior, but actually to marry him in the face of the world?

finger-tips

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading How could innocent and respectable young people suppose that a woman of noble birth, of ancient family, of mature experience,--a woman whom we have seen exceedingly in love only a score of months ago,--should so far forget herself as (oh, my very finger-tips blush as I write the sentence!)--as not only to fall in love with a person of low origin, and very many years her junior, but actually to marry him in the face of the world?

ForprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading For how, indeed, could well-regulated persons divine such a secret?

forgetverbUS /fərˈɡet/

dismiss from the mind; stop remembering

From this reading How could innocent and respectable young people suppose that a woman of noble birth, of ancient family, of mature experience,--a woman whom we have seen exceedingly in love only a score of months ago,--should so far forget herself as (oh, my very finger-tips blush as I write the sentence!)--as not only to fall in love with a person of low origin, and very many years her junior, but actually to marry him in the face of the world?

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading How could innocent and respectable young people suppose that a woman of noble birth, of ancient family, of mature experience,--a woman whom we have seen exceedingly in love only a score of months ago,--should so far forget herself as (oh, my very finger-tips blush as I write the sentence!)--as not only to fall in love with a person of low origin, and very many years her junior, but actually to marry him in the face of the world?

herdeterminerUS /hɜːr/

belonging to a woman, girl, or female animal already mentioned

From this reading We must now, however, and before we proceed with the history of Miss Lydia and her doings, perform the duty of explaining that sentence in Mr. Warrington's letter to his brother which refers to Lady Maria Esmond, and which, to some simple readers, may be still mysterious.

herselfpronounUS /hərˈself/

used when the woman or girl doing the action is also its object

From this reading How could innocent and respectable young people suppose that a woman of noble birth, of ancient family, of mature experience,--a woman whom we have seen exceedingly in love only a score of months ago,--should so far forget herself as (oh, my very finger-tips blush as I write the sentence!)--as not only to fall in love with a person of low origin, and very many years her junior, but actually to marry him in the face of the world?

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading How could innocent and respectable young people suppose that a woman of noble birth, of ancient family, of mature experience,--a woman whom we have seen exceedingly in love only a score of months ago,--should so far forget herself as (oh, my very finger-tips blush as I write the sentence!)--as not only to fall in love with a person of low origin, and very many years her junior, but actually to marry him in the face of the world?

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading We must now, however, and before we proceed with the history of Miss Lydia and her doings, perform the duty of explaining that sentence in Mr. Warrington's letter to his brother which refers to Lady Maria Esmond, and which, to some simple readers, may be still mysterious.

historynounUS /ˈhɪstəri/

the aggregate of past events

From this reading We must now, however, and before we proceed with the history of Miss Lydia and her doings, perform the duty of explaining that sentence in Mr. Warrington's letter to his brother which refers to Lady Maria Esmond, and which, to some simple readers, may be still mysterious.

how

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading For how, indeed, could well-regulated persons divine such a secret?

howeveradverbUS /ˌhaʊˈevər/

used to add a contrasting statement

From this reading We must now, however, and before we proceed with the history of Miss Lydia and her doings, perform the duty of explaining that sentence in Mr. Warrington's letter to his brother which refers to Lady Maria Esmond, and which, to some simple readers, may be still mysterious.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading How could innocent and respectable young people suppose that a woman of noble birth, of ancient family, of mature experience,--a woman whom we have seen exceedingly in love only a score of months ago,--should so far forget herself as (oh, my very finger-tips blush as I write the sentence!)--as not only to fall in love with a person of low origin, and very many years her junior, but actually to marry him in the face of the world?

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading We must now, however, and before we proceed with the history of Miss Lydia and her doings, perform the duty of explaining that sentence in Mr. Warrington's letter to his brother which refers to Lady Maria Esmond, and which, to some simple readers, may be still mysterious.

indeedadverbUS /ˌɪnˈdiːd/

in truth (often tends to intensify)

From this reading For how, indeed, could well-regulated persons divine such a secret?

indissolubleadjective

(of a substance) incapable of being dissolved

From this reading That is, not exactly in the face, but behind the back of the world, so to speak; for Parson Sampson privily tied the indissoluble knot for the pair at his chapel in Mayfair.

innocentadjectiveUS /ˈɪnəsənt/

free from evil or guilt

From this reading How could innocent and respectable young people suppose that a woman of noble birth, of ancient family, of mature experience,--a woman whom we have seen exceedingly in love only a score of months ago,--should so far forget herself as (oh, my very finger-tips blush as I write the sentence!)--as not only to fall in love with a person of low origin, and very many years her junior, but actually to marry him in the face of the world?

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading That is, not exactly in the face, but behind the back of the world, so to speak; for Parson Sampson privily tied the indissoluble knot for the pair at his chapel in Mayfair.

juniornounUS /ˈdʒuːnjər/

term of address for a disrespectful and annoying male

From this reading How could innocent and respectable young people suppose that a woman of noble birth, of ancient family, of mature experience,--a woman whom we have seen exceedingly in love only a score of months ago,--should so far forget herself as (oh, my very finger-tips blush as I write the sentence!)--as not only to fall in love with a person of low origin, and very many years her junior, but actually to marry him in the face of the world?

knotnounUS /nɑːt/

a tight cluster of people or things

From this reading That is, not exactly in the face, but behind the back of the world, so to speak; for Parson Sampson privily tied the indissoluble knot for the pair at his chapel in Mayfair.

LadynounUS /ˈleɪdi/

a polite name for any woman

From this reading We must now, however, and before we proceed with the history of Miss Lydia and her doings, perform the duty of explaining that sentence in Mr. Warrington's letter to his brother which refers to Lady Maria Esmond, and which, to some simple readers, may be still mysterious.

letternounUS /ˈletər/

a written message addressed to a person or organization

From this reading We must now, however, and before we proceed with the history of Miss Lydia and her doings, perform the duty of explaining that sentence in Mr. Warrington's letter to his brother which refers to Lady Maria Esmond, and which, to some simple readers, may be still mysterious.

lovenounUS /lʌv/

a strong positive emotion of regard and affection

From this reading How could innocent and respectable young people suppose that a woman of noble birth, of ancient family, of mature experience,--a woman whom we have seen exceedingly in love only a score of months ago,--should so far forget herself as (oh, my very finger-tips blush as I write the sentence!)--as not only to fall in love with a person of low origin, and very many years her junior, but actually to marry him in the face of the world?

lowadjectiveUS /loʊ/

less than normal in degree or intensity or amount

From this reading How could innocent and respectable young people suppose that a woman of noble birth, of ancient family, of mature experience,--a woman whom we have seen exceedingly in love only a score of months ago,--should so far forget herself as (oh, my very finger-tips blush as I write the sentence!)--as not only to fall in love with a person of low origin, and very many years her junior, but actually to marry him in the face of the world?

LydianounUS /ˈlɪdiə/

an ancient region on the coast of western Asia Minor; a powerful kingdom until conquered by the Persians in 546 BC

From this reading We must now, however, and before we proceed with the history of Miss Lydia and her doings, perform the duty of explaining that sentence in Mr. Warrington's letter to his brother which refers to Lady Maria Esmond, and which, to some simple readers, may be still mysterious.

manyadjectiveUS /ˈmeni/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “as” or “too” or “so” or “that”; amounting to a large but indefinite number

From this reading How could innocent and respectable young people suppose that a woman of noble birth, of ancient family, of mature experience,--a woman whom we have seen exceedingly in love only a score of months ago,--should so far forget herself as (oh, my very finger-tips blush as I write the sentence!)--as not only to fall in love with a person of low origin, and very many years her junior, but actually to marry him in the face of the world?

MarianounUS /mərˈiːə/

a dark region of considerable extent on the surface of the moon

From this reading We must now, however, and before we proceed with the history of Miss Lydia and her doings, perform the duty of explaining that sentence in Mr. Warrington's letter to his brother which refers to Lady Maria Esmond, and which, to some simple readers, may be still mysterious.

marryverbUS /ˈmeri/

take in marriage

From this reading How could innocent and respectable young people suppose that a woman of noble birth, of ancient family, of mature experience,--a woman whom we have seen exceedingly in love only a score of months ago,--should so far forget herself as (oh, my very finger-tips blush as I write the sentence!)--as not only to fall in love with a person of low origin, and very many years her junior, but actually to marry him in the face of the world?

matureadjectiveUS /məˈtʃʊr/

characteristic of maturity

From this reading How could innocent and respectable young people suppose that a woman of noble birth, of ancient family, of mature experience,--a woman whom we have seen exceedingly in love only a score of months ago,--should so far forget herself as (oh, my very finger-tips blush as I write the sentence!)--as not only to fall in love with a person of low origin, and very many years her junior, but actually to marry him in the face of the world?

maymodal verbUS /meɪ/

used to say something is possible, or to give permission

From this reading We must now, however, and before we proceed with the history of Miss Lydia and her doings, perform the duty of explaining that sentence in Mr. Warrington's letter to his brother which refers to Lady Maria Esmond, and which, to some simple readers, may be still mysterious.

Mayfair

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading That is, not exactly in the face, but behind the back of the world, so to speak; for Parson Sampson privily tied the indissoluble knot for the pair at his chapel in Mayfair.

MissverbUS /mɪs/

fail to perceive or to catch with the senses or the mind

From this reading We must now, however, and before we proceed with the history of Miss Lydia and her doings, perform the duty of explaining that sentence in Mr. Warrington's letter to his brother which refers to Lady Maria Esmond, and which, to some simple readers, may be still mysterious.

monthsnounUS /mʌnθs/

plural of “month” — one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year

From this reading How could innocent and respectable young people suppose that a woman of noble birth, of ancient family, of mature experience,--a woman whom we have seen exceedingly in love only a score of months ago,--should so far forget herself as (oh, my very finger-tips blush as I write the sentence!)--as not only to fall in love with a person of low origin, and very many years her junior, but actually to marry him in the face of the world?

MrnounUS /ˈmɪstər/

a form of address for a man

From this reading We must now, however, and before we proceed with the history of Miss Lydia and her doings, perform the duty of explaining that sentence in Mr. Warrington's letter to his brother which refers to Lady Maria Esmond, and which, to some simple readers, may be still mysterious.

mustmodal verbUS /mʌst/

used to say something is necessary, or almost certainly true

From this reading We must now, however, and before we proceed with the history of Miss Lydia and her doings, perform the duty of explaining that sentence in Mr. Warrington's letter to his brother which refers to Lady Maria Esmond, and which, to some simple readers, may be still mysterious.

mydeterminerUS /maɪ/

belonging to the person speaking

From this reading How could innocent and respectable young people suppose that a woman of noble birth, of ancient family, of mature experience,--a woman whom we have seen exceedingly in love only a score of months ago,--should so far forget herself as (oh, my very finger-tips blush as I write the sentence!)--as not only to fall in love with a person of low origin, and very many years her junior, but actually to marry him in the face of the world?

mysteriousadjectiveUS /mɪˈstɪriəs/

of an obscure nature

From this reading We must now, however, and before we proceed with the history of Miss Lydia and her doings, perform the duty of explaining that sentence in Mr. Warrington's letter to his brother which refers to Lady Maria Esmond, and which, to some simple readers, may be still mysterious.

nobleadjectiveUS /ˈnoʊbəl/

impressive in appearance

From this reading How could innocent and respectable young people suppose that a woman of noble birth, of ancient family, of mature experience,--a woman whom we have seen exceedingly in love only a score of months ago,--should so far forget herself as (oh, my very finger-tips blush as I write the sentence!)--as not only to fall in love with a person of low origin, and very many years her junior, but actually to marry him in the face of the world?

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading How could innocent and respectable young people suppose that a woman of noble birth, of ancient family, of mature experience,--a woman whom we have seen exceedingly in love only a score of months ago,--should so far forget herself as (oh, my very finger-tips blush as I write the sentence!)--as not only to fall in love with a person of low origin, and very many years her junior, but actually to marry him in the face of the world?

nowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading We must now, however, and before we proceed with the history of Miss Lydia and her doings, perform the duty of explaining that sentence in Mr. Warrington's letter to his brother which refers to Lady Maria Esmond, and which, to some simple readers, may be still mysterious.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading We must now, however, and before we proceed with the history of Miss Lydia and her doings, perform the duty of explaining that sentence in Mr. Warrington's letter to his brother which refers to Lady Maria Esmond, and which, to some simple readers, may be still mysterious.

ohnounUS /oʊ/

a midwestern state in north central United States in the Great Lakes region

From this reading How could innocent and respectable young people suppose that a woman of noble birth, of ancient family, of mature experience,--a woman whom we have seen exceedingly in love only a score of months ago,--should so far forget herself as (oh, my very finger-tips blush as I write the sentence!)--as not only to fall in love with a person of low origin, and very many years her junior, but actually to marry him in the face of the world?

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading How could innocent and respectable young people suppose that a woman of noble birth, of ancient family, of mature experience,--a woman whom we have seen exceedingly in love only a score of months ago,--should so far forget herself as (oh, my very finger-tips blush as I write the sentence!)--as not only to fall in love with a person of low origin, and very many years her junior, but actually to marry him in the face of the world?

originnounUS /ˈɔːrədʒən/

the place where something begins, where it springs into being

From this reading How could innocent and respectable young people suppose that a woman of noble birth, of ancient family, of mature experience,--a woman whom we have seen exceedingly in love only a score of months ago,--should so far forget herself as (oh, my very finger-tips blush as I write the sentence!)--as not only to fall in love with a person of low origin, and very many years her junior, but actually to marry him in the face of the world?

pairnounUS /per/

a set of two similar things considered as a unit

From this reading That is, not exactly in the face, but behind the back of the world, so to speak; for Parson Sampson privily tied the indissoluble knot for the pair at his chapel in Mayfair.

ParsonnounUS /ˈpɑːrsən/

a person authorized to conduct religious worship

From this reading That is, not exactly in the face, but behind the back of the world, so to speak; for Parson Sampson privily tied the indissoluble knot for the pair at his chapel in Mayfair.

peoplenounUS /ˈpiːpəl/

(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively

From this reading How could innocent and respectable young people suppose that a woman of noble birth, of ancient family, of mature experience,--a woman whom we have seen exceedingly in love only a score of months ago,--should so far forget herself as (oh, my very finger-tips blush as I write the sentence!)--as not only to fall in love with a person of low origin, and very many years her junior, but actually to marry him in the face of the world?

performverbUS /pərˈfɔːrm/

carry out or perform an action

From this reading We must now, however, and before we proceed with the history of Miss Lydia and her doings, perform the duty of explaining that sentence in Mr. Warrington's letter to his brother which refers to Lady Maria Esmond, and which, to some simple readers, may be still mysterious.

personnounUS /ˈpɜːrsən/

a human being

From this reading How could innocent and respectable young people suppose that a woman of noble birth, of ancient family, of mature experience,--a woman whom we have seen exceedingly in love only a score of months ago,--should so far forget herself as (oh, my very finger-tips blush as I write the sentence!)--as not only to fall in love with a person of low origin, and very many years her junior, but actually to marry him in the face of the world?

personsnounUS /ˈpɜːrsənz/

plural of “person” — a human being

From this reading For how, indeed, could well-regulated persons divine such a secret?

privilyadverb

confidentially or in secret

From this reading That is, not exactly in the face, but behind the back of the world, so to speak; for Parson Sampson privily tied the indissoluble knot for the pair at his chapel in Mayfair.

proceedverbUS /prəˈsiːd/

continue talking

From this reading We must now, however, and before we proceed with the history of Miss Lydia and her doings, perform the duty of explaining that sentence in Mr. Warrington's letter to his brother which refers to Lady Maria Esmond, and which, to some simple readers, may be still mysterious.

readersnounUS /ˈriːdərz/

plural of “reader” — a person who enjoys reading

From this reading We must now, however, and before we proceed with the history of Miss Lydia and her doings, perform the duty of explaining that sentence in Mr. Warrington's letter to his brother which refers to Lady Maria Esmond, and which, to some simple readers, may be still mysterious.

refersverbUS /rəˈfɜːrz/

third-person singular of “refer” — make reference to

From this reading We must now, however, and before we proceed with the history of Miss Lydia and her doings, perform the duty of explaining that sentence in Mr. Warrington's letter to his brother which refers to Lady Maria Esmond, and which, to some simple readers, may be still mysterious.

respectableadjectiveUS /rɪˈspektəbəl/

characterized by socially or conventionally acceptable morals

From this reading How could innocent and respectable young people suppose that a woman of noble birth, of ancient family, of mature experience,--a woman whom we have seen exceedingly in love only a score of months ago,--should so far forget herself as (oh, my very finger-tips blush as I write the sentence!)--as not only to fall in love with a person of low origin, and very many years her junior, but actually to marry him in the face of the world?

Sampson

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading That is, not exactly in the face, but behind the back of the world, so to speak; for Parson Sampson privily tied the indissoluble knot for the pair at his chapel in Mayfair.

scorenounUS /skɔːr/

a number or letter indicating quality (especially of a student's performance)

From this reading How could innocent and respectable young people suppose that a woman of noble birth, of ancient family, of mature experience,--a woman whom we have seen exceedingly in love only a score of months ago,--should so far forget herself as (oh, my very finger-tips blush as I write the sentence!)--as not only to fall in love with a person of low origin, and very many years her junior, but actually to marry him in the face of the world?

secretnounUS /ˈsiː.krət/

Something that is kept or meant to be kept unknown or unseen by others.

From this reading For how, indeed, could well-regulated persons divine such a secret?

seenverbUS /siːn/

inflected form of “see” — perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight

From this reading How could innocent and respectable young people suppose that a woman of noble birth, of ancient family, of mature experience,--a woman whom we have seen exceedingly in love only a score of months ago,--should so far forget herself as (oh, my very finger-tips blush as I write the sentence!)--as not only to fall in love with a person of low origin, and very many years her junior, but actually to marry him in the face of the world?

sentencenounUS /ˈsentəns/

a string of words satisfying the grammatical rules of a language

From this reading We must now, however, and before we proceed with the history of Miss Lydia and her doings, perform the duty of explaining that sentence in Mr. Warrington's letter to his brother which refers to Lady Maria Esmond, and which, to some simple readers, may be still mysterious.

shouldmodal verbUS /ʃʊd/

used to say what is right, expected, or advisable

From this reading How could innocent and respectable young people suppose that a woman of noble birth, of ancient family, of mature experience,--a woman whom we have seen exceedingly in love only a score of months ago,--should so far forget herself as (oh, my very finger-tips blush as I write the sentence!)--as not only to fall in love with a person of low origin, and very many years her junior, but actually to marry him in the face of the world?

simpleadjectiveUS /ˈsɪmpəl/

having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved

From this reading We must now, however, and before we proceed with the history of Miss Lydia and her doings, perform the duty of explaining that sentence in Mr. Warrington's letter to his brother which refers to Lady Maria Esmond, and which, to some simple readers, may be still mysterious.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading How could innocent and respectable young people suppose that a woman of noble birth, of ancient family, of mature experience,--a woman whom we have seen exceedingly in love only a score of months ago,--should so far forget herself as (oh, my very finger-tips blush as I write the sentence!)--as not only to fall in love with a person of low origin, and very many years her junior, but actually to marry him in the face of the world?

someadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading We must now, however, and before we proceed with the history of Miss Lydia and her doings, perform the duty of explaining that sentence in Mr. Warrington's letter to his brother which refers to Lady Maria Esmond, and which, to some simple readers, may be still mysterious.

speakverbUS /spiːk/

express in speech

From this reading That is, not exactly in the face, but behind the back of the world, so to speak; for Parson Sampson privily tied the indissoluble knot for the pair at his chapel in Mayfair.

stilladjectiveUS /stɪl/

not in physical motion

From this reading We must now, however, and before we proceed with the history of Miss Lydia and her doings, perform the duty of explaining that sentence in Mr. Warrington's letter to his brother which refers to Lady Maria Esmond, and which, to some simple readers, may be still mysterious.

stopverbUS /stɑːp/

come to a halt, stop moving

From this reading Now stop before you condemn her utterly.

suchdeterminerUS /sʌtʃ/

of the kind already mentioned

From this reading For how, indeed, could well-regulated persons divine such a secret?

supposeverbUS /səˈpoʊz/

express a supposition

From this reading How could innocent and respectable young people suppose that a woman of noble birth, of ancient family, of mature experience,--a woman whom we have seen exceedingly in love only a score of months ago,--should so far forget herself as (oh, my very finger-tips blush as I write the sentence!)--as not only to fall in love with a person of low origin, and very many years her junior, but actually to marry him in the face of the world?

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading We must now, however, and before we proceed with the history of Miss Lydia and her doings, perform the duty of explaining that sentence in Mr. Warrington's letter to his brother which refers to Lady Maria Esmond, and which, to some simple readers, may be still mysterious.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading We must now, however, and before we proceed with the history of Miss Lydia and her doings, perform the duty of explaining that sentence in Mr. Warrington's letter to his brother which refers to Lady Maria Esmond, and which, to some simple readers, may be still mysterious.

tiedadjectiveUS /taɪd/

bound or secured closely

From this reading That is, not exactly in the face, but behind the back of the world, so to speak; for Parson Sampson privily tied the indissoluble knot for the pair at his chapel in Mayfair.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading We must now, however, and before we proceed with the history of Miss Lydia and her doings, perform the duty of explaining that sentence in Mr. Warrington's letter to his brother which refers to Lady Maria Esmond, and which, to some simple readers, may be still mysterious.

utterlyadverbUS /ˈʌtərli/

completely and without qualification; used informally as intensifiers

From this reading Now stop before you condemn her utterly.

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading How could innocent and respectable young people suppose that a woman of noble birth, of ancient family, of mature experience,--a woman whom we have seen exceedingly in love only a score of months ago,--should so far forget herself as (oh, my very finger-tips blush as I write the sentence!)--as not only to fall in love with a person of low origin, and very many years her junior, but actually to marry him in the face of the world?

Warrington's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading We must now, however, and before we proceed with the history of Miss Lydia and her doings, perform the duty of explaining that sentence in Mr. Warrington's letter to his brother which refers to Lady Maria Esmond, and which, to some simple readers, may be still mysterious.

WepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading We must now, however, and before we proceed with the history of Miss Lydia and her doings, perform the duty of explaining that sentence in Mr. Warrington's letter to his brother which refers to Lady Maria Esmond, and which, to some simple readers, may be still mysterious.

well-regulated

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading For how, indeed, could well-regulated persons divine such a secret?

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading We must now, however, and before we proceed with the history of Miss Lydia and her doings, perform the duty of explaining that sentence in Mr. Warrington's letter to his brother which refers to Lady Maria Esmond, and which, to some simple readers, may be still mysterious.

whompronounUS /huːm/

the form of “who” used as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading How could innocent and respectable young people suppose that a woman of noble birth, of ancient family, of mature experience,--a woman whom we have seen exceedingly in love only a score of months ago,--should so far forget herself as (oh, my very finger-tips blush as I write the sentence!)--as not only to fall in love with a person of low origin, and very many years her junior, but actually to marry him in the face of the world?

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading We must now, however, and before we proceed with the history of Miss Lydia and her doings, perform the duty of explaining that sentence in Mr. Warrington's letter to his brother which refers to Lady Maria Esmond, and which, to some simple readers, may be still mysterious.

womannounUS /ˈwʊmən/

an adult female person (as opposed to a man)

From this reading How could innocent and respectable young people suppose that a woman of noble birth, of ancient family, of mature experience,--a woman whom we have seen exceedingly in love only a score of months ago,--should so far forget herself as (oh, my very finger-tips blush as I write the sentence!)--as not only to fall in love with a person of low origin, and very many years her junior, but actually to marry him in the face of the world?

worldnounUS /wɜːrld/

everything that exists anywhere

From this reading How could innocent and respectable young people suppose that a woman of noble birth, of ancient family, of mature experience,--a woman whom we have seen exceedingly in love only a score of months ago,--should so far forget herself as (oh, my very finger-tips blush as I write the sentence!)--as not only to fall in love with a person of low origin, and very many years her junior, but actually to marry him in the face of the world?

writeverbUS /raɪt/

produce a literary work

From this reading How could innocent and respectable young people suppose that a woman of noble birth, of ancient family, of mature experience,--a woman whom we have seen exceedingly in love only a score of months ago,--should so far forget herself as (oh, my very finger-tips blush as I write the sentence!)--as not only to fall in love with a person of low origin, and very many years her junior, but actually to marry him in the face of the world?

yearsnounUS /jɪrz/

a late time of life

From this reading How could innocent and respectable young people suppose that a woman of noble birth, of ancient family, of mature experience,--a woman whom we have seen exceedingly in love only a score of months ago,--should so far forget herself as (oh, my very finger-tips blush as I write the sentence!)--as not only to fall in love with a person of low origin, and very many years her junior, but actually to marry him in the face of the world?

youpronounUS /juː/

the person or people being spoken to

From this reading Now stop before you condemn her utterly.

youngadjectiveUS /jʌŋ/

(used of living things especially persons) in an early period of life or development or growth

From this reading How could innocent and respectable young people suppose that a woman of noble birth, of ancient family, of mature experience,--a woman whom we have seen exceedingly in love only a score of months ago,--should so far forget herself as (oh, my very finger-tips blush as I write the sentence!)--as not only to fall in love with a person of low origin, and very many years her junior, but actually to marry him in the face of the world?

Chapter 31 of The Virginians by William Makepeace Thackeray holds 448 sentences, grouped into 90 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 31 of The Virginians contain?

Chapter 31 holds 448 sentences of The Virginians, unabridged, divided into 90 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 31 of The Virginians by William Makepeace Thackeray exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 448 sentences, grouped into 90 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 31 of The Virginians?

Work through the 90 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 90 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 31 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 31 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The Virginians

Common questions about reading The Virginians by William Makepeace Thackeray on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The Virginians?

Yes. All 16603 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #8123 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The Virginians is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #8123, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The Virginians take to read?

About 600 minutes of reading across 3321 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read The Virginians section by section

How to work through The Virginians section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 40 chapters of The Virginians to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in The Virginians

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Virginians, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Colonel
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Virginians; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Esmond's
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Virginians; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Grandson
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Virginians; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
While
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Virginians; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.