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The Wars of the Roses
The Wars of the Roses

Chapter III

Chapter 3 of The Wars of the Roses is here in full — 45 sentences across 9 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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THE RIVAL DUKES.
About the end of August, 1451, a rumor reached the court of Westminster that the Duke of York had suddenly left Ireland.
The queen was naturally somewhat alarmed; for, during Cade's insurrection, the duke's name had been used in such a way as to test his influence, and no doubt remained of the popularity he enjoyed among the commons.
Margaret of Anjou had no wish to see York in London.
On the pretext, therefore, that the duke came with too large a force, the queen, at Somerset's instigation, dispatched Lord Lisle, son of the famous Talbot, to prevent his landing.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Wars of the Roses

Chapter III

Chapter 3 of The Wars of the Roses is here in full — 45 sentences across 9 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/9 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
THE RIVAL DUKES.
/ðə ˈraɪvəl duːks/
Line 2
About the end of August, 1451, a rumor reached the court of Westminster that the Duke of York had suddenly left Ireland.
Line 3
The queen was naturally somewhat alarmed; for, during Cade's insurrection, the duke's name had been used in such a way as to test his influence, and no doubt remained of the popularity he enjoyed among the commons.
Line 4
Margaret of Anjou had no wish to see York in London.
Line 5
On the pretext, therefore, that the duke came with too large a force, the queen, at Somerset's instigation, dispatched Lord Lisle, son of the famous Talbot, to prevent his landing.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

dispatched verb US /dɪˈspætʃt/

past form of “dispatch” — send away towards a designated goal

From this reading “On the pretext, therefore, that the duke came with too large a force, the queen, at Somerset's instigation, dispatched Lord Lisle, son of the famous Talbot, to prevent his landing.”

duke's noun US /duːks/

possessive form of “duke” — a British peer of the highest rank

From this reading “The queen was naturally somewhat alarmed; for, during Cade's insurrection, the duke's name had been used in such a way as to test his influence, and no doubt remained of the popularity he enjoyed among the commons.”

dukes noun US /duːks/

plural of “duke” — a British peer of the highest rank

From this reading “THE RIVAL DUKES.”

instigation noun US /ˌɪnstɪˈɡeɪʃən/

the verbal act of urging on

From this reading “On the pretext, therefore, that the duke came with too large a force, the queen, at Somerset's instigation, dispatched Lord Lisle, son of the famous Talbot, to prevent his landing.”

insurrection noun US /ˌɪnsərˈekʃən/

organized opposition to authority; a conflict in which one faction tries to wrest control from another

From this reading “The queen was naturally somewhat alarmed; for, during Cade's insurrection, the duke's name had been used in such a way as to test his influence, and no doubt remained of the popularity he enjoyed among the commons.”

Lisle noun US /ˈlaɪəl/

a fabric woven with lisle thread

From this reading “On the pretext, therefore, that the duke came with too large a force, the queen, at Somerset's instigation, dispatched Lord Lisle, son of the famous Talbot, to prevent his landing.”

rumor noun US /ˈruːmər/

gossip (usually a mixture of truth and untruth) passed around by word of mouth

From this reading “About the end of August, 1451, a rumor reached the court of Westminster that the Duke of York had suddenly left Ireland.”

Talbot noun US /ˈtælbət/

English inventor and pioneer in photography who published the first book illustrated with photographs (1800-1877)

From this reading “On the pretext, therefore, that the duke came with too large a force, the queen, at Somerset's instigation, dispatched Lord Lisle, son of the famous Talbot, to prevent his landing.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

somewhat alarmed adverb + adjective

In this reading “The queen was naturally somewhat alarmed; for, during Cade's insurrection, the duke's name had been used in such a way as to test his influence, and no doubt remained of the popularity he enjoyed among the commons.”

too large adverb + adjective

excessively large

In this reading “On the pretext, therefore, that the duke came with too large a force, the queen, at Somerset's instigation, dispatched Lord Lisle, son of the famous Talbot, to prevent his landing.”

All words in this reading · 74

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1451

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading About the end of August, 1451, a rumor reached the court of Westminster that the Duke of York had suddenly left Ireland.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading About the end of August, 1451, a rumor reached the court of Westminster that the Duke of York had suddenly left Ireland.

AboutprepositionUS /əˈbaʊt/

on the subject of; concerning

From this reading About the end of August, 1451, a rumor reached the court of Westminster that the Duke of York had suddenly left Ireland.

alarmedadjectiveUS /əˈlɑːrmd/

experiencing a sudden sense of danger

From this reading The queen was naturally somewhat alarmed; for, during Cade's insurrection, the duke's name had been used in such a way as to test his influence, and no doubt remained of the popularity he enjoyed among the commons.

amongprepositionUS /əˈmʌŋ/

surrounded by; in the middle of a group

From this reading The queen was naturally somewhat alarmed; for, during Cade's insurrection, the duke's name had been used in such a way as to test his influence, and no doubt remained of the popularity he enjoyed among the commons.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading The queen was naturally somewhat alarmed; for, during Cade's insurrection, the duke's name had been used in such a way as to test his influence, and no doubt remained of the popularity he enjoyed among the commons.

Anjounoun

a former province of western France in the Loire valley

From this reading Margaret of Anjou had no wish to see York in London.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading The queen was naturally somewhat alarmed; for, during Cade's insurrection, the duke's name had been used in such a way as to test his influence, and no doubt remained of the popularity he enjoyed among the commons.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading On the pretext, therefore, that the duke came with too large a force, the queen, at Somerset's instigation, dispatched Lord Lisle, son of the famous Talbot, to prevent his landing.

AugustnounUS /ˈɑːɡəst/

the month following July and preceding September

From this reading About the end of August, 1451, a rumor reached the court of Westminster that the Duke of York had suddenly left Ireland.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading The queen was naturally somewhat alarmed; for, during Cade's insurrection, the duke's name had been used in such a way as to test his influence, and no doubt remained of the popularity he enjoyed among the commons.

Cade's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The queen was naturally somewhat alarmed; for, during Cade's insurrection, the duke's name had been used in such a way as to test his influence, and no doubt remained of the popularity he enjoyed among the commons.

cameverbUS /keɪm/

inflected form of “come” — move toward, travel toward something or somebody or approach something or somebody

From this reading On the pretext, therefore, that the duke came with too large a force, the queen, at Somerset's instigation, dispatched Lord Lisle, son of the famous Talbot, to prevent his landing.

commonsnounUS /ˈkɑːmənz/

a piece of open land for recreational use in an urban area

From this reading The queen was naturally somewhat alarmed; for, during Cade's insurrection, the duke's name had been used in such a way as to test his influence, and no doubt remained of the popularity he enjoyed among the commons.

courtnounUS /kɔːrt/

an assembly (including one or more judges) to conduct judicial business

From this reading About the end of August, 1451, a rumor reached the court of Westminster that the Duke of York had suddenly left Ireland.

dispatchedverbUS /dɪˈspætʃt/

past form of “dispatch” — send away towards a designated goal

From this reading On the pretext, therefore, that the duke came with too large a force, the queen, at Somerset's instigation, dispatched Lord Lisle, son of the famous Talbot, to prevent his landing.

doubtnounUS /daʊt/

the state of being unsure of something

From this reading The queen was naturally somewhat alarmed; for, during Cade's insurrection, the duke's name had been used in such a way as to test his influence, and no doubt remained of the popularity he enjoyed among the commons.

DukenounUS /duːk/

a British peer of the highest rank

From this reading About the end of August, 1451, a rumor reached the court of Westminster that the Duke of York had suddenly left Ireland.

duke'snounUS /duːks/

possessive form of “duke” — a British peer of the highest rank

From this reading The queen was naturally somewhat alarmed; for, during Cade's insurrection, the duke's name had been used in such a way as to test his influence, and no doubt remained of the popularity he enjoyed among the commons.

DUKESnounUS /duːks/

plural of “duke” — a British peer of the highest rank

From this reading THE RIVAL DUKES.

duringprepositionUS /ˈdʊrɪŋ/

all through a period, or at some point within it

From this reading The queen was naturally somewhat alarmed; for, during Cade's insurrection, the duke's name had been used in such a way as to test his influence, and no doubt remained of the popularity he enjoyed among the commons.

endnounUS /end/

either extremity of something that has length

From this reading About the end of August, 1451, a rumor reached the court of Westminster that the Duke of York had suddenly left Ireland.

enjoyedverbUS /ˌenˈdʒɔɪd/

past form of “enjoy” — derive or receive pleasure from; get enjoyment from; take pleasure in

From this reading The queen was naturally somewhat alarmed; for, during Cade's insurrection, the duke's name had been used in such a way as to test his influence, and no doubt remained of the popularity he enjoyed among the commons.

famousadjectiveUS /ˈfeɪməs/

widely known and esteemed

From this reading On the pretext, therefore, that the duke came with too large a force, the queen, at Somerset's instigation, dispatched Lord Lisle, son of the famous Talbot, to prevent his landing.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading The queen was naturally somewhat alarmed; for, during Cade's insurrection, the duke's name had been used in such a way as to test his influence, and no doubt remained of the popularity he enjoyed among the commons.

forcenounUS /fɔːrs/

a powerful effect or influence

From this reading On the pretext, therefore, that the duke came with too large a force, the queen, at Somerset's instigation, dispatched Lord Lisle, son of the famous Talbot, to prevent his landing.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading About the end of August, 1451, a rumor reached the court of Westminster that the Duke of York had suddenly left Ireland.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading The queen was naturally somewhat alarmed; for, during Cade's insurrection, the duke's name had been used in such a way as to test his influence, and no doubt remained of the popularity he enjoyed among the commons.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading The queen was naturally somewhat alarmed; for, during Cade's insurrection, the duke's name had been used in such a way as to test his influence, and no doubt remained of the popularity he enjoyed among the commons.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading The queen was naturally somewhat alarmed; for, during Cade's insurrection, the duke's name had been used in such a way as to test his influence, and no doubt remained of the popularity he enjoyed among the commons.

influencenounUS /ˈɪnfluːəns/

a power to affect persons or events especially power based on prestige etc

From this reading The queen was naturally somewhat alarmed; for, during Cade's insurrection, the duke's name had been used in such a way as to test his influence, and no doubt remained of the popularity he enjoyed among the commons.

instigationnounUS /ˌɪnstɪˈɡeɪʃən/

the verbal act of urging on

From this reading On the pretext, therefore, that the duke came with too large a force, the queen, at Somerset's instigation, dispatched Lord Lisle, son of the famous Talbot, to prevent his landing.

insurrectionnounUS /ˌɪnsərˈekʃən/

organized opposition to authority; a conflict in which one faction tries to wrest control from another

From this reading The queen was naturally somewhat alarmed; for, during Cade's insurrection, the duke's name had been used in such a way as to test his influence, and no doubt remained of the popularity he enjoyed among the commons.

IrelandnounUS /ˈaɪərlənd/

a republic consisting of 26 of 32 counties comprising the island of Ireland; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1921

From this reading About the end of August, 1451, a rumor reached the court of Westminster that the Duke of York had suddenly left Ireland.

landingnounUS /ˈlændɪŋ/

an intermediate platform in a staircase

From this reading On the pretext, therefore, that the duke came with too large a force, the queen, at Somerset's instigation, dispatched Lord Lisle, son of the famous Talbot, to prevent his landing.

largeadjectiveUS /lɑːrdʒ/

above average in size or number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading On the pretext, therefore, that the duke came with too large a force, the queen, at Somerset's instigation, dispatched Lord Lisle, son of the famous Talbot, to prevent his landing.

leftnounUS /left/

location near or direction toward the left side; i.e. the side to the north when a person or object faces east

From this reading About the end of August, 1451, a rumor reached the court of Westminster that the Duke of York had suddenly left Ireland.

LislenounUS /ˈlaɪəl/

a fabric woven with lisle thread

From this reading On the pretext, therefore, that the duke came with too large a force, the queen, at Somerset's instigation, dispatched Lord Lisle, son of the famous Talbot, to prevent his landing.

LondonnounUS /ˈlʌndən/

the capital and largest city of England; located on the Thames in southeastern England; financial and industrial and cultural center

From this reading Margaret of Anjou had no wish to see York in London.

LordnounUS /lɔːrd/

terms referring to the Judeo-Christian God

From this reading On the pretext, therefore, that the duke came with too large a force, the queen, at Somerset's instigation, dispatched Lord Lisle, son of the famous Talbot, to prevent his landing.

Margaret

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Margaret of Anjou had no wish to see York in London.

nameverbUS /neɪm/

assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading The queen was naturally somewhat alarmed; for, during Cade's insurrection, the duke's name had been used in such a way as to test his influence, and no doubt remained of the popularity he enjoyed among the commons.

naturallyadverbUS /ˈnætʃərəli/

as might be expected

From this reading The queen was naturally somewhat alarmed; for, during Cade's insurrection, the duke's name had been used in such a way as to test his influence, and no doubt remained of the popularity he enjoyed among the commons.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading The queen was naturally somewhat alarmed; for, during Cade's insurrection, the duke's name had been used in such a way as to test his influence, and no doubt remained of the popularity he enjoyed among the commons.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading About the end of August, 1451, a rumor reached the court of Westminster that the Duke of York had suddenly left Ireland.

OnprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading On the pretext, therefore, that the duke came with too large a force, the queen, at Somerset's instigation, dispatched Lord Lisle, son of the famous Talbot, to prevent his landing.

popularitynounUS /ˌpɑːpjəˈlerəti/

the quality of being widely admired or accepted or sought after

From this reading The queen was naturally somewhat alarmed; for, during Cade's insurrection, the duke's name had been used in such a way as to test his influence, and no doubt remained of the popularity he enjoyed among the commons.

pretextnounUS /ˈpriːtekst/

something serving to conceal plans; a fictitious reason that is concocted in order to conceal the real reason

From this reading On the pretext, therefore, that the duke came with too large a force, the queen, at Somerset's instigation, dispatched Lord Lisle, son of the famous Talbot, to prevent his landing.

preventverbUS /prɪˈvent/

keep from happening or arising; make impossible

From this reading On the pretext, therefore, that the duke came with too large a force, the queen, at Somerset's instigation, dispatched Lord Lisle, son of the famous Talbot, to prevent his landing.

queennounUS /kwiːn/

the only fertile female in a colony of social insects such as bees and ants and termites; its function is to lay eggs

From this reading The queen was naturally somewhat alarmed; for, during Cade's insurrection, the duke's name had been used in such a way as to test his influence, and no doubt remained of the popularity he enjoyed among the commons.

reachedverbUS /riːtʃt/

past form of “reach” — reach a destination, either real or abstract

From this reading About the end of August, 1451, a rumor reached the court of Westminster that the Duke of York had suddenly left Ireland.

remainedverbUS /rɪˈmeɪnd/

past form of “remain” — stay the same; remain in a certain state

From this reading The queen was naturally somewhat alarmed; for, during Cade's insurrection, the duke's name had been used in such a way as to test his influence, and no doubt remained of the popularity he enjoyed among the commons.

RIVALverbUS /ˈraɪvəl/

be equal to in quality or ability

From this reading THE RIVAL DUKES.

rumornounUS /ˈruːmər/

gossip (usually a mixture of truth and untruth) passed around by word of mouth

From this reading About the end of August, 1451, a rumor reached the court of Westminster that the Duke of York had suddenly left Ireland.

seeverbUS /siː/

perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight

From this reading Margaret of Anjou had no wish to see York in London.

Somerset's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading On the pretext, therefore, that the duke came with too large a force, the queen, at Somerset's instigation, dispatched Lord Lisle, son of the famous Talbot, to prevent his landing.

somewhatadverbUS /ˈsʌmˈwʌt/

to a small degree or extent

From this reading The queen was naturally somewhat alarmed; for, during Cade's insurrection, the duke's name had been used in such a way as to test his influence, and no doubt remained of the popularity he enjoyed among the commons.

sonnounUS /sʌn/

a male human offspring

From this reading On the pretext, therefore, that the duke came with too large a force, the queen, at Somerset's instigation, dispatched Lord Lisle, son of the famous Talbot, to prevent his landing.

suchdeterminerUS /sʌtʃ/

of the kind already mentioned

From this reading The queen was naturally somewhat alarmed; for, during Cade's insurrection, the duke's name had been used in such a way as to test his influence, and no doubt remained of the popularity he enjoyed among the commons.

suddenlyadverbUS /ˈsʌdənli/

happening unexpectedly

From this reading About the end of August, 1451, a rumor reached the court of Westminster that the Duke of York had suddenly left Ireland.

TalbotnounUS /ˈtælbət/

English inventor and pioneer in photography who published the first book illustrated with photographs (1800-1877)

From this reading On the pretext, therefore, that the duke came with too large a force, the queen, at Somerset's instigation, dispatched Lord Lisle, son of the famous Talbot, to prevent his landing.

testnounUS /test/

trying something to find out about it

From this reading The queen was naturally somewhat alarmed; for, during Cade's insurrection, the duke's name had been used in such a way as to test his influence, and no doubt remained of the popularity he enjoyed among the commons.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading About the end of August, 1451, a rumor reached the court of Westminster that the Duke of York had suddenly left Ireland.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE RIVAL DUKES.

thereforeadverbUS /ˈðerfɔːr/

for that reason; as a result

From this reading On the pretext, therefore, that the duke came with too large a force, the queen, at Somerset's instigation, dispatched Lord Lisle, son of the famous Talbot, to prevent his landing.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading The queen was naturally somewhat alarmed; for, during Cade's insurrection, the duke's name had been used in such a way as to test his influence, and no doubt remained of the popularity he enjoyed among the commons.

tooadverbUS /tuː/

to a degree exceeding normal or proper limits

From this reading On the pretext, therefore, that the duke came with too large a force, the queen, at Somerset's instigation, dispatched Lord Lisle, son of the famous Talbot, to prevent his landing.

usedadjectiveUS /juːzd/

employed in accomplishing something

From this reading The queen was naturally somewhat alarmed; for, during Cade's insurrection, the duke's name had been used in such a way as to test his influence, and no doubt remained of the popularity he enjoyed among the commons.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The queen was naturally somewhat alarmed; for, during Cade's insurrection, the duke's name had been used in such a way as to test his influence, and no doubt remained of the popularity he enjoyed among the commons.

waynounUS /weɪ/

how something is done or how it happens

From this reading The queen was naturally somewhat alarmed; for, during Cade's insurrection, the duke's name had been used in such a way as to test his influence, and no doubt remained of the popularity he enjoyed among the commons.

WestminsternounUS /ˌwestˈmɪnstər/

a borough of Greater London on the Thames; contains Buckingham Palace and the Houses of Parliament and Westminster Abbey

From this reading About the end of August, 1451, a rumor reached the court of Westminster that the Duke of York had suddenly left Ireland.

wishverbUS /wɪʃ/

hope for; have a wish

From this reading Margaret of Anjou had no wish to see York in London.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading On the pretext, therefore, that the duke came with too large a force, the queen, at Somerset's instigation, dispatched Lord Lisle, son of the famous Talbot, to prevent his landing.

YorknounUS /jɔːrk/

the English royal house (a branch of the Plantagenet line) that reigned from 1461 to 1485; its emblem was a white rose

From this reading About the end of August, 1451, a rumor reached the court of Westminster that the Duke of York had suddenly left Ireland.

Chapter 3 of The Wars of the Roses by John G. (John George) Edgar holds 45 sentences, grouped into 9 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 3 of The Wars of the Roses contain?

Chapter 3 holds 45 sentences of The Wars of the Roses, unabridged, divided into 9 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 3 of The Wars of the Roses by John G. (John George) Edgar exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 45 sentences, grouped into 9 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 3 of The Wars of the Roses?

Work through the 9 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 9 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 3 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 3 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The Wars of the Roses

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Yes. All 3418 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #46132 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

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Project Gutenberg eBook #46132, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

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About 284 minutes of reading across 684 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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Vocabulary met early in The Wars of the Roses

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Wars of the Roses, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Stories
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Wars of the Roses; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Struggle
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Wars of the Roses; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Lancaster
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Wars of the Roses; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Author
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Wars of the Roses; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.