Complete classic literature • Five-line readings • Clear US narration
VELMORA ACADEMY
Academy of Archival Languages & Memory Studies
Menu Close
The Wars of the Roses
The Wars of the Roses

Chapter VIII

Chapter 8 of The Wars of the Roses is here in full — 43 sentences across 9 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for The Wars of the Roses
Context Illustration Reading 1/8 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
THE BATTLE OF NORTHAMPTON.
In the month of June, 1460, while the Duke of York was in Ireland, while Margaret of Anjou was with her feeble husband at Coventry, and while Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter, York's son-in-law, was, as lord high admiral, guarding the Channel with a strong fleet, Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, sailed from Calais for the shores of England.
It was in vain that Exeter endeavored to do his duty as admiral; for on the sea as on the land, "The Stout Earl" was a favorite hero, and the sailors refused to haul an anchor or hoist a sail to prevent his landing.
At Sandwich he safely set foot on English ground, and prepared to strike a shattering blow at the house of Lancaster.
Warwick was accompanied by the Earl of Salisbury and the Earl of March; but the army with which he came to change the dynasty did not consist of more than fifteen hundred men.
0:00 / 0:00
Speed 0.75x
AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Wars of the Roses

Chapter VIII

Chapter 8 of The Wars of the Roses is here in full — 43 sentences across 9 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/8 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
THE BATTLE OF NORTHAMPTON.
/ðə ˈbætəl ʌv ˌnɔːrˈθæmptən/
Line 2
In the month of June, 1460, while the Duke of York was in Ireland, while Margaret of Anjou was with her feeble husband at Coventry, and while Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter, York's son-in-law, was, as lord high admiral, guarding the Channel with a strong fleet, Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, sailed from Calais for the shores of England.
Line 3
It was in vain that Exeter endeavored to do his duty as admiral; for on the sea as on the land, "The Stout Earl" was a favorite hero, and the sailors refused to haul an anchor or hoist a sail to prevent his landing.
Line 4
At Sandwich he safely set foot on English ground, and prepared to strike a shattering blow at the house of Lancaster.
/æt ˈsændwɪtʃ hiː ˈseɪfli set fʊt ɑːn ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ ɡraʊnd ənd priˈperd tuː straɪk ə ˈʃætərɪŋ bloʊ æt ðə haʊs ʌv ˈlænkæstər/
Line 5
Warwick was accompanied by the Earl of Salisbury and the Earl of March; but the army with which he came to change the dynasty did not consist of more than fifteen hundred men.
/ˈwɔːrwɪk wɑːz əˈkʌmpənid baɪ ðə ɜːrl ʌv ˈsælzbəri ənd ðə ɜːrl ʌv mɑːrtʃ bʌt ðə ˈɑːrmi wɪð wɪtʃ hiː keɪm tuː tʃeɪndʒ ðə ˈdaɪnəsti dɪd nɑːt kənˈsɪst ʌv mɔːr ðæn fɪfˈtiːn ˈhʌndrəd men/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Calais noun US /kəˈleɪ/

a town in northern France on the Strait of Dover that serves as a ferry port to England

From this reading “In the month of June, 1460, while the Duke of York was in Ireland, while Margaret of Anjou was with her feeble husband at Coventry, and while Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter, York's son-in-law, was, as lord high admiral, guarding the Channel with a strong fleet, Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, sailed from Calais for the shores of England.”

Coventry noun US /ˈkʌvəntri/

the state of being banished or ostracized (excluded from society by general consent)

From this reading “In the month of June, 1460, while the Duke of York was in Ireland, while Margaret of Anjou was with her feeble husband at Coventry, and while Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter, York's son-in-law, was, as lord high admiral, guarding the Channel with a strong fleet, Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, sailed from Calais for the shores of England.”

dynasty noun US /ˈdaɪnəsti/

a sequence of powerful leaders in the same family

From this reading “Warwick was accompanied by the Earl of Salisbury and the Earl of March; but the army with which he came to change the dynasty did not consist of more than fifteen hundred men.”

hoist verb US /hɔɪst/

raise or haul up with or as if with mechanical help

From this reading “It was in vain that Exeter endeavored to do his duty as admiral; for on the sea as on the land, "The Stout Earl" was a favorite hero, and the sailors refused to haul an anchor or hoist a sail to prevent his landing.”

northampton noun US /ˌnɔːrˈθæmptən/

the principal city of Northamptonshire

From this reading “THE BATTLE OF NORTHAMPTON.”

Salisbury noun US /ˈsælzbəri/

the capital and largest city of Zimbabwe

From this reading “Warwick was accompanied by the Earl of Salisbury and the Earl of March; but the army with which he came to change the dynasty did not consist of more than fifteen hundred men.”

shattering adjective US /ˈʃætərɪŋ/

seemingly loud enough to break something; violently rattling or clattering

From this reading “At Sandwich he safely set foot on English ground, and prepared to strike a shattering blow at the house of Lancaster.”

York's noun US /jɔːrks/

possessive form of “york” — the English royal house (a branch of the Plantagenet line) that reigned from 1461 to 1485; its emblem was a white rose

From this reading “In the month of June, 1460, while the Duke of York was in Ireland, while Margaret of Anjou was with her feeble husband at Coventry, and while Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter, York's son-in-law, was, as lord high admiral, guarding the Channel with a strong fleet, Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, sailed from Calais for the shores of England.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

fifteen hundred noun + noun

In this reading “Warwick was accompanied by the Earl of Salisbury and the Earl of March; but the army with which he came to change the dynasty did not consist of more than fifteen hundred men.”

consist of verb + particle

In this reading “Warwick was accompanied by the Earl of Salisbury and the Earl of March; but the army with which he came to change the dynasty did not consist of more than fifteen hundred men.”

set foot verb + noun

In this reading “At Sandwich he safely set foot on English ground, and prepared to strike a shattering blow at the house of Lancaster.”

hundred men noun + noun

In this reading “Warwick was accompanied by the Earl of Salisbury and the Earl of March; but the army with which he came to change the dynasty did not consist of more than fifteen hundred men.”

sailed from verb + particle counted as “sail from”

In this reading “In the month of June, 1460, while the Duke of York was in Ireland, while Margaret of Anjou was with her feeble husband at Coventry, and while Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter, York's son-in-law, was, as lord high admiral, guarding the Channel with a strong fleet, Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, sailed from Calais for the shores of England.”

All words in this reading · 101

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1460

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In the month of June, 1460, while the Duke of York was in Ireland, while Margaret of Anjou was with her feeble husband at Coventry, and while Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter, York's son-in-law, was, as lord high admiral, guarding the Channel with a strong fleet, Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, sailed from Calais for the shores of England.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading In the month of June, 1460, while the Duke of York was in Ireland, while Margaret of Anjou was with her feeble husband at Coventry, and while Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter, York's son-in-law, was, as lord high admiral, guarding the Channel with a strong fleet, Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, sailed from Calais for the shores of England.

accompaniedadjectiveUS /əˈkʌmpənid/

having companions or an escort

From this reading Warwick was accompanied by the Earl of Salisbury and the Earl of March; but the army with which he came to change the dynasty did not consist of more than fifteen hundred men.

admiralnounUS /ˈædmərəl/

the supreme commander of a fleet; ranks above a vice admiral and below a fleet admiral

From this reading In the month of June, 1460, while the Duke of York was in Ireland, while Margaret of Anjou was with her feeble husband at Coventry, and while Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter, York's son-in-law, was, as lord high admiral, guarding the Channel with a strong fleet, Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, sailed from Calais for the shores of England.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading It was in vain that Exeter endeavored to do his duty as admiral; for on the sea as on the land, "The Stout Earl" was a favorite hero, and the sailors refused to haul an anchor or hoist a sail to prevent his landing.

anchornounUS /ˈæŋkər/

a mechanical device that prevents a vessel from moving

From this reading It was in vain that Exeter endeavored to do his duty as admiral; for on the sea as on the land, "The Stout Earl" was a favorite hero, and the sailors refused to haul an anchor or hoist a sail to prevent his landing.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading In the month of June, 1460, while the Duke of York was in Ireland, while Margaret of Anjou was with her feeble husband at Coventry, and while Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter, York's son-in-law, was, as lord high admiral, guarding the Channel with a strong fleet, Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, sailed from Calais for the shores of England.

Anjounoun

a former province of western France in the Loire valley

From this reading In the month of June, 1460, while the Duke of York was in Ireland, while Margaret of Anjou was with her feeble husband at Coventry, and while Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter, York's son-in-law, was, as lord high admiral, guarding the Channel with a strong fleet, Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, sailed from Calais for the shores of England.

armynounUS /ˈɑːrmi/

a permanent organization of the military land forces of a nation or state

From this reading Warwick was accompanied by the Earl of Salisbury and the Earl of March; but the army with which he came to change the dynasty did not consist of more than fifteen hundred men.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading In the month of June, 1460, while the Duke of York was in Ireland, while Margaret of Anjou was with her feeble husband at Coventry, and while Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter, York's son-in-law, was, as lord high admiral, guarding the Channel with a strong fleet, Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, sailed from Calais for the shores of England.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading In the month of June, 1460, while the Duke of York was in Ireland, while Margaret of Anjou was with her feeble husband at Coventry, and while Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter, York's son-in-law, was, as lord high admiral, guarding the Channel with a strong fleet, Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, sailed from Calais for the shores of England.

BATTLEnounUS /ˈbætəl/

a hostile meeting of opposing military forces in the course of a war

From this reading THE BATTLE OF NORTHAMPTON.

blowverbUS /bloʊ/

exhale hard

From this reading At Sandwich he safely set foot on English ground, and prepared to strike a shattering blow at the house of Lancaster.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading Warwick was accompanied by the Earl of Salisbury and the Earl of March; but the army with which he came to change the dynasty did not consist of more than fifteen hundred men.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading Warwick was accompanied by the Earl of Salisbury and the Earl of March; but the army with which he came to change the dynasty did not consist of more than fifteen hundred men.

CalaisnounUS /kəˈleɪ/

a town in northern France on the Strait of Dover that serves as a ferry port to England

From this reading In the month of June, 1460, while the Duke of York was in Ireland, while Margaret of Anjou was with her feeble husband at Coventry, and while Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter, York's son-in-law, was, as lord high admiral, guarding the Channel with a strong fleet, Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, sailed from Calais for the shores of England.

cameverbUS /keɪm/

inflected form of “come” — move toward, travel toward something or somebody or approach something or somebody

From this reading Warwick was accompanied by the Earl of Salisbury and the Earl of March; but the army with which he came to change the dynasty did not consist of more than fifteen hundred men.

changeverbUS /tʃeɪndʒ/

cause to change; make different; cause a transformation

From this reading Warwick was accompanied by the Earl of Salisbury and the Earl of March; but the army with which he came to change the dynasty did not consist of more than fifteen hundred men.

ChannelnounUS /ˈtʃænəl/

a path over which electrical signals can pass

From this reading In the month of June, 1460, while the Duke of York was in Ireland, while Margaret of Anjou was with her feeble husband at Coventry, and while Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter, York's son-in-law, was, as lord high admiral, guarding the Channel with a strong fleet, Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, sailed from Calais for the shores of England.

consistverbUS /kənˈsɪst/

originate

From this reading Warwick was accompanied by the Earl of Salisbury and the Earl of March; but the army with which he came to change the dynasty did not consist of more than fifteen hundred men.

CoventrynounUS /ˈkʌvəntri/

the state of being banished or ostracized (excluded from society by general consent)

From this reading In the month of June, 1460, while the Duke of York was in Ireland, while Margaret of Anjou was with her feeble husband at Coventry, and while Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter, York's son-in-law, was, as lord high admiral, guarding the Channel with a strong fleet, Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, sailed from Calais for the shores of England.

didauxiliary verbUS /dɪd/

the past form of “do”, used in questions and negatives

From this reading Warwick was accompanied by the Earl of Salisbury and the Earl of March; but the army with which he came to change the dynasty did not consist of more than fifteen hundred men.

doauxiliary verbUS /duː/

used to form questions and negatives, and to give emphasis

From this reading It was in vain that Exeter endeavored to do his duty as admiral; for on the sea as on the land, "The Stout Earl" was a favorite hero, and the sailors refused to haul an anchor or hoist a sail to prevent his landing.

DukenounUS /duːk/

a British peer of the highest rank

From this reading In the month of June, 1460, while the Duke of York was in Ireland, while Margaret of Anjou was with her feeble husband at Coventry, and while Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter, York's son-in-law, was, as lord high admiral, guarding the Channel with a strong fleet, Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, sailed from Calais for the shores of England.

dutynounUS /ˈduːti/

the social force that binds you to the courses of action demanded by that force

From this reading It was in vain that Exeter endeavored to do his duty as admiral; for on the sea as on the land, "The Stout Earl" was a favorite hero, and the sailors refused to haul an anchor or hoist a sail to prevent his landing.

dynastynounUS /ˈdaɪnəsti/

a sequence of powerful leaders in the same family

From this reading Warwick was accompanied by the Earl of Salisbury and the Earl of March; but the army with which he came to change the dynasty did not consist of more than fifteen hundred men.

EarlnounUS /ɜːrl/

a British peer ranking below a marquess and above a viscount

From this reading In the month of June, 1460, while the Duke of York was in Ireland, while Margaret of Anjou was with her feeble husband at Coventry, and while Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter, York's son-in-law, was, as lord high admiral, guarding the Channel with a strong fleet, Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, sailed from Calais for the shores of England.

endeavoredverbUS /ɪnˈdevərd/

past form of “endeavor” — attempt by employing effort

From this reading It was in vain that Exeter endeavored to do his duty as admiral; for on the sea as on the land, "The Stout Earl" was a favorite hero, and the sailors refused to haul an anchor or hoist a sail to prevent his landing.

EnglandnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlənd/

a division of the United Kingdom

From this reading In the month of June, 1460, while the Duke of York was in Ireland, while Margaret of Anjou was with her feeble husband at Coventry, and while Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter, York's son-in-law, was, as lord high admiral, guarding the Channel with a strong fleet, Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, sailed from Calais for the shores of England.

EnglishnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/

an Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch; the official language of Britain and the United States and most of the commonwealth countries

From this reading At Sandwich he safely set foot on English ground, and prepared to strike a shattering blow at the house of Lancaster.

Exeter

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In the month of June, 1460, while the Duke of York was in Ireland, while Margaret of Anjou was with her feeble husband at Coventry, and while Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter, York's son-in-law, was, as lord high admiral, guarding the Channel with a strong fleet, Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, sailed from Calais for the shores of England.

favoritenounUS /ˈfeɪvərɪt/

something regarded with special favor or liking

From this reading It was in vain that Exeter endeavored to do his duty as admiral; for on the sea as on the land, "The Stout Earl" was a favorite hero, and the sailors refused to haul an anchor or hoist a sail to prevent his landing.

feebleadjectiveUS /ˈfiːbəl/

pathetically lacking in force or effectiveness

From this reading In the month of June, 1460, while the Duke of York was in Ireland, while Margaret of Anjou was with her feeble husband at Coventry, and while Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter, York's son-in-law, was, as lord high admiral, guarding the Channel with a strong fleet, Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, sailed from Calais for the shores of England.

fifteennounUS /fɪfˈtiːn/

the cardinal number that is the sum of fourteen and one

From this reading Warwick was accompanied by the Earl of Salisbury and the Earl of March; but the army with which he came to change the dynasty did not consist of more than fifteen hundred men.

fleetnounUS /fliːt/

group of aircraft operating together under the same ownership

From this reading In the month of June, 1460, while the Duke of York was in Ireland, while Margaret of Anjou was with her feeble husband at Coventry, and while Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter, York's son-in-law, was, as lord high admiral, guarding the Channel with a strong fleet, Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, sailed from Calais for the shores of England.

footnounUS /fʊt/

the part of the leg of a human being below the ankle joint

From this reading At Sandwich he safely set foot on English ground, and prepared to strike a shattering blow at the house of Lancaster.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading In the month of June, 1460, while the Duke of York was in Ireland, while Margaret of Anjou was with her feeble husband at Coventry, and while Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter, York's son-in-law, was, as lord high admiral, guarding the Channel with a strong fleet, Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, sailed from Calais for the shores of England.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading In the month of June, 1460, while the Duke of York was in Ireland, while Margaret of Anjou was with her feeble husband at Coventry, and while Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter, York's son-in-law, was, as lord high admiral, guarding the Channel with a strong fleet, Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, sailed from Calais for the shores of England.

groundnounUS /ɡraʊnd/

the solid part of the earth's surface

From this reading At Sandwich he safely set foot on English ground, and prepared to strike a shattering blow at the house of Lancaster.

guardingverbUS /ˈɡɑːrdɪŋ/

-ing form of “guard” — to keep watch over

From this reading In the month of June, 1460, while the Duke of York was in Ireland, while Margaret of Anjou was with her feeble husband at Coventry, and while Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter, York's son-in-law, was, as lord high admiral, guarding the Channel with a strong fleet, Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, sailed from Calais for the shores of England.

haulverbUS /hɔːl/

draw slowly or heavily

From this reading It was in vain that Exeter endeavored to do his duty as admiral; for on the sea as on the land, "The Stout Earl" was a favorite hero, and the sailors refused to haul an anchor or hoist a sail to prevent his landing.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading At Sandwich he safely set foot on English ground, and prepared to strike a shattering blow at the house of Lancaster.

HenrynounUS /ˈhenri/

a unit of inductance in which an induced electromotive force of one volt is produced when the current is varied at the rate of one ampere per second

From this reading In the month of June, 1460, while the Duke of York was in Ireland, while Margaret of Anjou was with her feeble husband at Coventry, and while Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter, York's son-in-law, was, as lord high admiral, guarding the Channel with a strong fleet, Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, sailed from Calais for the shores of England.

herdeterminerUS /hɜːr/

belonging to a woman, girl, or female animal already mentioned

From this reading In the month of June, 1460, while the Duke of York was in Ireland, while Margaret of Anjou was with her feeble husband at Coventry, and while Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter, York's son-in-law, was, as lord high admiral, guarding the Channel with a strong fleet, Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, sailed from Calais for the shores of England.

heronounUS /ˈhɪroʊ/

a man distinguished by exceptional courage and nobility and strength

From this reading It was in vain that Exeter endeavored to do his duty as admiral; for on the sea as on the land, "The Stout Earl" was a favorite hero, and the sailors refused to haul an anchor or hoist a sail to prevent his landing.

highadjectiveUS /haɪ/

greater than normal in degree or intensity or amount

From this reading In the month of June, 1460, while the Duke of York was in Ireland, while Margaret of Anjou was with her feeble husband at Coventry, and while Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter, York's son-in-law, was, as lord high admiral, guarding the Channel with a strong fleet, Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, sailed from Calais for the shores of England.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading It was in vain that Exeter endeavored to do his duty as admiral; for on the sea as on the land, "The Stout Earl" was a favorite hero, and the sailors refused to haul an anchor or hoist a sail to prevent his landing.

hoistverbUS /hɔɪst/

raise or haul up with or as if with mechanical help

From this reading It was in vain that Exeter endeavored to do his duty as admiral; for on the sea as on the land, "The Stout Earl" was a favorite hero, and the sailors refused to haul an anchor or hoist a sail to prevent his landing.

HollandnounUS /ˈhɑːlənd/

a constitutional monarchy in western Europe on the North Sea; half the country lies below sea level

From this reading In the month of June, 1460, while the Duke of York was in Ireland, while Margaret of Anjou was with her feeble husband at Coventry, and while Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter, York's son-in-law, was, as lord high admiral, guarding the Channel with a strong fleet, Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, sailed from Calais for the shores of England.

housenounUS /haʊs/

a dwelling that serves as living quarters for one or more families

From this reading At Sandwich he safely set foot on English ground, and prepared to strike a shattering blow at the house of Lancaster.

hundrednounUS /ˈhʌndrəd/

ten 10s

From this reading Warwick was accompanied by the Earl of Salisbury and the Earl of March; but the army with which he came to change the dynasty did not consist of more than fifteen hundred men.

husbandnounUS /ˈhʌzbənd/

a married man; a woman's partner in marriage

From this reading In the month of June, 1460, while the Duke of York was in Ireland, while Margaret of Anjou was with her feeble husband at Coventry, and while Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter, York's son-in-law, was, as lord high admiral, guarding the Channel with a strong fleet, Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, sailed from Calais for the shores of England.

InprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading In the month of June, 1460, while the Duke of York was in Ireland, while Margaret of Anjou was with her feeble husband at Coventry, and while Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter, York's son-in-law, was, as lord high admiral, guarding the Channel with a strong fleet, Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, sailed from Calais for the shores of England.

IrelandnounUS /ˈaɪərlənd/

a republic consisting of 26 of 32 counties comprising the island of Ireland; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1921

From this reading In the month of June, 1460, while the Duke of York was in Ireland, while Margaret of Anjou was with her feeble husband at Coventry, and while Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter, York's son-in-law, was, as lord high admiral, guarding the Channel with a strong fleet, Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, sailed from Calais for the shores of England.

ItpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading It was in vain that Exeter endeavored to do his duty as admiral; for on the sea as on the land, "The Stout Earl" was a favorite hero, and the sailors refused to haul an anchor or hoist a sail to prevent his landing.

JunenounUS /dʒuːn/

the month following May and preceding July

From this reading In the month of June, 1460, while the Duke of York was in Ireland, while Margaret of Anjou was with her feeble husband at Coventry, and while Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter, York's son-in-law, was, as lord high admiral, guarding the Channel with a strong fleet, Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, sailed from Calais for the shores of England.

LancasternounUS /ˈlænkæstər/

a city in northwestern England

From this reading At Sandwich he safely set foot on English ground, and prepared to strike a shattering blow at the house of Lancaster.

landnounUS /lænd/

the land on which real estate is located

From this reading It was in vain that Exeter endeavored to do his duty as admiral; for on the sea as on the land, "The Stout Earl" was a favorite hero, and the sailors refused to haul an anchor or hoist a sail to prevent his landing.

landingnounUS /ˈlændɪŋ/

an intermediate platform in a staircase

From this reading It was in vain that Exeter endeavored to do his duty as admiral; for on the sea as on the land, "The Stout Earl" was a favorite hero, and the sailors refused to haul an anchor or hoist a sail to prevent his landing.

lordnounUS /lɔːrd/

terms referring to the Judeo-Christian God

From this reading In the month of June, 1460, while the Duke of York was in Ireland, while Margaret of Anjou was with her feeble husband at Coventry, and while Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter, York's son-in-law, was, as lord high admiral, guarding the Channel with a strong fleet, Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, sailed from Calais for the shores of England.

MarchverbUS /mɑːrtʃ/

march in a procession

From this reading Warwick was accompanied by the Earl of Salisbury and the Earl of March; but the army with which he came to change the dynasty did not consist of more than fifteen hundred men.

Margaret

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In the month of June, 1460, while the Duke of York was in Ireland, while Margaret of Anjou was with her feeble husband at Coventry, and while Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter, York's son-in-law, was, as lord high admiral, guarding the Channel with a strong fleet, Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, sailed from Calais for the shores of England.

mennounUS /men/

the force of workers available

From this reading Warwick was accompanied by the Earl of Salisbury and the Earl of March; but the army with which he came to change the dynasty did not consist of more than fifteen hundred men.

monthnounUS /mʌnθ/

one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year

From this reading In the month of June, 1460, while the Duke of York was in Ireland, while Margaret of Anjou was with her feeble husband at Coventry, and while Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter, York's son-in-law, was, as lord high admiral, guarding the Channel with a strong fleet, Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, sailed from Calais for the shores of England.

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading Warwick was accompanied by the Earl of Salisbury and the Earl of March; but the army with which he came to change the dynasty did not consist of more than fifteen hundred men.

Neville

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In the month of June, 1460, while the Duke of York was in Ireland, while Margaret of Anjou was with her feeble husband at Coventry, and while Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter, York's son-in-law, was, as lord high admiral, guarding the Channel with a strong fleet, Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, sailed from Calais for the shores of England.

NORTHAMPTONnounUS /ˌnɔːrˈθæmptən/

the principal city of Northamptonshire

From this reading THE BATTLE OF NORTHAMPTON.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading Warwick was accompanied by the Earl of Salisbury and the Earl of March; but the army with which he came to change the dynasty did not consist of more than fifteen hundred men.

OFprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading THE BATTLE OF NORTHAMPTON.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading It was in vain that Exeter endeavored to do his duty as admiral; for on the sea as on the land, "The Stout Earl" was a favorite hero, and the sailors refused to haul an anchor or hoist a sail to prevent his landing.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading It was in vain that Exeter endeavored to do his duty as admiral; for on the sea as on the land, "The Stout Earl" was a favorite hero, and the sailors refused to haul an anchor or hoist a sail to prevent his landing.

preparedadjectiveUS /priˈperd/

made ready or fit or suitable beforehand

From this reading At Sandwich he safely set foot on English ground, and prepared to strike a shattering blow at the house of Lancaster.

preventverbUS /prɪˈvent/

keep from happening or arising; make impossible

From this reading It was in vain that Exeter endeavored to do his duty as admiral; for on the sea as on the land, "The Stout Earl" was a favorite hero, and the sailors refused to haul an anchor or hoist a sail to prevent his landing.

refusedverbUS /rəˈfjuːzd/

past form of “refuse” — show unwillingness towards

From this reading It was in vain that Exeter endeavored to do his duty as admiral; for on the sea as on the land, "The Stout Earl" was a favorite hero, and the sailors refused to haul an anchor or hoist a sail to prevent his landing.

Richard

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In the month of June, 1460, while the Duke of York was in Ireland, while Margaret of Anjou was with her feeble husband at Coventry, and while Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter, York's son-in-law, was, as lord high admiral, guarding the Channel with a strong fleet, Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, sailed from Calais for the shores of England.

safelyadverbUS /ˈseɪfli/

with safety; in a safe manner

From this reading At Sandwich he safely set foot on English ground, and prepared to strike a shattering blow at the house of Lancaster.

sailverbUS /seɪl/

traverse or travel on (a body of water)

From this reading It was in vain that Exeter endeavored to do his duty as admiral; for on the sea as on the land, "The Stout Earl" was a favorite hero, and the sailors refused to haul an anchor or hoist a sail to prevent his landing.

sailedverbUS /seɪld/

past form of “sail” — traverse or travel on (a body of water)

From this reading In the month of June, 1460, while the Duke of York was in Ireland, while Margaret of Anjou was with her feeble husband at Coventry, and while Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter, York's son-in-law, was, as lord high admiral, guarding the Channel with a strong fleet, Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, sailed from Calais for the shores of England.

sailorsnounUS /ˈseɪlərz/

plural of “sailor” — any member of a ship's crew

From this reading It was in vain that Exeter endeavored to do his duty as admiral; for on the sea as on the land, "The Stout Earl" was a favorite hero, and the sailors refused to haul an anchor or hoist a sail to prevent his landing.

SalisburynounUS /ˈsælzbəri/

the capital and largest city of Zimbabwe

From this reading Warwick was accompanied by the Earl of Salisbury and the Earl of March; but the army with which he came to change the dynasty did not consist of more than fifteen hundred men.

SandwichnounUS /ˈsændwɪtʃ/

two (or more) slices of bread with a filling between them

From this reading At Sandwich he safely set foot on English ground, and prepared to strike a shattering blow at the house of Lancaster.

seanounUS /siː/

a division of an ocean or a large body of salt water partially enclosed by land

From this reading It was in vain that Exeter endeavored to do his duty as admiral; for on the sea as on the land, "The Stout Earl" was a favorite hero, and the sailors refused to haul an anchor or hoist a sail to prevent his landing.

setverbUS /set/

put into a certain place or abstract location

From this reading At Sandwich he safely set foot on English ground, and prepared to strike a shattering blow at the house of Lancaster.

shatteringadjectiveUS /ˈʃætərɪŋ/

seemingly loud enough to break something; violently rattling or clattering

From this reading At Sandwich he safely set foot on English ground, and prepared to strike a shattering blow at the house of Lancaster.

shoresnounUS /ʃɔːrz/

plural of “shore” — the land along the edge of a body of water

From this reading In the month of June, 1460, while the Duke of York was in Ireland, while Margaret of Anjou was with her feeble husband at Coventry, and while Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter, York's son-in-law, was, as lord high admiral, guarding the Channel with a strong fleet, Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, sailed from Calais for the shores of England.

son-in-lawnounUS /ˈsʌnɪnlɔː/

the husband of your daughter

From this reading In the month of June, 1460, while the Duke of York was in Ireland, while Margaret of Anjou was with her feeble husband at Coventry, and while Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter, York's son-in-law, was, as lord high admiral, guarding the Channel with a strong fleet, Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, sailed from Calais for the shores of England.

StoutadjectiveUS /staʊt/

dependable

From this reading It was in vain that Exeter endeavored to do his duty as admiral; for on the sea as on the land, "The Stout Earl" was a favorite hero, and the sailors refused to haul an anchor or hoist a sail to prevent his landing.

strikeverbUS /straɪk/

deliver a sharp blow, as with the hand, fist, or weapon

From this reading At Sandwich he safely set foot on English ground, and prepared to strike a shattering blow at the house of Lancaster.

strongadjectiveUS /strɔːŋ/

having strength or power greater than average or expected

From this reading In the month of June, 1460, while the Duke of York was in Ireland, while Margaret of Anjou was with her feeble husband at Coventry, and while Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter, York's son-in-law, was, as lord high admiral, guarding the Channel with a strong fleet, Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, sailed from Calais for the shores of England.

thanconjunctionUS /ðæn/

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading Warwick was accompanied by the Earl of Salisbury and the Earl of March; but the army with which he came to change the dynasty did not consist of more than fifteen hundred men.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading It was in vain that Exeter endeavored to do his duty as admiral; for on the sea as on the land, "The Stout Earl" was a favorite hero, and the sailors refused to haul an anchor or hoist a sail to prevent his landing.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE BATTLE OF NORTHAMPTON.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading It was in vain that Exeter endeavored to do his duty as admiral; for on the sea as on the land, "The Stout Earl" was a favorite hero, and the sailors refused to haul an anchor or hoist a sail to prevent his landing.

vainadjectiveUS /veɪn/

characteristic of false pride; having an exaggerated sense of self-importance

From this reading It was in vain that Exeter endeavored to do his duty as admiral; for on the sea as on the land, "The Stout Earl" was a favorite hero, and the sailors refused to haul an anchor or hoist a sail to prevent his landing.

WarwicknounUS /ˈwɔːrwɪk/

English statesman; during the War of the Roses he fought first for the house of York and secured the throne for Edward IV and then changed sides to fight for the house of Lancaster and secured the throne for Henry VI (1428-1471)

From this reading In the month of June, 1460, while the Duke of York was in Ireland, while Margaret of Anjou was with her feeble husband at Coventry, and while Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter, York's son-in-law, was, as lord high admiral, guarding the Channel with a strong fleet, Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, sailed from Calais for the shores of England.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading In the month of June, 1460, while the Duke of York was in Ireland, while Margaret of Anjou was with her feeble husband at Coventry, and while Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter, York's son-in-law, was, as lord high admiral, guarding the Channel with a strong fleet, Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, sailed from Calais for the shores of England.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading Warwick was accompanied by the Earl of Salisbury and the Earl of March; but the army with which he came to change the dynasty did not consist of more than fifteen hundred men.

whileconjunctionUS /waɪl/

during the time that

From this reading In the month of June, 1460, while the Duke of York was in Ireland, while Margaret of Anjou was with her feeble husband at Coventry, and while Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter, York's son-in-law, was, as lord high admiral, guarding the Channel with a strong fleet, Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, sailed from Calais for the shores of England.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading In the month of June, 1460, while the Duke of York was in Ireland, while Margaret of Anjou was with her feeble husband at Coventry, and while Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter, York's son-in-law, was, as lord high admiral, guarding the Channel with a strong fleet, Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, sailed from Calais for the shores of England.

YorknounUS /jɔːrk/

the English royal house (a branch of the Plantagenet line) that reigned from 1461 to 1485; its emblem was a white rose

From this reading In the month of June, 1460, while the Duke of York was in Ireland, while Margaret of Anjou was with her feeble husband at Coventry, and while Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter, York's son-in-law, was, as lord high admiral, guarding the Channel with a strong fleet, Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, sailed from Calais for the shores of England.

York'snounUS /jɔːrks/

possessive form of “york” — the English royal house (a branch of the Plantagenet line) that reigned from 1461 to 1485; its emblem was a white rose

From this reading In the month of June, 1460, while the Duke of York was in Ireland, while Margaret of Anjou was with her feeble husband at Coventry, and while Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter, York's son-in-law, was, as lord high admiral, guarding the Channel with a strong fleet, Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, sailed from Calais for the shores of England.

Chapter 8 of The Wars of the Roses by John G. (John George) Edgar holds 43 sentences, grouped into 9 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 8 of The Wars of the Roses contain?

Chapter 8 holds 43 sentences of The Wars of the Roses, unabridged, divided into 9 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 8 of The Wars of the Roses by John G. (John George) Edgar exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 43 sentences, grouped into 9 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 8 of The Wars of the Roses?

Work through the 9 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 9 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 8 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 8 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The Wars of the Roses

Common questions about reading The Wars of the Roses by John G. (John George) Edgar on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The Wars of the Roses?

Yes. All 3418 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #46132 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The Wars of the Roses is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #46132, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The Wars of the Roses take to read?

About 284 minutes of reading across 684 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read The Wars of the Roses section by section

How to work through The Wars of the Roses section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 40 chapters of The Wars of the Roses to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in The Wars of the Roses

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Wars of the Roses, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Stories
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Wars of the Roses; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Struggle
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Wars of the Roses; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Lancaster
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Wars of the Roses; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Author
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Wars of the Roses; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.