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The Wars of the Roses
The Wars of the Roses

Chapter XVIII

Chapter 18 of The Wars of the Roses is here in full — 54 sentences across 11 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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LOUIS THE CRAFTY.
When Warwick sailed from Dartmouth as a mortal foe of the man whom, ten years earlier, he had seated on the throne of the Plantagenets, the excitement created by the event was not confined to England.
So grand was the earl's fame, so high his character, so ardent his patriotism, and so great the influence he had exercised over that nation of which he was the pride, that Continental princes listened to the news of his breaking with Edward as they would have done to that of an empire in convulsions.
The circumstances of the King of France and the Duke of Burgundy especially were such that they could not have remained indifferent to what was passing; and lively, indeed, was the interest which Charles the Rash and Louis the Crafty exhibited on the occasion.
Sir Walter Scott has rendered Louis, with his peculiarities of mind, manner, and dress, familiar to the readers of "Quentin Durward."
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Wars of the Roses

Chapter XVIII

Chapter 18 of The Wars of the Roses is here in full — 54 sentences across 11 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/10 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
LOUIS THE CRAFTY.
/ˈluːɪs ðə ˈkræfti/
Line 2
When Warwick sailed from Dartmouth as a mortal foe of the man whom, ten years earlier, he had seated on the throne of the Plantagenets, the excitement created by the event was not confined to England.
Line 3
So grand was the earl's fame, so high his character, so ardent his patriotism, and so great the influence he had exercised over that nation of which he was the pride, that Continental princes listened to the news of his breaking with Edward as they would have done to that of an empire in convulsions.
/soʊ ɡrænd wɑːz ðə ɜːrlz feɪm soʊ haɪ hɪz ˈkerɪktər soʊ ˈɑːrdənt hɪz ˈpeɪtriətɪzəm ənd soʊ ɡreɪt ðə ˈɪnfluːəns hiː hæd ˈeksərsaɪzd ˈoʊvər ðæt ˈneɪʃən ʌv wɪtʃ hiː wɑːz ðə praɪd ðæt ˌkɑːntəˈnentəl ˈprɪnsəz ˈlɪsənd tuː ðə nuːz ʌv hɪz ˈbreɪkɪŋ wɪð ˈedwərd æz ðeɪ wʊd hæv dʌn tuː ðæt ʌv æn ˈempaɪər ɪn kənˈvʌlʃənz/
Line 4
The circumstances of the King of France and the Duke of Burgundy especially were such that they could not have remained indifferent to what was passing; and lively, indeed, was the interest which Charles the Rash and Louis the Crafty exhibited on the occasion.
/ðə ˈsɜːrkəmstænsəz ʌv ðə kɪŋ ʌv fræns ənd ðə duːk ʌv ˈbɜːrɡəndi əˈspeʃli wɜːr sʌtʃ ðæt ðeɪ kʊd nɑːt hæv rɪˈmeɪnd ˌɪnˈdɪfrənt tuː wʌt wɑːz ˈpæsɪŋ ənd ˈlaɪvli ˌɪnˈdiːd wɑːz ðə ˈɪntrəst wɪtʃ tʃɑːrlz ðə ræʃ ənd ˈluːɪs ðə ˈkræfti ɪɡˈzɪbətəd ɑːn ðə əˈkeɪʒən/
Line 5
Sir Walter Scott has rendered Louis, with his peculiarities of mind, manner, and dress, familiar to the readers of "Quentin Durward."

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Burgundy noun US /ˈbɜːrɡəndi/

a former province of eastern France that is famous for its wines

From this reading “The circumstances of the King of France and the Duke of Burgundy especially were such that they could not have remained indifferent to what was passing; and lively, indeed, was the interest which Charles the Rash and Louis the Crafty exhibited on the occasion.”

Continental adjective US /ˌkɑːntəˈnentəl/

of or pertaining to or typical of Europe

From this reading “So grand was the earl's fame, so high his character, so ardent his patriotism, and so great the influence he had exercised over that nation of which he was the pride, that Continental princes listened to the news of his breaking with Edward as they would have done to that of an empire in convulsions.”

convulsions noun US /kənˈvʌlʃənz/

plural of “convulsion” — a sudden uncontrollable attack

From this reading “So grand was the earl's fame, so high his character, so ardent his patriotism, and so great the influence he had exercised over that nation of which he was the pride, that Continental princes listened to the news of his breaking with Edward as they would have done to that of an empire in convulsions.”

crafty adjective US /ˈkræfti/

marked by skill in deception

From this reading “LOUIS THE CRAFTY.”

Dartmouth noun US /ˈdɑːrtməθ/

a college in New Hampshire

From this reading “When Warwick sailed from Dartmouth as a mortal foe of the man whom, ten years earlier, he had seated on the throne of the Plantagenets, the excitement created by the event was not confined to England.”

earl's noun US /ɜːrlz/

possessive form of “earl” — a British peer ranking below a marquess and above a viscount

From this reading “So grand was the earl's fame, so high his character, so ardent his patriotism, and so great the influence he had exercised over that nation of which he was the pride, that Continental princes listened to the news of his breaking with Edward as they would have done to that of an empire in convulsions.”

peculiarities noun US /pɪˌkjuːliˈerətiz/

plural of “peculiarity” — an odd or unusual characteristic

From this reading “Sir Walter Scott has rendered Louis, with his peculiarities of mind, manner, and dress, familiar to the readers of "Quentin Durward."”

Warwick noun US /ˈwɔːrwɪk/

English statesman; during the War of the Roses he fought first for the house of York and secured the throne for Edward IV and then changed sides to fight for the house of Lancaster and secured the throne for Henry VI (1428-1471)

From this reading “When Warwick sailed from Dartmouth as a mortal foe of the man whom, ten years earlier, he had seated on the throne of the Plantagenets, the excitement created by the event was not confined to England.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

mortal foe adjective + noun

In this reading “When Warwick sailed from Dartmouth as a mortal foe of the man whom, ten years earlier, he had seated on the throne of the Plantagenets, the excitement created by the event was not confined to England.”

ten years noun + noun

In this reading “When Warwick sailed from Dartmouth as a mortal foe of the man whom, ten years earlier, he had seated on the throne of the Plantagenets, the excitement created by the event was not confined to England.”

on the throne preposition + article + noun counted as “on … throne”

In this reading “When Warwick sailed from Dartmouth as a mortal foe of the man whom, ten years earlier, he had seated on the throne of the Plantagenets, the excitement created by the event was not confined to England.”

created by verb + particle counted as “create by”

In this reading “When Warwick sailed from Dartmouth as a mortal foe of the man whom, ten years earlier, he had seated on the throne of the Plantagenets, the excitement created by the event was not confined to England.”

on the occasion preposition + article + noun counted as “on … occasion”

In this reading “The circumstances of the King of France and the Duke of Burgundy especially were such that they could not have remained indifferent to what was passing; and lively, indeed, was the interest which Charles the Rash and Louis the Crafty exhibited on the occasion.”

sailed from verb + particle counted as “sail from”

In this reading “When Warwick sailed from Dartmouth as a mortal foe of the man whom, ten years earlier, he had seated on the throne of the Plantagenets, the excitement created by the event was not confined to England.”

All words in this reading · 99

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading When Warwick sailed from Dartmouth as a mortal foe of the man whom, ten years earlier, he had seated on the throne of the Plantagenets, the excitement created by the event was not confined to England.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading So grand was the earl's fame, so high his character, so ardent his patriotism, and so great the influence he had exercised over that nation of which he was the pride, that Continental princes listened to the news of his breaking with Edward as they would have done to that of an empire in convulsions.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading So grand was the earl's fame, so high his character, so ardent his patriotism, and so great the influence he had exercised over that nation of which he was the pride, that Continental princes listened to the news of his breaking with Edward as they would have done to that of an empire in convulsions.

ardentadjectiveUS /ˈɑːrdənt/

characterized by intense emotion

From this reading So grand was the earl's fame, so high his character, so ardent his patriotism, and so great the influence he had exercised over that nation of which he was the pride, that Continental princes listened to the news of his breaking with Edward as they would have done to that of an empire in convulsions.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading When Warwick sailed from Dartmouth as a mortal foe of the man whom, ten years earlier, he had seated on the throne of the Plantagenets, the excitement created by the event was not confined to England.

breakingnounUS /ˈbreɪkɪŋ/

the act of breaking something

From this reading So grand was the earl's fame, so high his character, so ardent his patriotism, and so great the influence he had exercised over that nation of which he was the pride, that Continental princes listened to the news of his breaking with Edward as they would have done to that of an empire in convulsions.

BurgundynounUS /ˈbɜːrɡəndi/

a former province of eastern France that is famous for its wines

From this reading The circumstances of the King of France and the Duke of Burgundy especially were such that they could not have remained indifferent to what was passing; and lively, indeed, was the interest which Charles the Rash and Louis the Crafty exhibited on the occasion.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading When Warwick sailed from Dartmouth as a mortal foe of the man whom, ten years earlier, he had seated on the throne of the Plantagenets, the excitement created by the event was not confined to England.

characternounUS /ˈkerɪktər/

an imaginary person represented in a work of fiction (play or film or story)

From this reading So grand was the earl's fame, so high his character, so ardent his patriotism, and so great the influence he had exercised over that nation of which he was the pride, that Continental princes listened to the news of his breaking with Edward as they would have done to that of an empire in convulsions.

CharlesnounUS /tʃɑːrlz/

King of France from 1560 to 1574 whose reign was dominated by his mother Catherine de Medicis (1550-1574)

From this reading The circumstances of the King of France and the Duke of Burgundy especially were such that they could not have remained indifferent to what was passing; and lively, indeed, was the interest which Charles the Rash and Louis the Crafty exhibited on the occasion.

circumstancesnounUS /ˈsɜːrkəmstænsəz/

your overall circumstances or condition in life (including everything that happens to you)

From this reading The circumstances of the King of France and the Duke of Burgundy especially were such that they could not have remained indifferent to what was passing; and lively, indeed, was the interest which Charles the Rash and Louis the Crafty exhibited on the occasion.

confinedadjectiveUS /kənˈfaɪnd/

not invading healthy tissue

From this reading When Warwick sailed from Dartmouth as a mortal foe of the man whom, ten years earlier, he had seated on the throne of the Plantagenets, the excitement created by the event was not confined to England.

ContinentaladjectiveUS /ˌkɑːntəˈnentəl/

of or pertaining to or typical of Europe

From this reading So grand was the earl's fame, so high his character, so ardent his patriotism, and so great the influence he had exercised over that nation of which he was the pride, that Continental princes listened to the news of his breaking with Edward as they would have done to that of an empire in convulsions.

convulsionsnounUS /kənˈvʌlʃənz/

plural of “convulsion” — a sudden uncontrollable attack

From this reading So grand was the earl's fame, so high his character, so ardent his patriotism, and so great the influence he had exercised over that nation of which he was the pride, that Continental princes listened to the news of his breaking with Edward as they would have done to that of an empire in convulsions.

couldmodal verbUS /kʊd/

the past of “can”; used for possibility or polite requests

From this reading The circumstances of the King of France and the Duke of Burgundy especially were such that they could not have remained indifferent to what was passing; and lively, indeed, was the interest which Charles the Rash and Louis the Crafty exhibited on the occasion.

CRAFTYadjectiveUS /ˈkræfti/

marked by skill in deception

From this reading LOUIS THE CRAFTY.

createdverbUS /kriˈeɪtəd/

past form of “create” — make or cause to be or to become

From this reading When Warwick sailed from Dartmouth as a mortal foe of the man whom, ten years earlier, he had seated on the throne of the Plantagenets, the excitement created by the event was not confined to England.

DartmouthnounUS /ˈdɑːrtməθ/

a college in New Hampshire

From this reading When Warwick sailed from Dartmouth as a mortal foe of the man whom, ten years earlier, he had seated on the throne of the Plantagenets, the excitement created by the event was not confined to England.

doneadjectiveUS /dʌn/

having finished or arrived at completion

From this reading So grand was the earl's fame, so high his character, so ardent his patriotism, and so great the influence he had exercised over that nation of which he was the pride, that Continental princes listened to the news of his breaking with Edward as they would have done to that of an empire in convulsions.

dressverbUS /dres/

put on clothes

From this reading Sir Walter Scott has rendered Louis, with his peculiarities of mind, manner, and dress, familiar to the readers of "Quentin Durward."

DukenounUS /duːk/

a British peer of the highest rank

From this reading The circumstances of the King of France and the Duke of Burgundy especially were such that they could not have remained indifferent to what was passing; and lively, indeed, was the interest which Charles the Rash and Louis the Crafty exhibited on the occasion.

Durward

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Sir Walter Scott has rendered Louis, with his peculiarities of mind, manner, and dress, familiar to the readers of "Quentin Durward."

earl'snounUS /ɜːrlz/

possessive form of “earl” — a British peer ranking below a marquess and above a viscount

From this reading So grand was the earl's fame, so high his character, so ardent his patriotism, and so great the influence he had exercised over that nation of which he was the pride, that Continental princes listened to the news of his breaking with Edward as they would have done to that of an empire in convulsions.

earlieradverbUS /ˈɜːrliər/

earlier in time; previously

From this reading When Warwick sailed from Dartmouth as a mortal foe of the man whom, ten years earlier, he had seated on the throne of the Plantagenets, the excitement created by the event was not confined to England.

EdwardnounUS /ˈedwərd/

King of England and Ireland in 1936; his marriage to Wallis Warfield Simpson created a constitutional crisis leading to his abdication (1894-1972)

From this reading So grand was the earl's fame, so high his character, so ardent his patriotism, and so great the influence he had exercised over that nation of which he was the pride, that Continental princes listened to the news of his breaking with Edward as they would have done to that of an empire in convulsions.

empirenounUS /ˈempaɪər/

the domain ruled by an emperor or empress; the region over which imperial dominion is exercised

From this reading So grand was the earl's fame, so high his character, so ardent his patriotism, and so great the influence he had exercised over that nation of which he was the pride, that Continental princes listened to the news of his breaking with Edward as they would have done to that of an empire in convulsions.

EnglandnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlənd/

a division of the United Kingdom

From this reading When Warwick sailed from Dartmouth as a mortal foe of the man whom, ten years earlier, he had seated on the throne of the Plantagenets, the excitement created by the event was not confined to England.

especiallyadverbUS /əˈspeʃli/

to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common

From this reading The circumstances of the King of France and the Duke of Burgundy especially were such that they could not have remained indifferent to what was passing; and lively, indeed, was the interest which Charles the Rash and Louis the Crafty exhibited on the occasion.

eventnounUS /ɪˈvent/

something that happens at a given place and time

From this reading When Warwick sailed from Dartmouth as a mortal foe of the man whom, ten years earlier, he had seated on the throne of the Plantagenets, the excitement created by the event was not confined to England.

excitementnounUS /ɪkˈsaɪtmənt/

the feeling of lively and cheerful joy

From this reading When Warwick sailed from Dartmouth as a mortal foe of the man whom, ten years earlier, he had seated on the throne of the Plantagenets, the excitement created by the event was not confined to England.

exercisedverbUS /ˈeksərsaɪzd/

past form of “exercise” — put to use

From this reading So grand was the earl's fame, so high his character, so ardent his patriotism, and so great the influence he had exercised over that nation of which he was the pride, that Continental princes listened to the news of his breaking with Edward as they would have done to that of an empire in convulsions.

exhibitedverbUS /ɪɡˈzɪbətəd/

past form of “exhibit” — show an attribute, property, knowledge, or skill

From this reading The circumstances of the King of France and the Duke of Burgundy especially were such that they could not have remained indifferent to what was passing; and lively, indeed, was the interest which Charles the Rash and Louis the Crafty exhibited on the occasion.

famenounUS /feɪm/

the state or quality of being widely honored and acclaimed

From this reading So grand was the earl's fame, so high his character, so ardent his patriotism, and so great the influence he had exercised over that nation of which he was the pride, that Continental princes listened to the news of his breaking with Edward as they would have done to that of an empire in convulsions.

familiaradjectiveUS /fəˈmɪljər/

well known or easily recognized

From this reading Sir Walter Scott has rendered Louis, with his peculiarities of mind, manner, and dress, familiar to the readers of "Quentin Durward."

foenounUS /foʊ/

an armed adversary (especially a member of an opposing military force)

From this reading When Warwick sailed from Dartmouth as a mortal foe of the man whom, ten years earlier, he had seated on the throne of the Plantagenets, the excitement created by the event was not confined to England.

FrancenounUS /fræns/

a republic in western Europe; the largest country wholly in Europe

From this reading The circumstances of the King of France and the Duke of Burgundy especially were such that they could not have remained indifferent to what was passing; and lively, indeed, was the interest which Charles the Rash and Louis the Crafty exhibited on the occasion.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading When Warwick sailed from Dartmouth as a mortal foe of the man whom, ten years earlier, he had seated on the throne of the Plantagenets, the excitement created by the event was not confined to England.

grandadjectiveUS /ɡrænd/

of behavior that is impressive and ambitious in scale or scope

From this reading So grand was the earl's fame, so high his character, so ardent his patriotism, and so great the influence he had exercised over that nation of which he was the pride, that Continental princes listened to the news of his breaking with Edward as they would have done to that of an empire in convulsions.

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading So grand was the earl's fame, so high his character, so ardent his patriotism, and so great the influence he had exercised over that nation of which he was the pride, that Continental princes listened to the news of his breaking with Edward as they would have done to that of an empire in convulsions.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading When Warwick sailed from Dartmouth as a mortal foe of the man whom, ten years earlier, he had seated on the throne of the Plantagenets, the excitement created by the event was not confined to England.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Sir Walter Scott has rendered Louis, with his peculiarities of mind, manner, and dress, familiar to the readers of "Quentin Durward."

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading So grand was the earl's fame, so high his character, so ardent his patriotism, and so great the influence he had exercised over that nation of which he was the pride, that Continental princes listened to the news of his breaking with Edward as they would have done to that of an empire in convulsions.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading When Warwick sailed from Dartmouth as a mortal foe of the man whom, ten years earlier, he had seated on the throne of the Plantagenets, the excitement created by the event was not confined to England.

highadjectiveUS /haɪ/

greater than normal in degree or intensity or amount

From this reading So grand was the earl's fame, so high his character, so ardent his patriotism, and so great the influence he had exercised over that nation of which he was the pride, that Continental princes listened to the news of his breaking with Edward as they would have done to that of an empire in convulsions.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading So grand was the earl's fame, so high his character, so ardent his patriotism, and so great the influence he had exercised over that nation of which he was the pride, that Continental princes listened to the news of his breaking with Edward as they would have done to that of an empire in convulsions.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading So grand was the earl's fame, so high his character, so ardent his patriotism, and so great the influence he had exercised over that nation of which he was the pride, that Continental princes listened to the news of his breaking with Edward as they would have done to that of an empire in convulsions.

indeedadverbUS /ˌɪnˈdiːd/

in truth (often tends to intensify)

From this reading The circumstances of the King of France and the Duke of Burgundy especially were such that they could not have remained indifferent to what was passing; and lively, indeed, was the interest which Charles the Rash and Louis the Crafty exhibited on the occasion.

indifferentadjectiveUS /ˌɪnˈdɪfrənt/

marked by a lack of interest

From this reading The circumstances of the King of France and the Duke of Burgundy especially were such that they could not have remained indifferent to what was passing; and lively, indeed, was the interest which Charles the Rash and Louis the Crafty exhibited on the occasion.

influencenounUS /ˈɪnfluːəns/

a power to affect persons or events especially power based on prestige etc

From this reading So grand was the earl's fame, so high his character, so ardent his patriotism, and so great the influence he had exercised over that nation of which he was the pride, that Continental princes listened to the news of his breaking with Edward as they would have done to that of an empire in convulsions.

interestnounUS /ˈɪntrəst/

a sense of concern with and curiosity about someone or something

From this reading The circumstances of the King of France and the Duke of Burgundy especially were such that they could not have remained indifferent to what was passing; and lively, indeed, was the interest which Charles the Rash and Louis the Crafty exhibited on the occasion.

KingnounUS /kɪŋ/

a male sovereign; ruler of a kingdom

From this reading The circumstances of the King of France and the Duke of Burgundy especially were such that they could not have remained indifferent to what was passing; and lively, indeed, was the interest which Charles the Rash and Louis the Crafty exhibited on the occasion.

listenedverbUS /ˈlɪsənd/

past form of “listen” — hear with intention

From this reading So grand was the earl's fame, so high his character, so ardent his patriotism, and so great the influence he had exercised over that nation of which he was the pride, that Continental princes listened to the news of his breaking with Edward as they would have done to that of an empire in convulsions.

livelyadjectiveUS /ˈlaɪvli/

full of life and energy

From this reading The circumstances of the King of France and the Duke of Burgundy especially were such that they could not have remained indifferent to what was passing; and lively, indeed, was the interest which Charles the Rash and Louis the Crafty exhibited on the occasion.

LOUISnounUS /ˈluːɪs/

United States prizefighter who was world heavyweight champion for 12 years (1914-1981)

From this reading LOUIS THE CRAFTY.

mannounUS /mæn/

an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)

From this reading When Warwick sailed from Dartmouth as a mortal foe of the man whom, ten years earlier, he had seated on the throne of the Plantagenets, the excitement created by the event was not confined to England.

mannernounUS /ˈmænər/

how something is done or how it happens

From this reading Sir Walter Scott has rendered Louis, with his peculiarities of mind, manner, and dress, familiar to the readers of "Quentin Durward."

mindnounUS /maɪnd/

The element of a person that enables awareness and thought.

From this reading Sir Walter Scott has rendered Louis, with his peculiarities of mind, manner, and dress, familiar to the readers of "Quentin Durward."

mortaladjectiveUS /ˈmɔːrtəl/

subject to death

From this reading When Warwick sailed from Dartmouth as a mortal foe of the man whom, ten years earlier, he had seated on the throne of the Plantagenets, the excitement created by the event was not confined to England.

nationnounUS /ˈneɪʃən/

a politically organized body of people under a single government

From this reading So grand was the earl's fame, so high his character, so ardent his patriotism, and so great the influence he had exercised over that nation of which he was the pride, that Continental princes listened to the news of his breaking with Edward as they would have done to that of an empire in convulsions.

newsnounUS /nuːz/

information about recent and important events

From this reading So grand was the earl's fame, so high his character, so ardent his patriotism, and so great the influence he had exercised over that nation of which he was the pride, that Continental princes listened to the news of his breaking with Edward as they would have done to that of an empire in convulsions.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading When Warwick sailed from Dartmouth as a mortal foe of the man whom, ten years earlier, he had seated on the throne of the Plantagenets, the excitement created by the event was not confined to England.

occasionnounUS /əˈkeɪʒən/

an event that occurs at a critical time

From this reading The circumstances of the King of France and the Duke of Burgundy especially were such that they could not have remained indifferent to what was passing; and lively, indeed, was the interest which Charles the Rash and Louis the Crafty exhibited on the occasion.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading When Warwick sailed from Dartmouth as a mortal foe of the man whom, ten years earlier, he had seated on the throne of the Plantagenets, the excitement created by the event was not confined to England.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading When Warwick sailed from Dartmouth as a mortal foe of the man whom, ten years earlier, he had seated on the throne of the Plantagenets, the excitement created by the event was not confined to England.

overprepositionUS /ˈoʊvər/

above and across; more than

From this reading So grand was the earl's fame, so high his character, so ardent his patriotism, and so great the influence he had exercised over that nation of which he was the pride, that Continental princes listened to the news of his breaking with Edward as they would have done to that of an empire in convulsions.

passingnounUS /ˈpæsɪŋ/

(American football) a play that involves one player throwing the ball to a teammate

From this reading The circumstances of the King of France and the Duke of Burgundy especially were such that they could not have remained indifferent to what was passing; and lively, indeed, was the interest which Charles the Rash and Louis the Crafty exhibited on the occasion.

patriotismnounUS /ˈpeɪtriətɪzəm/

love of country and willingness to sacrifice for it

From this reading So grand was the earl's fame, so high his character, so ardent his patriotism, and so great the influence he had exercised over that nation of which he was the pride, that Continental princes listened to the news of his breaking with Edward as they would have done to that of an empire in convulsions.

peculiaritiesnounUS /pɪˌkjuːliˈerətiz/

plural of “peculiarity” — an odd or unusual characteristic

From this reading Sir Walter Scott has rendered Louis, with his peculiarities of mind, manner, and dress, familiar to the readers of "Quentin Durward."

Plantagenets

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading When Warwick sailed from Dartmouth as a mortal foe of the man whom, ten years earlier, he had seated on the throne of the Plantagenets, the excitement created by the event was not confined to England.

pridenounUS /praɪd/

a feeling of self-respect and personal worth

From this reading So grand was the earl's fame, so high his character, so ardent his patriotism, and so great the influence he had exercised over that nation of which he was the pride, that Continental princes listened to the news of his breaking with Edward as they would have done to that of an empire in convulsions.

princesnounUS /ˈprɪnsəz/

plural of “prince” — a male member of a royal family other than the sovereign (especially the son of a sovereign)

From this reading So grand was the earl's fame, so high his character, so ardent his patriotism, and so great the influence he had exercised over that nation of which he was the pride, that Continental princes listened to the news of his breaking with Edward as they would have done to that of an empire in convulsions.

Quentin

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Sir Walter Scott has rendered Louis, with his peculiarities of mind, manner, and dress, familiar to the readers of "Quentin Durward."

RashnounUS /ræʃ/

any red eruption of the skin

From this reading The circumstances of the King of France and the Duke of Burgundy especially were such that they could not have remained indifferent to what was passing; and lively, indeed, was the interest which Charles the Rash and Louis the Crafty exhibited on the occasion.

readersnounUS /ˈriːdərz/

plural of “reader” — a person who enjoys reading

From this reading Sir Walter Scott has rendered Louis, with his peculiarities of mind, manner, and dress, familiar to the readers of "Quentin Durward."

remainedverbUS /rɪˈmeɪnd/

past form of “remain” — stay the same; remain in a certain state

From this reading The circumstances of the King of France and the Duke of Burgundy especially were such that they could not have remained indifferent to what was passing; and lively, indeed, was the interest which Charles the Rash and Louis the Crafty exhibited on the occasion.

renderedverbUS /ˈrendərd/

past form of “render” — cause to become

From this reading Sir Walter Scott has rendered Louis, with his peculiarities of mind, manner, and dress, familiar to the readers of "Quentin Durward."

sailedverbUS /seɪld/

past form of “sail” — traverse or travel on (a body of water)

From this reading When Warwick sailed from Dartmouth as a mortal foe of the man whom, ten years earlier, he had seated on the throne of the Plantagenets, the excitement created by the event was not confined to England.

ScottnounUS /skɑːt/

award-winning United States film actor (1928-1999)

From this reading Sir Walter Scott has rendered Louis, with his peculiarities of mind, manner, and dress, familiar to the readers of "Quentin Durward."

seatedadjectiveUS /ˈsiːtɪd/

(of persons) having the torso erect and legs bent with the body supported on the buttocks

From this reading When Warwick sailed from Dartmouth as a mortal foe of the man whom, ten years earlier, he had seated on the throne of the Plantagenets, the excitement created by the event was not confined to England.

SirnounUS /sɜːr/

term of address for a man

From this reading Sir Walter Scott has rendered Louis, with his peculiarities of mind, manner, and dress, familiar to the readers of "Quentin Durward."

SoconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading So grand was the earl's fame, so high his character, so ardent his patriotism, and so great the influence he had exercised over that nation of which he was the pride, that Continental princes listened to the news of his breaking with Edward as they would have done to that of an empire in convulsions.

suchdeterminerUS /sʌtʃ/

of the kind already mentioned

From this reading The circumstances of the King of France and the Duke of Burgundy especially were such that they could not have remained indifferent to what was passing; and lively, indeed, was the interest which Charles the Rash and Louis the Crafty exhibited on the occasion.

tennounUS /ten/

the cardinal number that is the sum of nine and one; the base of the decimal system

From this reading When Warwick sailed from Dartmouth as a mortal foe of the man whom, ten years earlier, he had seated on the throne of the Plantagenets, the excitement created by the event was not confined to England.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading So grand was the earl's fame, so high his character, so ardent his patriotism, and so great the influence he had exercised over that nation of which he was the pride, that Continental princes listened to the news of his breaking with Edward as they would have done to that of an empire in convulsions.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading LOUIS THE CRAFTY.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading So grand was the earl's fame, so high his character, so ardent his patriotism, and so great the influence he had exercised over that nation of which he was the pride, that Continental princes listened to the news of his breaking with Edward as they would have done to that of an empire in convulsions.

thronenounUS /θroʊn/

the chair of state for a monarch, bishop, etc.

From this reading When Warwick sailed from Dartmouth as a mortal foe of the man whom, ten years earlier, he had seated on the throne of the Plantagenets, the excitement created by the event was not confined to England.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading When Warwick sailed from Dartmouth as a mortal foe of the man whom, ten years earlier, he had seated on the throne of the Plantagenets, the excitement created by the event was not confined to England.

WalternounUS /ˈwɔːltər/

German conductor (1876-1962)

From this reading Sir Walter Scott has rendered Louis, with his peculiarities of mind, manner, and dress, familiar to the readers of "Quentin Durward."

WarwicknounUS /ˈwɔːrwɪk/

English statesman; during the War of the Roses he fought first for the house of York and secured the throne for Edward IV and then changed sides to fight for the house of Lancaster and secured the throne for Henry VI (1428-1471)

From this reading When Warwick sailed from Dartmouth as a mortal foe of the man whom, ten years earlier, he had seated on the throne of the Plantagenets, the excitement created by the event was not confined to England.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading When Warwick sailed from Dartmouth as a mortal foe of the man whom, ten years earlier, he had seated on the throne of the Plantagenets, the excitement created by the event was not confined to England.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading The circumstances of the King of France and the Duke of Burgundy especially were such that they could not have remained indifferent to what was passing; and lively, indeed, was the interest which Charles the Rash and Louis the Crafty exhibited on the occasion.

whatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading The circumstances of the King of France and the Duke of Burgundy especially were such that they could not have remained indifferent to what was passing; and lively, indeed, was the interest which Charles the Rash and Louis the Crafty exhibited on the occasion.

WhenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading When Warwick sailed from Dartmouth as a mortal foe of the man whom, ten years earlier, he had seated on the throne of the Plantagenets, the excitement created by the event was not confined to England.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading So grand was the earl's fame, so high his character, so ardent his patriotism, and so great the influence he had exercised over that nation of which he was the pride, that Continental princes listened to the news of his breaking with Edward as they would have done to that of an empire in convulsions.

whompronounUS /huːm/

the form of “who” used as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading When Warwick sailed from Dartmouth as a mortal foe of the man whom, ten years earlier, he had seated on the throne of the Plantagenets, the excitement created by the event was not confined to England.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading So grand was the earl's fame, so high his character, so ardent his patriotism, and so great the influence he had exercised over that nation of which he was the pride, that Continental princes listened to the news of his breaking with Edward as they would have done to that of an empire in convulsions.

wouldmodal verbUS /wʊd/

used for something imagined, polite, or habitual in the past

From this reading So grand was the earl's fame, so high his character, so ardent his patriotism, and so great the influence he had exercised over that nation of which he was the pride, that Continental princes listened to the news of his breaking with Edward as they would have done to that of an empire in convulsions.

yearsnounUS /jɪrz/

a late time of life

From this reading When Warwick sailed from Dartmouth as a mortal foe of the man whom, ten years earlier, he had seated on the throne of the Plantagenets, the excitement created by the event was not confined to England.

Chapter 18 of The Wars of the Roses by John G. (John George) Edgar holds 54 sentences, grouped into 11 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 18 of The Wars of the Roses contain?

Chapter 18 holds 54 sentences of The Wars of the Roses, unabridged, divided into 11 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 18 of The Wars of the Roses by John G. (John George) Edgar exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 54 sentences, grouped into 11 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 18 of The Wars of the Roses?

Work through the 11 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 11 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 18 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 18 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The Wars of the Roses

Common questions about reading The Wars of the Roses by John G. (John George) Edgar on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The Wars of the Roses?

Yes. All 3418 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #46132 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The Wars of the Roses is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #46132, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The Wars of the Roses take to read?

About 284 minutes of reading across 684 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read The Wars of the Roses section by section

How to work through The Wars of the Roses section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 40 chapters of The Wars of the Roses to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in The Wars of the Roses

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Wars of the Roses, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Stories
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Wars of the Roses; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Struggle
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Wars of the Roses; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Lancaster
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Wars of the Roses; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Author
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Wars of the Roses; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.