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The Wars of the Roses
The Wars of the Roses

Chapter XIX

Chapter 19 of The Wars of the Roses is here in full — 147 sentences across 30 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/29 · 5 lines
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"THE STOUT EARL" AND "THE FOREIGN WOMAN."
It was the spring of 1470 when Warwick left the shores of England, accompanied by the Duke of Clarence, by the Countess of Warwick, and by her two daughters.
The king-maker sailed toward Calais, of which, since 1455, he had been captain-general.
At Calais Warwick expected welcome and safety.
Such, indeed, had been his influence in the city in former days that his dismissal by the Lancastrian king had proved an idle ceremony; and, moreover, he relied with confidence on the fidelity of Lord Vauclerc, a Gascon, whom, years before, he had left as his deputy in the government.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Wars of the Roses

Chapter XIX

Chapter 19 of The Wars of the Roses is here in full — 147 sentences across 30 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/29 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
"THE STOUT EARL" AND "THE FOREIGN WOMAN."
/ðə staʊt ɜːrl ənd ðə ˈfɔːrən ˈwʊmən/
Line 2
It was the spring of 1470 when Warwick left the shores of England, accompanied by the Duke of Clarence, by the Countess of Warwick, and by her two daughters.
Line 3
The king-maker sailed toward Calais, of which, since 1455, he had been captain-general.
Line 4
At Calais Warwick expected welcome and safety.
/æt kəˈleɪ ˈwɔːrwɪk ɪkˈspektəd ˈwelkəm ənd ˈseɪfti/
Line 5
Such, indeed, had been his influence in the city in former days that his dismissal by the Lancastrian king had proved an idle ceremony; and, moreover, he relied with confidence on the fidelity of Lord Vauclerc, a Gascon, whom, years before, he had left as his deputy in the government.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Calais noun US /kəˈleɪ/

a town in northern France on the Strait of Dover that serves as a ferry port to England

From this reading “The king-maker sailed toward Calais, of which, since 1455, he had been captain-general.”

Clarence noun US /ˈklerəns/

a closed carriage with four wheels and seats for four passengers

From this reading “It was the spring of 1470 when Warwick left the shores of England, accompanied by the Duke of Clarence, by the Countess of Warwick, and by her two daughters.”

deputy noun US /ˈdepjəti/

someone authorized to exercise the powers of sheriff in emergencies

From this reading “Such, indeed, had been his influence in the city in former days that his dismissal by the Lancastrian king had proved an idle ceremony; and, moreover, he relied with confidence on the fidelity of Lord Vauclerc, a Gascon, whom, years before, he had left as his deputy in the government.”

dismissal noun US /dɪˈsmɪsəl/

a judgment disposing of the matter without a trial

From this reading “Such, indeed, had been his influence in the city in former days that his dismissal by the Lancastrian king had proved an idle ceremony; and, moreover, he relied with confidence on the fidelity of Lord Vauclerc, a Gascon, whom, years before, he had left as his deputy in the government.”

fidelity noun US /fəˈdeləti/

accuracy with which an electronic system reproduces the sound or image of its input signal

From this reading “Such, indeed, had been his influence in the city in former days that his dismissal by the Lancastrian king had proved an idle ceremony; and, moreover, he relied with confidence on the fidelity of Lord Vauclerc, a Gascon, whom, years before, he had left as his deputy in the government.”

Lancastrian noun US /ˌlæŋˈkæstriən/

a member (or supporter) of the house of Lancaster

From this reading “Such, indeed, had been his influence in the city in former days that his dismissal by the Lancastrian king had proved an idle ceremony; and, moreover, he relied with confidence on the fidelity of Lord Vauclerc, a Gascon, whom, years before, he had left as his deputy in the government.”

relied verb US /rɪˈlaɪd/

inflected form of “rely” — have faith or confidence in

From this reading “Such, indeed, had been his influence in the city in former days that his dismissal by the Lancastrian king had proved an idle ceremony; and, moreover, he relied with confidence on the fidelity of Lord Vauclerc, a Gascon, whom, years before, he had left as his deputy in the government.”

Warwick noun US /ˈwɔːrwɪk/

English statesman; during the War of the Roses he fought first for the house of York and secured the throne for Edward IV and then changed sides to fight for the house of Lancaster and secured the throne for Henry VI (1428-1471)

From this reading “It was the spring of 1470 when Warwick left the shores of England, accompanied by the Duke of Clarence, by the Countess of Warwick, and by her two daughters.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

former days adjective + noun

In this reading “Such, indeed, had been his influence in the city in former days that his dismissal by the Lancastrian king had proved an idle ceremony; and, moreover, he relied with confidence on the fidelity of Lord Vauclerc, a Gascon, whom, years before, he had left as his deputy in the government.”

two daughters noun + noun counted as “two daughter”

In this reading “It was the spring of 1470 when Warwick left the shores of England, accompanied by the Duke of Clarence, by the Countess of Warwick, and by her two daughters.”

in the city preposition + article + noun counted as “in … city”

In this reading “Such, indeed, had been his influence in the city in former days that his dismissal by the Lancastrian king had proved an idle ceremony; and, moreover, he relied with confidence on the fidelity of Lord Vauclerc, a Gascon, whom, years before, he had left as his deputy in the government.”

All words in this reading · 71

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1455

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The king-maker sailed toward Calais, of which, since 1455, he had been captain-general.

1470

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It was the spring of 1470 when Warwick left the shores of England, accompanied by the Duke of Clarence, by the Countess of Warwick, and by her two daughters.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Such, indeed, had been his influence in the city in former days that his dismissal by the Lancastrian king had proved an idle ceremony; and, moreover, he relied with confidence on the fidelity of Lord Vauclerc, a Gascon, whom, years before, he had left as his deputy in the government.

accompaniedadjectiveUS /əˈkʌmpənid/

having companions or an escort

From this reading It was the spring of 1470 when Warwick left the shores of England, accompanied by the Duke of Clarence, by the Countess of Warwick, and by her two daughters.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading Such, indeed, had been his influence in the city in former days that his dismissal by the Lancastrian king had proved an idle ceremony; and, moreover, he relied with confidence on the fidelity of Lord Vauclerc, a Gascon, whom, years before, he had left as his deputy in the government.

ANDconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading "THE STOUT EARL" AND "THE FOREIGN WOMAN."

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading Such, indeed, had been his influence in the city in former days that his dismissal by the Lancastrian king had proved an idle ceremony; and, moreover, he relied with confidence on the fidelity of Lord Vauclerc, a Gascon, whom, years before, he had left as his deputy in the government.

AtprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading At Calais Warwick expected welcome and safety.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading The king-maker sailed toward Calais, of which, since 1455, he had been captain-general.

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading Such, indeed, had been his influence in the city in former days that his dismissal by the Lancastrian king had proved an idle ceremony; and, moreover, he relied with confidence on the fidelity of Lord Vauclerc, a Gascon, whom, years before, he had left as his deputy in the government.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading It was the spring of 1470 when Warwick left the shores of England, accompanied by the Duke of Clarence, by the Countess of Warwick, and by her two daughters.

CalaisnounUS /kəˈleɪ/

a town in northern France on the Strait of Dover that serves as a ferry port to England

From this reading The king-maker sailed toward Calais, of which, since 1455, he had been captain-general.

captain-general

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The king-maker sailed toward Calais, of which, since 1455, he had been captain-general.

ceremonynounUS /ˈserəmoʊni/

a formal event performed on a special occasion

From this reading Such, indeed, had been his influence in the city in former days that his dismissal by the Lancastrian king had proved an idle ceremony; and, moreover, he relied with confidence on the fidelity of Lord Vauclerc, a Gascon, whom, years before, he had left as his deputy in the government.

citynounUS /ˈsɪti/

a large and densely populated urban area; may include several independent administrative districts

From this reading Such, indeed, had been his influence in the city in former days that his dismissal by the Lancastrian king had proved an idle ceremony; and, moreover, he relied with confidence on the fidelity of Lord Vauclerc, a Gascon, whom, years before, he had left as his deputy in the government.

ClarencenounUS /ˈklerəns/

a closed carriage with four wheels and seats for four passengers

From this reading It was the spring of 1470 when Warwick left the shores of England, accompanied by the Duke of Clarence, by the Countess of Warwick, and by her two daughters.

confidencenounUS /ˈkɑːnfədəns/

freedom from doubt; belief in yourself and your abilities

From this reading Such, indeed, had been his influence in the city in former days that his dismissal by the Lancastrian king had proved an idle ceremony; and, moreover, he relied with confidence on the fidelity of Lord Vauclerc, a Gascon, whom, years before, he had left as his deputy in the government.

CountessnounUS /ˈkaʊntəs/

female equivalent of a count or earl

From this reading It was the spring of 1470 when Warwick left the shores of England, accompanied by the Duke of Clarence, by the Countess of Warwick, and by her two daughters.

daughtersnounUS /ˈdɔːtərz/

plural of “daughter” — a female human offspring

From this reading It was the spring of 1470 when Warwick left the shores of England, accompanied by the Duke of Clarence, by the Countess of Warwick, and by her two daughters.

daysnounUS /deɪz/

the time during which someone's life continues

From this reading Such, indeed, had been his influence in the city in former days that his dismissal by the Lancastrian king had proved an idle ceremony; and, moreover, he relied with confidence on the fidelity of Lord Vauclerc, a Gascon, whom, years before, he had left as his deputy in the government.

deputynounUS /ˈdepjəti/

someone authorized to exercise the powers of sheriff in emergencies

From this reading Such, indeed, had been his influence in the city in former days that his dismissal by the Lancastrian king had proved an idle ceremony; and, moreover, he relied with confidence on the fidelity of Lord Vauclerc, a Gascon, whom, years before, he had left as his deputy in the government.

dismissalnounUS /dɪˈsmɪsəl/

a judgment disposing of the matter without a trial

From this reading Such, indeed, had been his influence in the city in former days that his dismissal by the Lancastrian king had proved an idle ceremony; and, moreover, he relied with confidence on the fidelity of Lord Vauclerc, a Gascon, whom, years before, he had left as his deputy in the government.

DukenounUS /duːk/

a British peer of the highest rank

From this reading It was the spring of 1470 when Warwick left the shores of England, accompanied by the Duke of Clarence, by the Countess of Warwick, and by her two daughters.

EARLnounUS /ɜːrl/

a British peer ranking below a marquess and above a viscount

From this reading "THE STOUT EARL" AND "THE FOREIGN WOMAN."

EnglandnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlənd/

a division of the United Kingdom

From this reading It was the spring of 1470 when Warwick left the shores of England, accompanied by the Duke of Clarence, by the Countess of Warwick, and by her two daughters.

expectedadjectiveUS /ɪkˈspektəd/

considered likely or probable to happen or arrive

From this reading At Calais Warwick expected welcome and safety.

fidelitynounUS /fəˈdeləti/

accuracy with which an electronic system reproduces the sound or image of its input signal

From this reading Such, indeed, had been his influence in the city in former days that his dismissal by the Lancastrian king had proved an idle ceremony; and, moreover, he relied with confidence on the fidelity of Lord Vauclerc, a Gascon, whom, years before, he had left as his deputy in the government.

FOREIGNadjectiveUS /ˈfɔːrən/

of concern to or concerning the affairs of other nations (other than your own)

From this reading "THE STOUT EARL" AND "THE FOREIGN WOMAN."

formeradjectiveUS /ˈfɔːrmər/

referring to the first of two things or persons mentioned (or the earlier one or ones of several)

From this reading Such, indeed, had been his influence in the city in former days that his dismissal by the Lancastrian king had proved an idle ceremony; and, moreover, he relied with confidence on the fidelity of Lord Vauclerc, a Gascon, whom, years before, he had left as his deputy in the government.

Gascon

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Such, indeed, had been his influence in the city in former days that his dismissal by the Lancastrian king had proved an idle ceremony; and, moreover, he relied with confidence on the fidelity of Lord Vauclerc, a Gascon, whom, years before, he had left as his deputy in the government.

governmentnounUS /ˈɡʌvərmənt/

the organization that is the governing authority of a political unit

From this reading Such, indeed, had been his influence in the city in former days that his dismissal by the Lancastrian king had proved an idle ceremony; and, moreover, he relied with confidence on the fidelity of Lord Vauclerc, a Gascon, whom, years before, he had left as his deputy in the government.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading The king-maker sailed toward Calais, of which, since 1455, he had been captain-general.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading The king-maker sailed toward Calais, of which, since 1455, he had been captain-general.

herdeterminerUS /hɜːr/

belonging to a woman, girl, or female animal already mentioned

From this reading It was the spring of 1470 when Warwick left the shores of England, accompanied by the Duke of Clarence, by the Countess of Warwick, and by her two daughters.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading Such, indeed, had been his influence in the city in former days that his dismissal by the Lancastrian king had proved an idle ceremony; and, moreover, he relied with confidence on the fidelity of Lord Vauclerc, a Gascon, whom, years before, he had left as his deputy in the government.

idleadjectiveUS /ˈaɪdəl/

not in action or at work

From this reading Such, indeed, had been his influence in the city in former days that his dismissal by the Lancastrian king had proved an idle ceremony; and, moreover, he relied with confidence on the fidelity of Lord Vauclerc, a Gascon, whom, years before, he had left as his deputy in the government.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Such, indeed, had been his influence in the city in former days that his dismissal by the Lancastrian king had proved an idle ceremony; and, moreover, he relied with confidence on the fidelity of Lord Vauclerc, a Gascon, whom, years before, he had left as his deputy in the government.

indeedadverbUS /ˌɪnˈdiːd/

in truth (often tends to intensify)

From this reading Such, indeed, had been his influence in the city in former days that his dismissal by the Lancastrian king had proved an idle ceremony; and, moreover, he relied with confidence on the fidelity of Lord Vauclerc, a Gascon, whom, years before, he had left as his deputy in the government.

influencenounUS /ˈɪnfluːəns/

a power to affect persons or events especially power based on prestige etc

From this reading Such, indeed, had been his influence in the city in former days that his dismissal by the Lancastrian king had proved an idle ceremony; and, moreover, he relied with confidence on the fidelity of Lord Vauclerc, a Gascon, whom, years before, he had left as his deputy in the government.

ItpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading It was the spring of 1470 when Warwick left the shores of England, accompanied by the Duke of Clarence, by the Countess of Warwick, and by her two daughters.

kingnounUS /kɪŋ/

a male sovereign; ruler of a kingdom

From this reading Such, indeed, had been his influence in the city in former days that his dismissal by the Lancastrian king had proved an idle ceremony; and, moreover, he relied with confidence on the fidelity of Lord Vauclerc, a Gascon, whom, years before, he had left as his deputy in the government.

king-maker

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The king-maker sailed toward Calais, of which, since 1455, he had been captain-general.

LancastriannounUS /ˌlæŋˈkæstriən/

a member (or supporter) of the house of Lancaster

From this reading Such, indeed, had been his influence in the city in former days that his dismissal by the Lancastrian king had proved an idle ceremony; and, moreover, he relied with confidence on the fidelity of Lord Vauclerc, a Gascon, whom, years before, he had left as his deputy in the government.

leftnounUS /left/

location near or direction toward the left side; i.e. the side to the north when a person or object faces east

From this reading It was the spring of 1470 when Warwick left the shores of England, accompanied by the Duke of Clarence, by the Countess of Warwick, and by her two daughters.

LordnounUS /lɔːrd/

terms referring to the Judeo-Christian God

From this reading Such, indeed, had been his influence in the city in former days that his dismissal by the Lancastrian king had proved an idle ceremony; and, moreover, he relied with confidence on the fidelity of Lord Vauclerc, a Gascon, whom, years before, he had left as his deputy in the government.

moreoveradverbUS /mɔːˈroʊvər/

in addition to what has just been said

From this reading Such, indeed, had been his influence in the city in former days that his dismissal by the Lancastrian king had proved an idle ceremony; and, moreover, he relied with confidence on the fidelity of Lord Vauclerc, a Gascon, whom, years before, he had left as his deputy in the government.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading It was the spring of 1470 when Warwick left the shores of England, accompanied by the Duke of Clarence, by the Countess of Warwick, and by her two daughters.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading Such, indeed, had been his influence in the city in former days that his dismissal by the Lancastrian king had proved an idle ceremony; and, moreover, he relied with confidence on the fidelity of Lord Vauclerc, a Gascon, whom, years before, he had left as his deputy in the government.

provedadjectiveUS /pruːvd/

established beyond doubt

From this reading Such, indeed, had been his influence in the city in former days that his dismissal by the Lancastrian king had proved an idle ceremony; and, moreover, he relied with confidence on the fidelity of Lord Vauclerc, a Gascon, whom, years before, he had left as his deputy in the government.

reliedverbUS /rɪˈlaɪd/

inflected form of “rely” — have faith or confidence in

From this reading Such, indeed, had been his influence in the city in former days that his dismissal by the Lancastrian king had proved an idle ceremony; and, moreover, he relied with confidence on the fidelity of Lord Vauclerc, a Gascon, whom, years before, he had left as his deputy in the government.

safetynounUS /ˈseɪfti/

the state of being certain that adverse effects will not be caused by some agent under defined conditions

From this reading At Calais Warwick expected welcome and safety.

sailedverbUS /seɪld/

past form of “sail” — traverse or travel on (a body of water)

From this reading The king-maker sailed toward Calais, of which, since 1455, he had been captain-general.

shoresnounUS /ʃɔːrz/

plural of “shore” — the land along the edge of a body of water

From this reading It was the spring of 1470 when Warwick left the shores of England, accompanied by the Duke of Clarence, by the Countess of Warwick, and by her two daughters.

sinceprepositionUS /sɪns/

from a time in the past until now

From this reading The king-maker sailed toward Calais, of which, since 1455, he had been captain-general.

springnounUS /sprɪŋ/

the season of growth

From this reading It was the spring of 1470 when Warwick left the shores of England, accompanied by the Duke of Clarence, by the Countess of Warwick, and by her two daughters.

STOUTadjectiveUS /staʊt/

dependable

From this reading "THE STOUT EARL" AND "THE FOREIGN WOMAN."

SuchdeterminerUS /sʌtʃ/

of the kind already mentioned

From this reading Such, indeed, had been his influence in the city in former days that his dismissal by the Lancastrian king had proved an idle ceremony; and, moreover, he relied with confidence on the fidelity of Lord Vauclerc, a Gascon, whom, years before, he had left as his deputy in the government.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading Such, indeed, had been his influence in the city in former days that his dismissal by the Lancastrian king had proved an idle ceremony; and, moreover, he relied with confidence on the fidelity of Lord Vauclerc, a Gascon, whom, years before, he had left as his deputy in the government.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading "THE STOUT EARL" AND "THE FOREIGN WOMAN."

towardprepositionUS /təˈwɔːrd/

in the direction of

From this reading The king-maker sailed toward Calais, of which, since 1455, he had been captain-general.

twonounUS /tuː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number

From this reading It was the spring of 1470 when Warwick left the shores of England, accompanied by the Duke of Clarence, by the Countess of Warwick, and by her two daughters.

Vauclerc

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Such, indeed, had been his influence in the city in former days that his dismissal by the Lancastrian king had proved an idle ceremony; and, moreover, he relied with confidence on the fidelity of Lord Vauclerc, a Gascon, whom, years before, he had left as his deputy in the government.

WarwicknounUS /ˈwɔːrwɪk/

English statesman; during the War of the Roses he fought first for the house of York and secured the throne for Edward IV and then changed sides to fight for the house of Lancaster and secured the throne for Henry VI (1428-1471)

From this reading It was the spring of 1470 when Warwick left the shores of England, accompanied by the Duke of Clarence, by the Countess of Warwick, and by her two daughters.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading It was the spring of 1470 when Warwick left the shores of England, accompanied by the Duke of Clarence, by the Countess of Warwick, and by her two daughters.

welcomeverbUS /ˈwelkəm/

accept gladly

From this reading At Calais Warwick expected welcome and safety.

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading It was the spring of 1470 when Warwick left the shores of England, accompanied by the Duke of Clarence, by the Countess of Warwick, and by her two daughters.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading The king-maker sailed toward Calais, of which, since 1455, he had been captain-general.

whompronounUS /huːm/

the form of “who” used as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading Such, indeed, had been his influence in the city in former days that his dismissal by the Lancastrian king had proved an idle ceremony; and, moreover, he relied with confidence on the fidelity of Lord Vauclerc, a Gascon, whom, years before, he had left as his deputy in the government.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading Such, indeed, had been his influence in the city in former days that his dismissal by the Lancastrian king had proved an idle ceremony; and, moreover, he relied with confidence on the fidelity of Lord Vauclerc, a Gascon, whom, years before, he had left as his deputy in the government.

WOMANnounUS /ˈwʊmən/

an adult female person (as opposed to a man)

From this reading "THE STOUT EARL" AND "THE FOREIGN WOMAN."

yearsnounUS /jɪrz/

a late time of life

From this reading Such, indeed, had been his influence in the city in former days that his dismissal by the Lancastrian king had proved an idle ceremony; and, moreover, he relied with confidence on the fidelity of Lord Vauclerc, a Gascon, whom, years before, he had left as his deputy in the government.

Chapter 19 of The Wars of the Roses by John G. (John George) Edgar holds 147 sentences, grouped into 30 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 19 of The Wars of the Roses contain?

Chapter 19 holds 147 sentences of The Wars of the Roses, unabridged, divided into 30 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 19 of The Wars of the Roses by John G. (John George) Edgar exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 147 sentences, grouped into 30 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 19 of The Wars of the Roses?

Work through the 30 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 30 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

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Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 19 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The Wars of the Roses

Common questions about reading The Wars of the Roses by John G. (John George) Edgar on this page, its source edition and its audio.

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  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in The Wars of the Roses

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Wars of the Roses, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Stories
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Wars of the Roses; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Struggle
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Wars of the Roses; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Lancaster
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Wars of the Roses; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Author
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Wars of the Roses; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.