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The Wars of the Roses
The Wars of the Roses

Chapter XXVIII

Chapter 28 of The Wars of the Roses is here in full — 44 sentences across 9 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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A DUKE IN RAGS.
Among the Lancastrian chiefs who survived the two fields on which the Red Rose was trodden under the hoofs of King Edward's charger, none was destined to a more wretched fate than the conqueror's own brother-in-law, Henry, Duke of Exeter.
The career of this chief of the family of Holland, from his cradle to his grave, forms a most melancholy chapter in the annals of the period.
The Hollands were somewhat inferior in origin to most of the great barons who fought in the Wars of the Roses.
The founder of the house was a poor knight, who, from being secretary to an Earl of Lancaster, rose to some post of importance.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

The Wars of the Roses

Chapter XXVIII

Chapter 28 of The Wars of the Roses is here in full — 44 sentences across 9 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/8 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
A DUKE IN RAGS.
/ə duːk ɪn ræɡz/
Line 2
Among the Lancastrian chiefs who survived the two fields on which the Red Rose was trodden under the hoofs of King Edward's charger, none was destined to a more wretched fate than the conqueror's own brother-in-law, Henry, Duke of Exeter.
Line 3
The career of this chief of the family of Holland, from his cradle to his grave, forms a most melancholy chapter in the annals of the period.
/ðə kərˈɪr ʌv ðɪs tʃiːf ʌv ðə ˈfæməli ʌv ˈhɑːlənd frʌm hɪz ˈkreɪdəl tuː hɪz ɡreɪv fɔːrmz ə moʊst ˈmelənkɑːli ˈtʃæptər ɪn ðə ˈænəlz ʌv ðə ˈpɪriəd/
Line 4
The Hollands were somewhat inferior in origin to most of the great barons who fought in the Wars of the Roses.
/ðə ˈhɑːləndz wɜːr ˈsʌmˈwʌt ˌɪnˈfɪriər ɪn ˈɔːrədʒən tuː moʊst ʌv ðə ɡreɪt ˈbærənz huː fɔːt ɪn ðə wɔːrz ʌv ðə ˈroʊzɪz/
Line 5
The founder of the house was a poor knight, who, from being secretary to an Earl of Lancaster, rose to some post of importance.
/ðə ˈfaʊndər ʌv ðə haʊs wɑːz ə puːr naɪt huː frʌm ˈbiːɪŋ ˈsekrəteri tuː æn ɜːrl ʌv ˈlænkæstər roʊz tuː sʌm poʊst ʌv ˌɪmˈpɔːrtəns/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

annals noun US /ˈænəlz/

reports of the work of a society or learned body etc

From this reading “The career of this chief of the family of Holland, from his cradle to his grave, forms a most melancholy chapter in the annals of the period.”

barons noun US /ˈbærənz/

plural of “baron” — a nobleman (in various countries) of varying rank

From this reading “The Hollands were somewhat inferior in origin to most of the great barons who fought in the Wars of the Roses.”

charger noun US /ˈtʃɑːrdʒər/

formerly a strong swift horse ridden into battle

From this reading “Among the Lancastrian chiefs who survived the two fields on which the Red Rose was trodden under the hoofs of King Edward's charger, none was destined to a more wretched fate than the conqueror's own brother-in-law, Henry, Duke of Exeter.”

conqueror's noun US /ˈkɑːŋkərərz/

possessive form of “conqueror” — someone who is victorious by force of arms

From this reading “Among the Lancastrian chiefs who survived the two fields on which the Red Rose was trodden under the hoofs of King Edward's charger, none was destined to a more wretched fate than the conqueror's own brother-in-law, Henry, Duke of Exeter.”

Edward's noun US /ˈedwərdz/

possessive form of “edward” — King of England and Ireland in 1936; his marriage to Wallis Warfield Simpson created a constitutional crisis leading to his abdication (1894-1972)

From this reading “Among the Lancastrian chiefs who survived the two fields on which the Red Rose was trodden under the hoofs of King Edward's charger, none was destined to a more wretched fate than the conqueror's own brother-in-law, Henry, Duke of Exeter.”

founder noun US /ˈfaʊndər/

inflammation of the laminated tissue that attaches the hoof to the foot of a horse

From this reading “The founder of the house was a poor knight, who, from being secretary to an Earl of Lancaster, rose to some post of importance.”

Hollands noun US /ˈhɑːləndz/

gin made in the Netherlands

From this reading “The Hollands were somewhat inferior in origin to most of the great barons who fought in the Wars of the Roses.”

Lancastrian noun US /ˌlæŋˈkæstriən/

a member (or supporter) of the house of Lancaster

From this reading “Among the Lancastrian chiefs who survived the two fields on which the Red Rose was trodden under the hoofs of King Edward's charger, none was destined to a more wretched fate than the conqueror's own brother-in-law, Henry, Duke of Exeter.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

Red Rose noun + noun

In this reading “Among the Lancastrian chiefs who survived the two fields on which the Red Rose was trodden under the hoofs of King Edward's charger, none was destined to a more wretched fate than the conqueror's own brother-in-law, Henry, Duke of Exeter.”

trodden under verb + particle counted as “tread under”

In this reading “Among the Lancastrian chiefs who survived the two fields on which the Red Rose was trodden under the hoofs of King Edward's charger, none was destined to a more wretched fate than the conqueror's own brother-in-law, Henry, Duke of Exeter.”

in the annals preposition + article + noun counted as “in … annals”

In this reading “The career of this chief of the family of Holland, from his cradle to his grave, forms a most melancholy chapter in the annals of the period.”

IN RAGS preposition + noun counted as “in rag”

In this reading “A DUKE IN RAGS.”

All words in this reading · 73

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

AdeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading A DUKE IN RAGS.

AmongprepositionUS /əˈmʌŋ/

surrounded by; in the middle of a group

From this reading Among the Lancastrian chiefs who survived the two fields on which the Red Rose was trodden under the hoofs of King Edward's charger, none was destined to a more wretched fate than the conqueror's own brother-in-law, Henry, Duke of Exeter.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading The founder of the house was a poor knight, who, from being secretary to an Earl of Lancaster, rose to some post of importance.

annalsnounUS /ˈænəlz/

reports of the work of a society or learned body etc

From this reading The career of this chief of the family of Holland, from his cradle to his grave, forms a most melancholy chapter in the annals of the period.

baronsnounUS /ˈbærənz/

plural of “baron” — a nobleman (in various countries) of varying rank

From this reading The Hollands were somewhat inferior in origin to most of the great barons who fought in the Wars of the Roses.

beingauxiliary verbUS /ˈbiːɪŋ/

the -ing form of “be”

From this reading The founder of the house was a poor knight, who, from being secretary to an Earl of Lancaster, rose to some post of importance.

brother-in-lawnounUS /ˈbrʌðərɪnlɔː/

a brother by marriage

From this reading Among the Lancastrian chiefs who survived the two fields on which the Red Rose was trodden under the hoofs of King Edward's charger, none was destined to a more wretched fate than the conqueror's own brother-in-law, Henry, Duke of Exeter.

careernounUS /kərˈɪr/

the particular occupation for which you are trained

From this reading The career of this chief of the family of Holland, from his cradle to his grave, forms a most melancholy chapter in the annals of the period.

chapternounUS /ˈtʃæptər/

a subdivision of a written work; usually numbered and titled

From this reading The career of this chief of the family of Holland, from his cradle to his grave, forms a most melancholy chapter in the annals of the period.

chargernounUS /ˈtʃɑːrdʒər/

formerly a strong swift horse ridden into battle

From this reading Among the Lancastrian chiefs who survived the two fields on which the Red Rose was trodden under the hoofs of King Edward's charger, none was destined to a more wretched fate than the conqueror's own brother-in-law, Henry, Duke of Exeter.

chiefnounUS /tʃiːf/

a person who is in charge

From this reading The career of this chief of the family of Holland, from his cradle to his grave, forms a most melancholy chapter in the annals of the period.

chiefsnounUS /tʃiːfs/

plural of “chief” — a person who is in charge

From this reading Among the Lancastrian chiefs who survived the two fields on which the Red Rose was trodden under the hoofs of King Edward's charger, none was destined to a more wretched fate than the conqueror's own brother-in-law, Henry, Duke of Exeter.

conqueror'snounUS /ˈkɑːŋkərərz/

possessive form of “conqueror” — someone who is victorious by force of arms

From this reading Among the Lancastrian chiefs who survived the two fields on which the Red Rose was trodden under the hoofs of King Edward's charger, none was destined to a more wretched fate than the conqueror's own brother-in-law, Henry, Duke of Exeter.

cradlenounUS /ˈkreɪdəl/

a baby bed with sides and rockers

From this reading The career of this chief of the family of Holland, from his cradle to his grave, forms a most melancholy chapter in the annals of the period.

destinedadjectiveUS /ˈdestɪnd/

headed or intending to head in a certain direction; often used as a combining form as in “college-bound students”

From this reading Among the Lancastrian chiefs who survived the two fields on which the Red Rose was trodden under the hoofs of King Edward's charger, none was destined to a more wretched fate than the conqueror's own brother-in-law, Henry, Duke of Exeter.

DUKEnounUS /duːk/

a British peer of the highest rank

From this reading A DUKE IN RAGS.

EarlnounUS /ɜːrl/

a British peer ranking below a marquess and above a viscount

From this reading The founder of the house was a poor knight, who, from being secretary to an Earl of Lancaster, rose to some post of importance.

Edward'snounUS /ˈedwərdz/

possessive form of “edward” — King of England and Ireland in 1936; his marriage to Wallis Warfield Simpson created a constitutional crisis leading to his abdication (1894-1972)

From this reading Among the Lancastrian chiefs who survived the two fields on which the Red Rose was trodden under the hoofs of King Edward's charger, none was destined to a more wretched fate than the conqueror's own brother-in-law, Henry, Duke of Exeter.

Exeter

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Among the Lancastrian chiefs who survived the two fields on which the Red Rose was trodden under the hoofs of King Edward's charger, none was destined to a more wretched fate than the conqueror's own brother-in-law, Henry, Duke of Exeter.

familynounUS /ˈfæməli/

a social unit living together

From this reading The career of this chief of the family of Holland, from his cradle to his grave, forms a most melancholy chapter in the annals of the period.

fatenounUS /feɪt/

an event (or a course of events) that will inevitably happen in the future

From this reading Among the Lancastrian chiefs who survived the two fields on which the Red Rose was trodden under the hoofs of King Edward's charger, none was destined to a more wretched fate than the conqueror's own brother-in-law, Henry, Duke of Exeter.

fieldsnounUS /fiːldz/

United States comedian and film actor (1880-1946)

From this reading Among the Lancastrian chiefs who survived the two fields on which the Red Rose was trodden under the hoofs of King Edward's charger, none was destined to a more wretched fate than the conqueror's own brother-in-law, Henry, Duke of Exeter.

formsnounUS /fɔːrmz/

plural of “form” — the phonological or orthographic sound or appearance of a word that can be used to describe or identify something

From this reading The career of this chief of the family of Holland, from his cradle to his grave, forms a most melancholy chapter in the annals of the period.

foughtverbUS /fɔːt/

inflected form of “fight” — be engaged in a fight; carry on a fight

From this reading The Hollands were somewhat inferior in origin to most of the great barons who fought in the Wars of the Roses.

foundernounUS /ˈfaʊndər/

inflammation of the laminated tissue that attaches the hoof to the foot of a horse

From this reading The founder of the house was a poor knight, who, from being secretary to an Earl of Lancaster, rose to some post of importance.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading The career of this chief of the family of Holland, from his cradle to his grave, forms a most melancholy chapter in the annals of the period.

gravenounUS /ɡreɪv/

death of a person

From this reading The career of this chief of the family of Holland, from his cradle to his grave, forms a most melancholy chapter in the annals of the period.

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading The Hollands were somewhat inferior in origin to most of the great barons who fought in the Wars of the Roses.

HenrynounUS /ˈhenri/

a unit of inductance in which an induced electromotive force of one volt is produced when the current is varied at the rate of one ampere per second

From this reading Among the Lancastrian chiefs who survived the two fields on which the Red Rose was trodden under the hoofs of King Edward's charger, none was destined to a more wretched fate than the conqueror's own brother-in-law, Henry, Duke of Exeter.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading The career of this chief of the family of Holland, from his cradle to his grave, forms a most melancholy chapter in the annals of the period.

HollandnounUS /ˈhɑːlənd/

a constitutional monarchy in western Europe on the North Sea; half the country lies below sea level

From this reading The career of this chief of the family of Holland, from his cradle to his grave, forms a most melancholy chapter in the annals of the period.

HollandsnounUS /ˈhɑːləndz/

gin made in the Netherlands

From this reading The Hollands were somewhat inferior in origin to most of the great barons who fought in the Wars of the Roses.

hoofsnounUS /hʊfs/

plural of “hoof” — the foot of an ungulate mammal

From this reading Among the Lancastrian chiefs who survived the two fields on which the Red Rose was trodden under the hoofs of King Edward's charger, none was destined to a more wretched fate than the conqueror's own brother-in-law, Henry, Duke of Exeter.

housenounUS /haʊs/

a dwelling that serves as living quarters for one or more families

From this reading The founder of the house was a poor knight, who, from being secretary to an Earl of Lancaster, rose to some post of importance.

importancenounUS /ˌɪmˈpɔːrtəns/

the quality of being important and worthy of note

From this reading The founder of the house was a poor knight, who, from being secretary to an Earl of Lancaster, rose to some post of importance.

INprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading A DUKE IN RAGS.

inferioradjectiveUS /ˌɪnˈfɪriər/

of or characteristic of low rank or importance

From this reading The Hollands were somewhat inferior in origin to most of the great barons who fought in the Wars of the Roses.

KingnounUS /kɪŋ/

a male sovereign; ruler of a kingdom

From this reading Among the Lancastrian chiefs who survived the two fields on which the Red Rose was trodden under the hoofs of King Edward's charger, none was destined to a more wretched fate than the conqueror's own brother-in-law, Henry, Duke of Exeter.

knightnounUS /naɪt/

originally a person of noble birth trained to arms and chivalry; today in Great Britain a person honored by the sovereign for personal merit

From this reading The founder of the house was a poor knight, who, from being secretary to an Earl of Lancaster, rose to some post of importance.

LancasternounUS /ˈlænkæstər/

a city in northwestern England

From this reading The founder of the house was a poor knight, who, from being secretary to an Earl of Lancaster, rose to some post of importance.

LancastriannounUS /ˌlæŋˈkæstriən/

a member (or supporter) of the house of Lancaster

From this reading Among the Lancastrian chiefs who survived the two fields on which the Red Rose was trodden under the hoofs of King Edward's charger, none was destined to a more wretched fate than the conqueror's own brother-in-law, Henry, Duke of Exeter.

melancholynounUS /ˈmelənkɑːli/

a feeling of thoughtful sadness

From this reading The career of this chief of the family of Holland, from his cradle to his grave, forms a most melancholy chapter in the annals of the period.

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading Among the Lancastrian chiefs who survived the two fields on which the Red Rose was trodden under the hoofs of King Edward's charger, none was destined to a more wretched fate than the conqueror's own brother-in-law, Henry, Duke of Exeter.

mostadverbUS /moʊst/

used to form the superlative

From this reading The career of this chief of the family of Holland, from his cradle to his grave, forms a most melancholy chapter in the annals of the period.

nonepronounUS /nʌn/

not one, and not any

From this reading Among the Lancastrian chiefs who survived the two fields on which the Red Rose was trodden under the hoofs of King Edward's charger, none was destined to a more wretched fate than the conqueror's own brother-in-law, Henry, Duke of Exeter.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Among the Lancastrian chiefs who survived the two fields on which the Red Rose was trodden under the hoofs of King Edward's charger, none was destined to a more wretched fate than the conqueror's own brother-in-law, Henry, Duke of Exeter.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading Among the Lancastrian chiefs who survived the two fields on which the Red Rose was trodden under the hoofs of King Edward's charger, none was destined to a more wretched fate than the conqueror's own brother-in-law, Henry, Duke of Exeter.

originnounUS /ˈɔːrədʒən/

the place where something begins, where it springs into being

From this reading The Hollands were somewhat inferior in origin to most of the great barons who fought in the Wars of the Roses.

ownverbUS /oʊn/

have ownership or possession of

From this reading Among the Lancastrian chiefs who survived the two fields on which the Red Rose was trodden under the hoofs of King Edward's charger, none was destined to a more wretched fate than the conqueror's own brother-in-law, Henry, Duke of Exeter.

periodnounUS /ˈpɪriəd/

an amount of time

From this reading The career of this chief of the family of Holland, from his cradle to his grave, forms a most melancholy chapter in the annals of the period.

pooradjectiveUS /puːr/

deserving or inciting pity

From this reading The founder of the house was a poor knight, who, from being secretary to an Earl of Lancaster, rose to some post of importance.

postverbUS /poʊst/

affix in a public place or for public notice

From this reading The founder of the house was a poor knight, who, from being secretary to an Earl of Lancaster, rose to some post of importance.

RAGSnounUS /ræɡz/

plural of “rag” — a small piece of cloth or paper

From this reading A DUKE IN RAGS.

RednounUS /red/

red color or pigment; the chromatic color resembling the hue of blood

From this reading Among the Lancastrian chiefs who survived the two fields on which the Red Rose was trodden under the hoofs of King Edward's charger, none was destined to a more wretched fate than the conqueror's own brother-in-law, Henry, Duke of Exeter.

RosenounUS /roʊz/

any of many shrubs of the genus Rosa that bear roses

From this reading Among the Lancastrian chiefs who survived the two fields on which the Red Rose was trodden under the hoofs of King Edward's charger, none was destined to a more wretched fate than the conqueror's own brother-in-law, Henry, Duke of Exeter.

RosesnounUS /ˈroʊzɪz/

plural of “rose” — any of many shrubs of the genus Rosa that bear roses

From this reading The Hollands were somewhat inferior in origin to most of the great barons who fought in the Wars of the Roses.

secretarynounUS /ˈsekrəteri/

a person who is head of an administrative department of government

From this reading The founder of the house was a poor knight, who, from being secretary to an Earl of Lancaster, rose to some post of importance.

someadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading The founder of the house was a poor knight, who, from being secretary to an Earl of Lancaster, rose to some post of importance.

somewhatadverbUS /ˈsʌmˈwʌt/

to a small degree or extent

From this reading The Hollands were somewhat inferior in origin to most of the great barons who fought in the Wars of the Roses.

survivedverbUS /sərˈvaɪvd/

past form of “survive” — continue to live and avoid dying

From this reading Among the Lancastrian chiefs who survived the two fields on which the Red Rose was trodden under the hoofs of King Edward's charger, none was destined to a more wretched fate than the conqueror's own brother-in-law, Henry, Duke of Exeter.

thanconjunctionUS /ðæn/

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading Among the Lancastrian chiefs who survived the two fields on which the Red Rose was trodden under the hoofs of King Edward's charger, none was destined to a more wretched fate than the conqueror's own brother-in-law, Henry, Duke of Exeter.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Among the Lancastrian chiefs who survived the two fields on which the Red Rose was trodden under the hoofs of King Edward's charger, none was destined to a more wretched fate than the conqueror's own brother-in-law, Henry, Duke of Exeter.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading The career of this chief of the family of Holland, from his cradle to his grave, forms a most melancholy chapter in the annals of the period.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Among the Lancastrian chiefs who survived the two fields on which the Red Rose was trodden under the hoofs of King Edward's charger, none was destined to a more wretched fate than the conqueror's own brother-in-law, Henry, Duke of Exeter.

troddenverbUS /ˈtrɑːdən/

inflected form of “tread” — put down or press the foot, place the foot

From this reading Among the Lancastrian chiefs who survived the two fields on which the Red Rose was trodden under the hoofs of King Edward's charger, none was destined to a more wretched fate than the conqueror's own brother-in-law, Henry, Duke of Exeter.

twonounUS /tuː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number

From this reading Among the Lancastrian chiefs who survived the two fields on which the Red Rose was trodden under the hoofs of King Edward's charger, none was destined to a more wretched fate than the conqueror's own brother-in-law, Henry, Duke of Exeter.

underprepositionUS /ˈʌndər/

below or beneath something; less than

From this reading Among the Lancastrian chiefs who survived the two fields on which the Red Rose was trodden under the hoofs of King Edward's charger, none was destined to a more wretched fate than the conqueror's own brother-in-law, Henry, Duke of Exeter.

WarsnounUS /wɔːrz/

plural of “war” — the waging of armed conflict against an enemy

From this reading The Hollands were somewhat inferior in origin to most of the great barons who fought in the Wars of the Roses.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Among the Lancastrian chiefs who survived the two fields on which the Red Rose was trodden under the hoofs of King Edward's charger, none was destined to a more wretched fate than the conqueror's own brother-in-law, Henry, Duke of Exeter.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading The Hollands were somewhat inferior in origin to most of the great barons who fought in the Wars of the Roses.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading Among the Lancastrian chiefs who survived the two fields on which the Red Rose was trodden under the hoofs of King Edward's charger, none was destined to a more wretched fate than the conqueror's own brother-in-law, Henry, Duke of Exeter.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading Among the Lancastrian chiefs who survived the two fields on which the Red Rose was trodden under the hoofs of King Edward's charger, none was destined to a more wretched fate than the conqueror's own brother-in-law, Henry, Duke of Exeter.

wretchedadjectiveUS /ˈretʃɪd/

of very poor quality or condition

From this reading Among the Lancastrian chiefs who survived the two fields on which the Red Rose was trodden under the hoofs of King Edward's charger, none was destined to a more wretched fate than the conqueror's own brother-in-law, Henry, Duke of Exeter.

Chapter 28 of The Wars of the Roses by John G. (John George) Edgar holds 44 sentences, grouped into 9 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 28 of The Wars of the Roses contain?

Chapter 28 holds 44 sentences of The Wars of the Roses, unabridged, divided into 9 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 28 of The Wars of the Roses by John G. (John George) Edgar exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 44 sentences, grouped into 9 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 28 of The Wars of the Roses?

Work through the 9 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 9 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 28 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 28 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading The Wars of the Roses

Common questions about reading The Wars of the Roses by John G. (John George) Edgar on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of The Wars of the Roses?

Yes. All 3418 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #46132 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of The Wars of the Roses is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #46132, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does The Wars of the Roses take to read?

About 284 minutes of reading across 684 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read The Wars of the Roses section by section

How to work through The Wars of the Roses section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 40 chapters of The Wars of the Roses to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in The Wars of the Roses

Words and structures a reader meets early in The Wars of the Roses, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Stories
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Wars of the Roses; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Struggle
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Wars of the Roses; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Lancaster
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Wars of the Roses; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Author
A word that appears in the opening chapter of The Wars of the Roses; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.